BGuthrie Photos: MD -- Silver Spring -- Natl Museum of Health and Medicine (Forest Glen Annex)

MD -- Silver Spring -- Natl Museum of Health and Medicine (Forest Glen Annex):

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. NMHM_120521_030.JPG: The Collection that Teaches History and Research "I have numerous specimens for you -- have put them in ale barrels with some whisky + chlorinated soda upon them + have buried barrels and all in the ground. What shall I do with them? We will have more every day for a month to come." -- H.K. Neff, Surgeon, 3rd Division General Hospital, August 9, 1865 The National Museum of Health and Medicine began collecting objects in 1862 after the Army Medical Department ordered that "all specimens of morbid anatomy" be gathered from Civil War battlefields. Since then, the Museum's holdings have grown to more than 25,000,000 specimens, slides, photographs, artifacts, artworks, and documents. While only a fraction is on display, all collections contribute to medical and historical research.
2. NMHM_120521_045.JPG: Pocket Surgical Kit: Dr. Mary E. Walker was the first and only woman to receive the Congressional Medal of Honor. Initially rejected by the Union Army, she volunteered in field hospitals and became the first woman to receive a contract as an assistant surgeon in October 1864. Walker used this kit while attending sick and wounded soldiers. Mary Edwards Walker From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Mary Edwards Walker (November 26, 1832 – February 21, 1919) was an American feminist, abolitionist, prohibitionist, alleged spy, prisoner of war and surgeon. She is the only woman ever to receive the Medal of Honor. Prior to the American Civil War she earned her medical degree, married and started a medical practice. The practice didn't do well and she volunteered with the Union Army at the outbreak of the American Civil War and served as a female surgeon. She was captured by Confederate forces after crossing enemy lines to treat wounded civilians and arrested as a spy. She was sent as a prisoner of war to Richmond, Virginia until released in a prisoner exchange. After the war she was approved for the United States military's highest decoration for bravery, the Medal of Honor, for her efforts during the war. She is the only woman to receive the medal and one of only eight civilians to receive it. Her medal was later rescinded based on an Army determination and then restored in 1977. After the war she was a writer and lecturer supporting the women's suffrage movement until her death in 1919. ... Medal of Honor citation After the war, Walker was recommended for the Medal of Honor by Generals William Tecumseh Sherman and George Henry Thomas. On November 11, 1865, President Andrew Johnson signed a bill to present her the medal. In 1917, the U.S. Congress, created a pension act for Medal of Honor recipients and in doing so created separate Army and Navy Medal of Honor Rolls. Only the Army decided to review eligibility for inclusion on the Army Medal of Honor Roll. The 1917 Medal of Honor Board never rescinded any medals in 1917 but instead deleted 911 names from the Army Medal of Honor Roll including that of Dr. Mary Edwards Walker and William F. "Buffalo Bill" Cody. None of the 911 recipients were ordered to return their medals although on the question of whether the recipients could continue to wear their medals the Judge Advocate General advised the Medal of Honor Board that there was no obligation on the Army to police the matter. Walker continued to wear her medal until her death. President Jimmy Carter restored her medal posthumously in 1977. ... Other Honors: In World War II, a Liberty ship, the SS Mary Walker, was named for her. In 1982, the U.S. Postal Service issued a 20 cent stamp in her honor. The medical facilities at SUNY Oswego are named in her honor (Mary Walker Health Center). On the same grounds a plaque explains her importance in the Oswego community. There is a United States Army Reserve center named for her in Walker, Michigan. The Whitman-Walker Clinic in Washington, D.C. is named in honor of Dr. Walker and the poet Walt Whitman who was a nurse in D.C. during the Civil War. The Mary Walker Clinic at the National Training Center and Fort Irwin, California is named in honor of Dr. Walker.
3. NMHM_120521_050.JPG: Confederate Clamp for Arterial Compression, ca. 1863
