BGuthrie Photos: MD -- Gathland State Park -- Correspondent's War Arch -- Visitor's Center

MD -- Gathland State Park -- Correspondent's War Arch -- Visitor's Center:

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. ARCHVC_121013_024.JPG: The Battle of South Mountain: Crampton's Gap and Brownsville Pass: By the evening of September 13, Confederate forces occupy positions at Crampton's Gap, Burkittsville, and Brownsville Pass. At 5:30 am on September 14, the Union 6th Corps moves out of Point of Rocks Maryland and marches north to the town of Jefferson, where they stop and wait for reinforcements. By noon, Union forces are moving towards Burkittsville, their skirmishers exchanging fire with Confederate infantry and artillery. Union Major General William Franklin believes that Confederate forces equal his own. Instead of attacking immediately, he spends four hours planning. [At 3:30 pm, Confederate reinforcements arrive at Crampton's Gap from Brownsville Pass.] At 4:00, Union 6th Corps attacks and discovers that there are fewer Confederates than they expected. The Confederate line breaks and falls back to the summit. At 5:30, as Union troops pursue them, Confederate reinforcements arrive, file alongside Whipps Ravine and fire. Eventually, Union troops nearly surround them and force them off the mountain.
2. ARCHVC_121013_028.JPG: The Battle of South Mountain: Turner's Gap and Frostown: On the evening of September 13 and the morning of September 14, Confederate Major General D. H. Hill deploys one brigade on Turner's Gap. At daylight the Union 1st Corps leaves Frederick and moves west along the National Road. D.H. Hill orders Colquitt's Brigade to come down from the pass and block the National Road near the eastern base of South Mountain. He orders Rodes' Brigade to the eastern base of the mountain near Frostown Gap. By 2 pm the troops are in position. The Union 1st Corps arrives and begins deploying along Mount Tabor Road, with Meade's Division on the right, Hatch's Division on the left, and Ricketts' Division in reserve. At mid afternoon, the Union 1st Corps assaults Frostown Gap. At Turner's Gap, Gibbon's Brigade from the Union 1st Corps advances towards Colquitt's Brigade, a quarter mile west up the valley. Colquitt's left flank is sheltered behind a stone wall; his right flank rests in a small stand of trees. At 5:00, Gibbon's Brigade attacks. His left flank quickly routs Colquitt's right, and then his entire brigade focuses their attention on the Confederates behind the stone wall. By nightfall, Union forces have gained control of Frostown Gap and Confederate forces are barely holding the mountain ridge. At Turner's Gap, fighting finally stops at 10:00, when with heavy casualties and dwindling
3. ARCHVC_121013_031.JPG: The Battle of South Mountain: Fox's Gap: On September 13th, the Union 9th Corps marches west to Middletown. In the early hours of September 14, Confederate General J.E.B. Stuart sends the 5th Virginia Cavalry and a section of horse artillery to Fox's Gap. Meanwhile, Confederate General D.H. Hill thinks Union forces have already occupied Fox's Gap. He sends Garland's brigade to secure it. They find the 5th Virginia Cavalry, not Union forces. By 6 am, the 9th Corps' Kanawha Division leaves Middletown, moving towards Fox's Gap. They arrive at 9 am, find the Confederates in force, and attack. The artillery is forced out. By late morning, General Garland has been killed and his line has broken. The Confederates fall back to the western base of the mountain and the Wise farmhouse. By noon, Union forces hold the gap. Feeling that their position is too far extended, the commanding officer pulls the Kanawha Division back south of the road to a stonewall at the south end of the Wise farm. The Confederates reoccupy Fox's Gap. Early afternoon brings a lull in the fighting as both sides await reinforcements. Willcox's Division of the Union 9th Corps arrives around 2 pm. Of the three brigades of Confederate reinforcements, one brigade marches too far west, another gets lost in a mountain laurel thicket, and the third sets up a line from the Wise farm west along the Old Sharpsburg Road, facing south. At about 4 pm, Union forces attack, hitting the Confederate Brigade at the Wise Farm. More Union reinforcements join the battle. More Confederate reinforcements arrive just before sunset. Combat lasts until nightfall. Confederate forces occupy the mountain ridge; Union forces hold the Wise farm. At 11:00 pm, Confederate General Robert E. Lee orders his forces to leave South Mountain, having delayed the advance of the Union forces long enough to reassemble his divided army in Sharpsburg. Union forces are left in possession of Fox's Gap.
