BGuthrie Photos: MD -- Silver Spring -- Natl Museum of Health and Medicine (Forest Glen Annex) -- Exhibit: Advances: Reconstruction

MD -- Silver Spring -- Natl Museum of Health and Medicine (Forest Glen Annex) -- Exhibit: Advances: Reconstruction:

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. NMHREC_121026_04.JPG: Advances: Reconstruction: Some combatants suffer facial and skull injuries so traumatic they require the reconstruction of bone and the delicate tissues of the eyelids, nose and mouth. US military surgeons and researchers have made key advances in this field of reconstruction, pioneering increasingly sophisticated and effective procedures. As long ago as the Civil War, American military surgeons documented 30 facial reconstructions. By World War I, facial reconstruction had been indoctrinated into US military medicine. Today, advances in instruments, materials and processes have dramatically improved the safety and scope of facial reconstruction. At institutions like Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, researchers and clinicians continue to develop cutting-edge technology.
2. NMHREC_121026_08.JPG: Early Efforts: Civil War: With the availability of anesthesia, Civil War surgeons attended to severe wounds through new operations and procedures, including facial reconstruction. These early reconstructive efforts involved suturing together the soft tissue of the eyelids, nose and mouth. Surgeons performed more than 30 of these operations, including one famous case that involved rebuilding the face of Pvt. Carleton Burgan -- the first to involve total facial reconstructive surgery.
3. NMHREC_121026_12.JPG: The Case of Carleton Burgan: A gangrenous ulcer on the tongue of 20-year-old Pvt. Carleton Burgan destroyed his upper mouth, palate, right cheek and right eye. In 1863, Dr. Gurdon Buck of New York's City Hospital performed a series of operations during a seven-month time period to rebuilt Pvt. Burgan's face. Dental and facial fixtures were crafted to fill in missing bone and support the skin. After the surgeries, Burgan had minimal visual and physical damage remaining.
4. NMHREC_121026_15.JPG: Carleton Burgan Masks: These two facial masks show Pvt. Burgan's face before and after Dr. Burdon Buck performed a series of facial reconstruction operations. These four engravings show Pvt. Carleton Burgan at various stages during his series of operations.
5. NMHREC_121026_35.JPG: Facial Reconstruction: Plaster and resin life masks, made from molds taken from the faces of wounded service members, were produced from the Civil War to the Vietnam War. They document the efforts of surgeons to record and study the variety of combat injuries and evolving techniques to treat them. During World War I, plaster life masks aided surgeons and artists in sculpting facial prostheses for the most severely wounded. In later years, these facial reconstruction case histories were exhibited at scientific meetings to display advances in maxillofacial and plastic surgery.
6. NMHREC_121026_53.JPG: 3-D Technologies: Since 2004, doctors at the 3-D Medical Applications Center (currently located at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland) have created between 250 and 400 3-D anatomical models and custom implants annually. The models help surgeons plan complex procedures, and visualize fabrication of fixation plates and implants. CT scans are key to the model-making process. The 3-D images serve as blueprints for the stereolithographic apparatus, which produces layers of resin to build a 3-D model.
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