4. NMHM_120521_058.JPG: Chisholm's Inhaler, ca. 1864: Confederate surgeon Julian Chisholm developed this anesthesia inhaler during the war. His design allowed the administration of chloroform or ether through the nostrils, reducing both the amount of anesthesia and the surgeon's exposure to fumes.
5. NMHM_120521_066.JPG: Left Arm Prosthesis with Articulating Fingers, ca. 1864
6. NMHM_120521_070.JPG: Femur, Gunshot Wound, Chronic Osteomyelitis, Private Julius Fabry
7. NMHM_120521_079.JPG: Global Network: Aeromedical Evacuation: The Balad hospital was part of global network of comprehensive care. After being treated and stabilized at Balad, critically injured patients were transported to higher levels of care within this network. Between September 2001 and September 2007, multinational responder teams evacuated more than 44,000 patients from Balad. Severely wounded patients were flown to Landstuhl Regional Medical Center near Ramstein, Germany, within 24 to 72 hours after arriving at Balad. Patients requiring special care were then transported stateside to hospitals such as Walter Reed Army Medical Center (MRAMC) in Washington, D.C. and National Naval Medical Center (NNMC) in Bethesda, Maryland. In 2011, WRAMC and NNMC merged to form Walter Reed National Military Medical Center.
8. NMHM_120521_085.JPG: Trauma Bay II: Balad, Iraq During Operation Iraqi Freedom, more lives may have been saved on this scarred floor than on any other single spot. From 2003 to 2007, this concrete slab was the floor of Trauma Bay II -- the primary resuscitation bay in the Emergency Department of the US Air Force Balad Theater Hospital. Here, combat medics, surgeons, physicians, and nurses made heroic efforts to save the lives of patients who were gravely injured and ofter near death. They provided the best trauma care in the world not only to wounded combatants, but also to contractors, coalition forces, and to Iraqi Army police and civilians. Balad served as an important testing ground for innovative technologies that relieve suffering and provide a critical continuum of care for evacuated patients.
9. NMHM_120521_090.JPG: "The marks and gouges in the floor tell the story of thousands of litters carrying the wounded... deformed, bleeding, burned, some dying. The amber iodine stains speak of the lifesaving procedures... chest tubes, central IV lines, even open thoracotomies... done with an intensity and unity of effort to rival any battlefield ... as more casualties were treated there than perhaps anywhere else in Iraq. That 4'x8' piece of floor became hallowed ground." -- Maj. Jody Ocker USAF NC
10. NMHM_120521_096.JPG: Medallion, Hall of Fame for Great Americans, 1963: This medallion commemorates Walter Reed's inclusion in the Hall of Fame for Great Americans at New York University in 1963. He was the first physician to be inducted.
11. NMHM_120521_101.JPG: The Walter Reed Medal, 1936: The American Society of Tropical Medicine awards this medallion annually for meritorious achievement in tropical medical research.
12. NMHM_120521_105.JPG: (1851-1902) U.S. Army Major Walter Reed Maj. Walter Reed's celebrated research into the causes of typhoid and yellow fewer -- including the landmark discovery that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes -- has saved countless human lives. In 1893, Reed became curator of the Army Medical Museum (now the National Museum of Health and Medicine) and professor of clinical microscopy at the Army Medical School (now the Walter Reed Institute of Research). In 1898, he investigated the typhoid fever epidemic, expanding our understanding of how this disease spreads. Just a year later, he described how yellow fever, once of the most dreaded tropical diseases, is transmitted. Although Reed died more than a century ago, his name and legacy persist.
13. NMHM_120521_109.JPG: Liver with Yellow Fever: In diagnosing yellow fever, a pathologist examines the liver's color and degree of congestion. A yellow fever liver is described as boxwood in color, rather than the much brighter yellow associated with jaundice of the skin.
14. NMHM_120521_135.JPG: Artificial Leech Bloodletting Kit
15. NMHM_120521_141.JPG: Davis and Kidder's Patent Magneto-Electric Machine
16. NMHM_120521_149.JPG: Personal Information Carrier, late 1990s: The Personal Information Carrier is a portable electronic device designed to store the essential elements of a service member's personal medical history so it can be readily accessed and updated by military personnel via laptop or hand-held computer.