4. ARCHVC_121013_048.JPG: The Maryland Campaign, September 4-13, 1862: After the 2nd Battle of Manassas (Bull Run), as Union troops flee north in disarray towards Washington, D.C., Confederate General Robert E. Lee decides to carry the war into Union territory by striking across the Potomac River into Maryland. On September 4, Confederate troops begin crossing the river; by September 9, they are in Frederick, Maryland. President Abraham Lincoln calls on General George B. McClellan to rebuild the demoralized Army of the Potomac and drive the Confederates out of Maryland. McClellan quickly organizes the troops and orders them to leave Washington. By September 6, the 1st, 9th, and 6th Corps have moved out towards western Maryland. As Confederate troops march north, Lee discovers that the Union garrison at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, has not abandoned the town. Controlling Harpers Ferry is vital to keeping Confederate supply and communication routes open. On September 9, Lee divides his army to surround and capture Harpers Ferry and move towards Hagerstown and Boonsboro. By September 13, Confederate forces have left Frederick and Union forces have moved in.
5. ARCHVC_121013_082.JPG: Early years: At age 13, George Alfred Townsend began to write a story. Although he never finished it, from then on he pursued a writing career. In high school, he wrote for the school paper and became its editor. Local newspapers published his articles. He wrote poems and essays and wrote about history, researching subjects then going on-site to experience the events in his imagination. After Townsend graduated from high school, the Philadelphia Inquirer hired him as a reporter and editorial writer. A year later, a rival paper, the Press, hired him as city editor and soon also made him drama editor. Despite these responsibilities, he continued to write poetry and even wrote a play. War correspondent and European interlude: While Townsend was working for the Philadelphia Press, the New York Herald, a newspaper with national circulation, hired him to report Philadelphia area news. In 1862, the Herald offered him a fulltime job reporting from the frontlines, and he accepted. After several months of following the troops, Townsend caught "Chickahominy fever" and left for Europe to recuperate. Landing in England, he tried unsuccessfully to give lectures about the Civil War. He then spent a year in France, where he wrote stories and poems about his experiences. In 1880 he published these writings in a book called Bohemian Days. Townsend returned to the United States in 1864, just in time to go back to the frontlines to report the end of the Civil War. By then, the government required newspapers to print the names of reporters along with their work. Townsend's reports to the New York World made his reputation and brought him popular recognition. Lecturer: In the 1860s, public lectures were a popular form of entertainment. Townsend's reports from the war and his letters about the John Wilkes Booth conspiracy created a demand for him as a lecturer. American tours from 1865 through 1867 and a European tour in 1867 kept him on the road and were a major source of his income. Political correspondent: In 1867, Townsend moved to Washington, D.C., to study how the American government worked. He began to write daily letters that he sent out by telegraph to newspapers throughout the nation, including the Chicago Tribune, the Cleveland Leader, the Cincinnati Commercial, and the Missouri Democrat. For forty years, Townsend dictated two columns every day, adding up to more than 5 million words. This correspondence focused mainly on politics, but also included comments on many of the issues of the day. His work brought him fame and a substantial income.
6. ARCHVC_121013_086.JPG: Gath: Like many journalists of his time, George Alfred Townsend often signed his writings with pseudonyms. One of the most well-known of these is "Gath", which he first used in 1868 in the Chicago Tribune. A newspaper clipping dated July 1883 found in one of his scrapbook albums gives the following explanation for the name: "... Suddenly the Chicago Tribune applied, too, for letters, and at the end of the first one I wrote I put 'G. A. T.' and then balanced my pen, and said, I'm tired of writing that.' So I tried to make some monogram of it, and the only consonant that would make a syllable with it was H, which I added. 'Hello,' said I, 'that's a Philistine city. Hello again,' I said, 'It's written in the scripture, 'Tell it not in Gath.'' ...So I wrote 'Gath' below the letter.'" The scripture Townsend quotes is II Samuel 1:20, "Tell it not in Gath, publish it not in the streets of Askelon." Years later Townsend would draw on this verse again, naming the first house he built at his Gapland estate "Askelon."