17. NMHM_120521_161.JPG: Biographical Lace, 1917 A psychiatric patient made this lacework, featuring imagined people and animals, during her therapy at St. Elizabeth's Hospital in Washington, DC.
18. NMHM_120521_168.JPG: Cabinet of President Ulysses S. Grant's Tumor Slides: Grant succumbed to cancer in 1885. His physicians and pathologists presented these slides to the Museum.
19. NMHM_120521_174.JPG: 12th Thoracic, 1st and 2nd Lumbar Vertebrae, Gunshot Wound, President James A. Garfield: Garfield was assassinated by Charles Guiteau in 1881. Museum pathologists removed the president's vertebrae at autopsy to document the wound and resulting infection.
20. NMHM_120521_181.JPG: Heine's Chain Osteotome, ca 1870: Bernard Heine invented this forerunner to the modern surgical chain saw.
21. NMHM_120521_188.JPG: Typhoid Trials Diorama, ca 1970: Major Frederick F. Russell vaccinated volunteers at the Army Medical Museum against typhoid during clinical trials in 1909.
22. NMHM_120907_037.JPG: Stryker PainPump 2: This standard programmable nerve block pump is used to manage pain while patients are flown out of theater.
23. NMHM_120907_063.JPG: Model 1917 Helmet: World War I soldiers called this helmet the "tin hat." It offered protection primarily from shrapnel or debris falling from above and was therefore well-suited to the conditions of trench warfare.
24. NMHM_120907_074.JPG: Press-O-Jet Injector, 1955: By the time of the Vietnam War, injectors distributed vaccines and medications on a large scale. The Walter Reed Army Institute of Research prototyped this example.
25. NMHM_120907_081.JPG: Patient Ward Sign-In Book, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 1953-1979: Presidents, national and international leaders, and celebrities have visited patients at Walter Reed during times of war and peace to show support for their sacrifices.
26. NMHM_120907_127.JPG: Jungle Boot Pierced by Spike, Vietnam War
27. NMHM_120907_137.JPG: Typhoid Trials Diorama, ca 1970: Major Frederick F. Russell vaccinated volunteers at the Army Medical Museum against typhoid during clinical trials in 1909.
28. NMHM_120907_149.JPG: Dental Instruments, Late 18th Century: in 1776, Paul Revere, a dentist and silversmith, helped identify the remains of General Joseph Warren after examining a dental prosthetic he had made for Warren some years earlier. These tools are attributed to Revere.
29. NMHM_120907_161.JPG: Garrison Flag: Thirty-five star US Army garrison flag manufactured in 1863 or 1864 by Horstmann Brothers of Philadelphia, measuring 20 feet by 36 feet. Flags of this size, the largest used by the US Army, would have flown over each General Hospital during the Civil War.
30. NMHM_120907_168.JPG: Capital Care: As casualties mounted during the war, the city of Washington quickly transformed into a major medical center. At first, the unexpected flood of sick and wounded soldiers was housed in temporary shelters and government offices, including the US Capitol building. By 1865, the capital region had more than 50 new military hospitals featuring the latest improvements in sanitation and patient care. These included individual ward buildings, enhanced ventilation systems, and bathrooms with running water. "The Hospital, I do not find it, the repulsive place of sores and fevers, nor the place of querulousness, nor the bad results of morbid years which one avoids like bad smells -- at least not so is it under the circumstances here..." -- Walt Whitman, 1862
31. NMHM_120907_173.JPG: Steamer Trunk Owned by Dorothea Dix, Superintendent of Army Nurses
32. NMHM_120907_186.JPG: Ribs, gunshot wound
33. NMHM_120907_195.JPG: Wax Embryo Model, Adolf Ziegler (Frieburg), 19th Century: Adolf Ziegler, a German physician and model maker, created a series of human embryo models using fine art techniques.
34. NMHM_120907_214.JPG: Carinoma, Smoker's Lung
35. NMHM_120907_224.JPG: Infectious Disease: The human body can be host to myriad pathogenic biological agents such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites. If untreated or if the host's immune system fails to respond appropriately, the growth of the pathogenic agents may lead to tissue change and even death. Foot, smallpox
36. NMHM_120907_232.JPG: Scrotum, Elephantiasis