7. ARCHVC_121013_090.JPG: Novels: Although Townsend earned his living from journalism, he always wanted to write literary works. His novels were historical fiction based on extensive research and the first-hand knowledge he gained visiting the sites of the events he portrayed. He interwove real people and events with the actions of his fictional characters, who often spoke in local dialects. Poetry: Townsend began writing poetry as a boy and continued to do so throughout his life. His poems ranged over a wide variety of historical, political, and personal topics. Although his work never achieved the acclaim he desired, it is considered typical of its era and was included in several anthologies. "Although newspapers have been my bulrushes holding me up, poesy has been the Pharaoh's daughter, raising me." -- Gath, in preface to Poems of Men and Events
8. ARCHVC_121013_093.JPG: Death: After the turn of the 20th century, Townsend's prominence faded. His wife, Bessie, died in 1903 after years of failing health. He developed diabetes and gout but continued to visit and entertain as his diminished health and wealth allowed. Plagued with a lack of funds, he sold the contents of his library at auction in 1909. In 1913 he started his literary memoir, which he never finished. Just over a year later, he died, on April 15, 1914, while visiting his daughter in New York City.
9. ARCHVC_121013_096.JPG: Cigar Tin: As Townsend's fame grew, manufacturers asked him to endorse their products. One company even named a line of their cigars after him.
10. ARCHVC_121013_105.JPG: Building Gapland: In 1884, when George Alfred Townsend was traveling in Western Maryland gathering research for a book about the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln, he was attracted to a piece of land near the Civil War battle sites of Antietam and South Mountain. He purchased a 100-acre site and began building his retreat. Townsend named his estate "Gapland". Here he could combine his love for nature and art with his hobby of designing and building houses. He named the first one, a modest weatherboard structure, "Askelon." In all, he built 9 buildings, including a barn, out-houses, and dwellings. Some of the stone houses were quite ornate, replete with terra cotta busts and medallions, wide porches and turrets, and mansard roofs. Gapland was sold after Townsend's death in 1914. Its buildings deteriorated as the property passed through several owners. In 1949, it was deeded to the State of Maryland to be administered as Gathland State Park.
11. ARCHVC_121013_109.JPG: The War Correspondents' Arch: In the early 1890s, George Alfred Townsend decided to sponsor a memorial to Civil War correspondents. He donated two-tenths of an acre of his Gapland estate, near the highest point of Crampton's Pass, and began a popular subscription drive to raise money to build a memorial arch. Contributors included Thomas Edison, J. Pierpont Morgan, George Pullman, Joseph Pulitzer, and John Wanamaker. Townsend started designing the arch in November 1895. Architect John L. Smithmeyer volunteered his services, preparing detailed drawings and overseeing construction. The memorial was dedicated on October 16, 1896, by Maryland Governor Lloyd Lowndes, in a grand ceremony that included a U.S. Army drummer and bugler and closed with the singing of "Tenting on the Old Camp Ground." In 1904, Townsend deeded the memorial to the U.S. War Department. It was transferred to the National Park Service in 1933. In 1946, its 50th anniversary, it was rededicated to the correspondents of all wars. In 1958, the land surrounding it was dedicated as Gathland State Park. In 1974, XXX', The Society of Professional Journalists, designated it a notable site. The National Park Service maintains it today as a national monument within Gathland State Park. The memorial is 50 feet high and 40 feet wide. The large Moorish arch is 16 feet high and built of Hummelstown reddish brown sandstone. Above, three Roman arches represent Description, Depiction, and Photography. Nine-feet-high by six-feet-wide, these arches are made from blue limestone from Virginia's Cedar Creek Battlefield quarries. The west side of the tower holds inscribed stone plaques. One dedicates the tower "to the Army Correspondents and Artists 1861-1865 whose Toils Cheered the Camps, Thrilled the Firesides, Educated Provinces of Rustics Into a Bright Nation of Readers and Gave Incentive to Narrate Distant Wars and Explore Dark Lands." Other plaques contain quotations, a poem written by Townsend, the names of 157 Civil War correspondents, and the names of three people who helped erect the monument. To either side of the central arch on the east side of the monument, terra cotta heads accent the words "Speed" and "Heed". Above the main arch are the words "War Correspondents" in large letters. Above the three smaller arches are two