37. NMHM_120907_242.JPG: Lungs, Brochopneumonia (1918 Influenza)
38. NMHM_120907_266.JPG: Conjoined Twins, Thoracopagus
39. NMHM_120907_282.JPG: Eye glasses, Civil War era
40. NMHM_120907_292.JPG: Skull with Artillery Wound
41. NMHM_120907_302.JPG: Breast Plate: This iron breast plate, manufactured by G&D Cook & Company of New Haven, Connecticut, was used by a Confederate officer. This right section was perforated by two bullets at the battle of Gettysburg, killing him.
42. NMHM_120907_313.JPG: Bullets and Shrapnel: There are over 500 bullets and pieces of shrapnel in the Civil War collection. The projectiles on display were removed from wounds. Others are still embedded in bone or wet tissue.
43. NMHM_120907_333.JPG: Pocket dental kit
44. NMHM_120907_342.JPG: Portable Autopsy Kit
45. NMHM_120907_364.JPG: Wywadzoff's embalming pump kit
46. NMHM_121026_029.JPG: Representing the Body: Anatomical models have been used for hundreds of years as research tools and teaching aids. Skilled artists created some of the earliest models out of wax and papier-mache. As researchers learned more about the human body, their findings allowed for increasingly precise and accurate representations. By the 19th and early 20th centuries, scientists were using images gathered from microscopic observation to develop detailed three-dimensional models. Today, scientists use a range of imaging technologies and computing modeling to create precise representations of the body down to the smallest detail.
47. NMHM_121026_037.JPG: Carnegie Embryo 588, Vascular System, mid-20th century: Osborne O. Heard created plaster models by reconstructing magnified images of sectioned embryos.
48. NMHM_121026_043.JPG: Pathology: Pathology is the medical practice of using tissue to diagnose and study disease. Pathologists examine microscopic sections of tissue, cells or blood samples to identify abnormal cellular activity. When left untreated, microscopic abnormalities can lead to observable ailments and deformities. The Museum's collection of pathological gross tissue is one of the largest in the world and includes examples of conditions now rarely found because of modern medical advances and access to health care. These specimens demonstrate how the body is affected by injury and disease in the absence of medical intervention. As a result, they are becoming an increasingly valuable educational tool for the medical community and the public.
49. NMHM_121026_052.JPG: Peter Cluckey: Two months after 22-year-old Peter Cluckey re-enlisted in the US Army in 1904, he was diagnosed with chronic rheumatism affecting many of his joints. Despite a variety of treatments, his condition worsened until nearly every join in his body became fused. Before he died at age 43, Cluckey arranged to donate his body to this Museum. An autopsy determined that Cluckey had suffered from severe chronic progressive ankylosing rheumatoid arthritis and spondylitis, but that his condition did not conform to any known specific disease.
50. NMHM_121026_068.JPG: Leg of chicken, tumor, injected with Rous Sarcoma Virus: Dr. Peyton Rous shared the 1966 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of tumor-inducing viruses.
51. NMHM_121026_078.JPG: Trichobezoar (Human Hairball from Stomach)
52. NMHM_121026_081.JPG: Foot, smallpox
53. NMHM_121026_101.JPG: Leather bottle stomach from carcinoma
54. NMHM_121026_105.JPG: Lungs, Bronchopneumonia (1918 influenza)
55. NMHM_121026_110.JPG: Two pieces of cloth coughed up 18 weeks after shot wound of chest. From an Army officer shot at Gettysburg in 1863. Cloth Fragments: When Lt. Col. John Callis, 7th Wisconsin, was shot in the chest, fragments of his uniform lodged within his body> Eighteen weeks later, these two pieces of cloth were discharged by expectoration.
56. NMHM_121026_120.JPG: General Hospital No. 3, Lookout Mountain, Tennessee, ca 1864: When Hospital No. Three was constructed on a Tennessee mountaintop, some officers objected to its inconvenient location. However, an 1864 Sanitary Commission report noted that "the atmosphere was pure, the water clean, sky clear, as if just washed, and the forest of the mountain tops and side gorgeous in their dying beauty." The report further noted that the mortality rate at Lookout Mountain (less than two percent) was "partly due, no doubt to the pure air and water, but principally to the fact that the worst cases are retained in town."
57. NMHM_121026_134.JPG: Skull, Anatomical Specimen Number 1: Donated by Army Surgeon General Thomas Lawson, it was gilded in the 19th century.
58. NMHM_121026_140.JPG: Able, Skeleton, 1959: Able, a rhesus monkey, was among the first American animals to survive spaceflight on May 28, 1959.
59. NMHM_121026_154.JPG: Spine with Arrowhead, Acrylic-embedded, ca 1869 Specimens were sent to the Museum to advance trauma research.
60. NMHM_121026_157.JPG: Upper torso, transverse section through shoulders, plastic-embedded: Professor Gunther von Hagens taught his first U.S. course in plastination at the Museum in 1984.
61. NMHM_121026_165.JPG: Keith's American Heliostat, made by Edward Kubel, 1878: Expert photomicroscopists at the Army Medical Museum, including Lt. Col. Joseph J. Woodward, modified such instruments to pioneer the field of medical photomicroscopy. The clockdrive heliostat kept a constant level of light on the subject.
62. NMHM_121026_219.JPG: Plate presented to Surgeon General Barnes, 1865: Secretary of State William H. Seward was the victim of a concurrent assassination attempt at the same moment Booth shot President Lincoln on April 14, 1865. Surgeon General Barnes treated severe wounds to Seward's cheek, jaw, and neck Seward presented this plate in appreciation for Barnes' service.
63. NMHM_121026_223.JPG: Visualizing the Human Body: From models and drawings, to ultrasound and video of fluorescing cells, visualization of medical information allows us to see inside ourselves. Changes in these techniques have altered our understanding of our bodies, moving from a general knowledge of its exterior form to seeing its smallest part. Scientists can now take photographs of minute structures and capture live action images of processes occurring within a single cell. Discovering a New World: The invention of the microscope opened the door to a previously unsuspected miniature universe. By the 1700s, natural philosophers realized that microscopic functions and structures played a major role in human physiology. Some argued that the human body could be conceived as groups of tiny machines working together toward a common purpose. Given our understanding of cell mechanics, this concept does not seem far-fetched. Over the centuries, continued improvements and innovations have produced increasingly powerful microscopes capable of peering inside individual cells and beyond. This Museum's microscope collection is named for Lt. Col. John Shaw Billings, early curator, founder of Index Medicus, influential medical scholar, and institution-builder.
64. NMHM_121026_227.JPG: Microscope, Christopher Cock (London), 1665: This microscope was used by Robert Hooke of the Royal Society, author of Micrographia and [the] first person to apply the word "cell" to microscopic structures.
65. NMHM_121026_269.JPG: Walter Red Army Medical Center: The first permanent Army hospital named after an individual, Walter Reed General Hospital was the Army's premier treatment facility for more than a century. Founded in 1909, it was combined with the Army Medical Center in 1951. The huge complex of 100 buildings was renamed the Walter Reed Army Medical Center (WRAMC). By making important advances in military medicine and providing advanced care for service members injured at home or during deployment, WRAMC earned a reputation as the world's premier military medical facility. The 1900 Yellow Fever Commission, headed by Maj. Reed, was the first recorded use of informed consent in human research. As this consent form shows, researchers wanted to be certain that all volunteers understood the potential hazards of the research.
66. NMHM_121026_277.JPG: Autopsy Kit, 1905: Victor Cornil of Paris, France, used these instruments to perform the 1905 postmortem examination positively identifying Continental Navy hero John Paul Jones. Jones died in 1792.
Wikipedia Description: National Museum of Health and Medicine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM) is a museum in Silver Spring, Maryland, near Washington, D.C. The museum was founded by U.S. Army Surgeon General William A. Hammond as the Army Medical Museum (AMM) in 1862; it became the NMHM in 1989 and relocated to its present site at the Army's Forest Glen Annex in 2011. An element of the U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (USAMRMC), the NMHM is a member of the National Health Sciences Consortium.