terra cotta horse heads. The square crenellated tower flanks one side of the main arch. On the east side, a niche holds a six-foot-high statue that has been variously identified as Pan or Orpheus. The statue is holding pipes and either half drawing or sheathing a Roman sword. Over a small turret on the opposite side of the main arch, a gold weathervane represents a quill pen breaking a sword. The lists on the arch include Civil War Correspondents, artists, post-war journalists, and men instrumental in building the arch. Many names are omitted, incomplete, misspelled, or misstated. The following people are believed to be memorialized on the arch. Northern Civil War Correspondents Finley Anderson James Nye Ashley Adam Badeau Theodore Barnard George W. Beaman Henry Bentley William Denison Bickham Albert H. Bodman George C. Bower Junius Henri Browne Solomon T. Bulkley Aaron Homer Byington Sylvanus Cadwallader S.M. Carpenter Thomas M. Cash Frank G. Chapman William Conant Church George W. Clarke Charles Carleton Coffin Richard T. Colburn Joel Cook Thomas M. Cook Edward Crapsey F. Crieghton Lorenzo Livingston Crounse E. Cuthbert Nathaniel Davidson William E. Davis Edwin F. Denyse John P. Dunn B.D.M. Eaton Charles Henry Farrell James C. Fitzpatrick R.D. Francis Thaddeus B. Glover Charles H. Graffan T.C. Grey Charles Graham Halpine Charles H. Hannam J. Barclay Harding George H. Hart John Hasson John E. Hayes Leonard A. Hendricks Arthur P. Henry Frank Henry Volney Hickox Adams Sherman Hill George Washington Hosmer Edward Howard House Alexander Houston Warren P. Isham De Benneville Randolph Keim William H. Kent Thomas Wallace Knox Francis C. Long P.T. McAlpine Richard Cunningham McCormick Joseph Burbridge McCullagh William H. Merriam John Norcross Crosby Stuart Noyes Galen H. Osborne Bradley Sillick Osbon Charles Anderson Page Nathaniel Paige Uriah Hunt Painter Comte de Paris, Louis Philippe Albert d'Orleans A. Paul Edward Alexander Paul E. T. Peters Henry Jarvis Raymond J. Whitelaw Reid Albert Deane Richardson W.H. Runkle Oscar G. Sawyer William Franklin Gore Shanks Richard L. Shelly George Washington Smalley Henry Morton Stanley Edmund Clarence Stedman Jerome Bonaparte Stillson William H. Stiner William Swinton Benjamin Franklin Taylor George Alfred Townsend Benjamin Cummings Truman Henry Villard J.H. Vosburgh Lawrence W. Wallazz F. Watson E.D. Westfall Samuel Wilkeson Franc Bangs Wilkie F. Wilkison A.W. Williams John R. Wilson Theodore C. Wilson John Russell Young William Young Southern Civil War Correspondents Peter W. Alexander Durant Da Ponte Felix Gregory de Fontaine Donelson Caffery Jenkins George W. Olney George Perry James Beverley Sener William G. Shephardson John S. Ward Henry Watterson Civil War Artists S.E.H. Banwill Thomas Francis Beard Joseph A. Becker H. Bensanon A. Berghaus Mathew B. Brady W.T. Crane Felix Octavius Carr Darley S.S. Davis Theodore Russell Davis G. Ellsbury Edwin Forbes S. Fox C.E. Hillen E.B. Hough J.S. Jewett J.F. Laycock Henri Lovie Arthur Lumley Frank H. Mason W.B. McComas A. McCullum Larkin Goldsmith Mead Henry Mosler E.F. Mullen Frank H. Schell Fred B. Schell William Ludwell Sheppard David Hunter Strother James E. Taylor J.S. Trexler Frank Vizetelly Alfred Rudolph Waud William Waud George Forrester Williams Other newspapermen and artists Henry van Ness Boynton Francis Pharcellus Church John A. Cockerill Frederick Dielman James Elverson Daniel M. Houser Victor Fremont Lawson Francis Henry Richardson Richard H. Sylvester Others John Milton Hay Lloyd Lowndes Edward Mealey John Godfrey Moore John L. Smithmeyer Samuel Ward
12. ARCHVC_121013_113.JPG: The War Correspondents' Arch: In the early 1890s, George Alfred Townsend decided to sponsor a memorial to Civil War correspondents. He donated two-tenths of an acre of his Gapland estate, near the highest point of Crampton's Pass, and began a popular subscription drive to raise money to build a memorial arch. Contributors included Thomas Edison, J. Pierpont Morgan, George Pullman, Joseph Pulitzer, and John Wanamaker. Townsend started designing the arch in November 1895. Architect John L. Smithmeyer volunteered his services, preparing detailed drawings and overseeing construction. The memorial was dedicated on October 16, 1896, by Maryland Governor Lloyd Lowndes, in a grand ceremony that included a U.S. Army drummer and bugler and closed with the singing of "Tenting on the Old Camp Ground." In 1904, Townsend deeded the memorial to the U.S. War Department. It was transferred to the National Park Service in 1933. In 1946, its 50th anniversary, it was rededicated to the correspondents of all wars. In 1958, the land surrounding it was dedicated as Gathland State Park. In 1974, XXX', The Society of Professional Journalists, designated it a notable site. The National Park Service maintains it today as a national monument within Gathland State Park.