History:

The Army Medical Museum and Library building housed the Army Medical Museum from 1887 to 1947 — and again from 1962 to 1969, when the building was razed.

19th century:

The AMM was established during the American Civil War as a center for the collection of specimens for research in military medicine and surgery. In 1862, Hammond directed medical officers in the field to collect "specimens of morbid anatomy...together with projectiles and foreign bodies removed" and to forward them to the newly founded museum for study. The AMM's first curator, John H. Brinton, visited mid-Atlantic battlefields and solicited contributions from doctors throughout the Union Army. During and after the war, AMM staff took pictures of wounded soldiers showing effects of gunshot wounds as well as results of amputations and other surgical procedures. The information collected was compiled into six volumes of The Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion, published between 1870 and 1883.

20th century:

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, AMM staff engaged in various types of medical research. They pioneered in photomicrographic techniques, established a library and cataloging system which later formed the basis for the National Library of Medicine (NLM), and led the AMM into research on infectious diseases while discovering the cause of yellow fever. They contributed to research on vaccinations for typhoid fever, and during World War I, AMM staff were involved in vaccinations and health education campaigns, including major efforts to combat sexually transmissible diseases.

By World War II, research at the AMM focused increasingly on pathology. In 1946 the AMM became a division of the new Army Institute of Pathology (AIP), which became the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) in 1949. The AMM's library and part of its archives were transferred to the National Library of Medicine when that institution was created in 1956. The AMM itself became the Medical Museum of the AFIP in 1949, the Armed Forces Medical Museum in 1974, and finally the NMHM in 1989. During its peak years on the National Mall in the 1960s, every year the Museum saw "as many as 400,000 to 500,000 people coming through". But after its moves to increasingly obscure and out-of-the-way sites, it fell into a period of relative neglect. By the 1990s, it was attracting only between 40,000 and 50,000 visitors a year.

In 1989, C. Everett Koop (in his last year as Surgeon General) commissioned the "National Museum of Health and Medicine Foundation", a private, nonprofit organization to explore avenues for its future development and revitalization, with the aim of ultimately returning its collection to a venue on the National Mall. Proposed was “a site on land that is located east of and adjacent to the Hubert H. Humphrey Building (100 Independence Avenue, Southwest, in the District of Columbia)”. In 1993, a draft bill authored by Sen. Edward Kennedy proposed $21.8 million for moving the existing collection to a new facility to be constructed on that site. That bill, however, was never introduced owing to political difficulties including objections from Constance Breuer—widow of Marcel Breuer, architect of the Humphrey Building—who objected to the view obstruction that would be entailed by the proposed construction. A letter from the Department of Defense to Koop in the mid-1990s, expressed hope that the NMHM exhibits would "one day be provided the appropriate and prominent home they deserve back at the National Mall in the new National Health Museum". But the DoD backed away from contributing to funding a new museum. The Foundation has since been superseded by a new organization, dedicated to creating a new National Health Museum, and which has more ambitious aims and is not dependent on what happens to the existing NMHM.

2011 move:

Due to the closure of WRAMC, NMHM has relocated—for the tenth time—to U.S. Army Garrison-Forest Glen in Silver Spring, Montgomery County, Maryland. Authority over the Forest Glen garrison was transferred from WRAMC to Fort Detrick in October 2008. The NMHM closed its exhibits on April 3, 2011, and reopened in a new building on September 15, 2011.
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