13. ARCHVC_121013_115.JPG: The memorial is 50 feet high and 40 feet wide. The large Moorish arch is 16 feet high and built of Hummelstown reddish brown sandstone. Above, three Roman arches represent Description, Depiction, and Photography. Nine-feet-high by six-feet-wide, these arches are made from blue limestone from Virginia's Cedar Creek Battlefield quarries. The west side of the tower holds inscribed stone plaques. One dedicates the tower "to the Army Correspondents and Artists 1861-1865 whose Toils Cheered the Camps, Thrilled the Firesides, Educated Provinces of Rustics Into a Bright Nation of Readers and Gave Incentive to Narrate Distant Wars and Explore Dark Lands." Other plaques contain quotations, a poem written by Townsend, the names of 157 Civil War correspondents, and the names of three people who helped erect the monument. To either side of the central arch on the east side of the monument, terra cotta heads accent the words "Speed" and "Heed". Above the main arch are the words "War Correspondents" in large letters. Above the three smaller arches are two terra cotta horse heads. The square crenellated tower flanks one side of the main arch. On the east side, a niche holds a six-foot-high statue that has been variously identified as Pan or Orpheus. The statue is holding pipes and either half drawing or sheathing a Roman sword. Over a small turret on the opposite side of the main arch, a gold weathervane represents a quill pen breaking a sword.
14. ARCHVC_121013_118.JPG: Honoring fallen war correspondents: On October 1, 2003, Maryland Governor Robert L. Ehrlich Jr. dedicated a plaque to be placed on the War Correspondents Arch to honor four journalists who died in the post-September 11, 2001 war on terrorism. The honored journalists are Daniel Pearl of the Wall Street Journal, Elizabeth Neuffer of the Boston Globe, Michael Kelly of the Washington Post and The Atlantic Monthly, and David Bloom of NBC News.
15. ARCHVC_121013_121.JPG: The lists on the arch include Civil War Correspondents, artists, post-war journalists, and men instrumental in building the arch. Many names are omitted, incomplete, misspelled, or misstated. The following people are believed to be memorialized on the arch. Northern Civil War Correspondents Finley Anderson James Nye Ashley Adam Badeau Theodore Barnard George W. Beaman Henry Bentley William Denison Bickham Albert H. Bodman George C. Bower Junius Henri Browne Solomon T. Bulkley Aaron Homer Byington Sylvanus Cadwallader S.M. Carpenter Thomas M. Cash Frank G. Chapman William Conant Church George W. Clarke Charles Carleton Coffin Richard T. Colburn Joel Cook Thomas M. Cook Edward Crapsey F. Crieghton Lorenzo Livingston Crounse E. Cuthbert Nathaniel Davidson William E. Davis Edwin F. Denyse John P. Dunn B.D.M. Eaton Charles Henry Farrell James C. Fitzpatrick R.D. Francis Thaddeus B. Glover Charles H. Graffan T.C. Grey Charles Graham Halpine Charles H. Hannam J. Barclay Harding George H. Hart John Hasson John E. Hayes Leonard A. Hendricks Arthur P. Henry Frank Henry Volney Hickox Adams Sherman Hill George Washington Hosmer Edward Howard House Alexander Houston Warren P. Isham De Benneville Randolph Keim William H. Kent Thomas Wallace Knox Francis C. Long P.T. McAlpine Richard Cunningham McCormick Joseph Burbridge McCullagh William H. Merriam John Norcross Crosby Stuart Noyes Galen H. Osborne Bradley Sillick Osbon Charles Anderson Page Nathaniel Paige Uriah Hunt Painter Comte de Paris, Louis Philippe Albert d'Orleans A. Paul Edward Alexander Paul E. T. Peters Henry Jarvis Raymond J. Whitelaw Reid Albert Deane Richardson W.H. Runkle Oscar G. Sawyer William Franklin Gore Shanks Richard L. Shelly George Washington Smalley Henry Morton Stanley Edmund Clarence Stedman Jerome Bonaparte Stillson William H. Stiner William Swinton Benjamin Franklin Taylor George Alfred Townsend Benjamin Cummings Truman Henry Villard J.H. Vosburgh Lawrence W. Wallazz F. Watson E.D. Westfall Samuel Wilkeson Franc Bangs Wilkie F. Wilkison A.W. Williams John R. Wilson Theodore C. Wilson John Russell Young William Young Southern Civil War Correspondents Peter W. Alexander Durant Da Ponte Felix Gregory de Fontaine Donelson Caffery Jenkins George W. Olney George Perry James Beverley Sener William G. Shephardson John S. Ward Henry Watterson Civil War Artists S.E.H. Banwill Thomas Francis Beard Joseph A. Becker H. Bensanon A. Berghaus Mathew B. Brady W.T. Crane Felix Octavius Carr Darley S.S. Davis Theodore Russell Davis G. Ellsbury Edwin Forbes S. Fox C.E. Hillen E.B. Hough J.S. Jewett J.F. Laycock Henri Lovie Arthur Lumley Frank H. Mason W.B. McComas A. McCullum Larkin Goldsmith Mead Henry Mosler E.F. Mullen Frank H. Schell Fred B. Schell William Ludwell Sheppard David Hunter Strother James E. Taylor J.S. Trexler Frank Vizetelly Alfred Rudolph Waud William Waud George Forrester Williams Other newspapermen and artists Henry van Ness Boynton Francis Pharcellus Church John A. Cockerill Frederick Dielman James Elverson Daniel M. Houser Victor Fremont Lawson Francis Henry Richardson Richard H. Sylvester Others John Milton Hay Lloyd Lowndes Edward Mealey John Godfrey Moore John L. Smithmeyer Samuel Ward War Correspondents' Hall of Fame: Efforts to build a War Correspondents' Hall of Fame at Gathland culminated with a ceremony on September 7, 1962, at which architectural plans for the complex were revealed. The project has not moved forward and the plans have not yet been realized.
16. ARCHVC_121013_137.JPG: George Alfred Townsend, Civil War Correspondent Off to war: Early in 1862 when George Alfred Townsend was a 21-year-old Philadelphia journalist, the New York Herald offered him a job as a Civil War correspondent. He picked up his credentials in Washington, D.C., was issued a horse, and headed south. Peninsula Campaign, 1862: Townsend was assigned to follow the Army of the Potomac, as General George McClellan led the Peninsula Campaign towards Richmond. Writing anonymously as was the custom, Townsend reported the Union victory at Yorktown, the May 29 battles at Seven Pines and Fairoaks, and the Union victory at Williamsburg. Moving with the army into the Chickahominy River swamps, Townsend became ill with a fever but continued reporting the Seven Days Battle that ended the Union advance, General John Pope's attempt to drive the Confederates from the Virginia mountains, and the August 9th conflict at Cedar Mountain. With his fevers worsening, Townsend sailed for Europe, hoping to recover and pursue his writing career. The end of the war: When Townsend returned to the United States in mid-1864, bylines revealed reporters' names. In 1865, he was back reporting the war, this time for the New York World. He traveled with General Sheridan's army fighting its way towards Richmond. The only correspondent present when Union forces decisively forced the evacuation of the city, Townsend obtained personal interviews with Sheridan. His lively scoop made his reputation.
17. ARCHVC_121013_145.JPG: Reporting the Battle of South Mountain: The Civil War Battle of South Mountain was fought on September 14, 1862, in the mountain gaps close to where you are standing now. The battle was reported by the local and national press. Take a few minutes to read some of the accounts in the newspapers in the bin below. Are all the accounts the same? Did they all appear immediately after the battle? Become a war correspondent: Report the Battle of South Mountain: Exit this building through the door to your right, go down the stairs, and follow the path to the small brick building. There you will find exhibits that imagine what four scenes from the Battle of South Mountain might have looked like. There you can "interview" soldiers about the battle and find out why the armies were there, what happened, and what they accomplished. After you experience the battle exhibits, try your hand at being a war correspondent. Write an account of the battle, draw an illustration of the scenes you encounter, or take a photograph. Then, come back here and enter your written report at the computer station located to your right. The docent can help you.
18. ARCHVC_121013_149.JPG: Illustrators and Photographers: People wanted prints of illustrations, but producing them from lithographs, copperplate engravings, and photographs took time. Newspapers met the public's desire for pictures by hiring craftsmen to engrave illustrations and photographic images on wood blocks, using the electrotype process to transfer the wood engravings to metal printing plates, and placing the plates alongside type in the rotary presses that printed the papers. Alfred R. Waud, 1828-1891: Born in London, England, Alfred Waud came to the United States in 1850 and worked as an illustrator. Ten years later, he became a staff artist for New York's Illustrated News. In April 1861, the paper sent him out to cover the Army of the Potomac. At the end of the year, he joined Harper's Weekly in the same capacity. Between the First Battle of Bull Run in 1861 and the Siege of Petersburg in 1865, he attended every battle of the Army of the Potomac. One of only two artists at the Battle of Gettysburg, he depicted Pickett's Charge, the only eyewitness to leave a visual account of the battle. Mathew Brady, 1822-1896: Mathew Brady was an established and popular photographer when he decided to document the Civil War. He hired 23 photographers, gave them traveling darkrooms, and sent them out to the battlefields. The resulting photographs showed many Americans for the first time the graphic realities of war, including the bodies of dead soldiers. Brady himself stayed mainly in Washington, D.C., directing the efforts of his employees and spending over $100,000 to create more than 10,000 photographic plates. After the war, when the government did not buy the photographs as he expected, he declared bankruptcy and died penniless in a New York hospital's charity ward. Edmund Clarence Stedman (1833-1908): Born in Hartford, Connecticut, Edmund Clarence Stedman studied for two years at Yale University and then became a reporter for various newspapers in New York City. During the first years of the Civil War, he served as a war correspondent for the New York World. For 35 years after the war, he was a member of the New York Stock Exchange. In addition, he was a poet, critic, and essayist. In 1900, he edited An American Anthology, 1787-1899, a comprehensive critical study of 19th century American poetry. It contained the poem "Army Correspondent's Last Ride," by George Alfred Townsend. Henry Watterson, 1840-1921: Born in Washington, D.C., Henry Watterson became a newspaper reporter as a young man. During the Civil War, he fought for the South and edited a pro-Confederate journal. After the war, he edited the Louisville Courier-Journal and served as a Democratic representative in Congress, where he supported civil rights for African Americans and home rule for southern states. In 1918, he won a Pulitzer Prize for two editorials supporting United States entry into World War I. "Headquarters Army of Potomac, Saturday Night, July 4 Who can write the history of a battle whose eyes are immovably fastened upon a central figure of transcendingly absorbing interest – the dead body of an oldest born, crushed by a shell in a position where a battery should never have been sent, and abandoned to death in a building where surgeons dared not to stay' The battle of Gettysburgh! I am told that it commenced on the 1st of July, a mile north of town, between two weak brigades of infantry and some doomed artillery and the whole force of the rebel army… ... My pen is heavy. Oh, you dead, who at Gettysburgh have baptized with your blood the second birth of Freedom in America, how you are to be envied! I rise from a grave whose wet clay I have passionately kissed, and I look up and see Christ spanning this battle-field with his feet and reaching fraternal and lovingly up to heaven. His right hand opens the gates of Paradise – with his left he beckons to these mutilated, bloody, swollen forms to ascend." New York Times, Monday, July 6, 1863, p.1 Samuel Wilkeson, 1817-1889: By the spring of 1862, Samuel Wilkeson served the New York Tribune for 12 years as a staff writer and the Washington bureau chief. After being accused of profiting by his position to help a friend get a contract, he left Washington as a Civil War correspondent and volunteer aide to a corps commander in the Peninsula campaign. Here his independent reporting sometimes contradicted the editorial position of the Tribune. He is probably best remembered for a dispatch he sent to the New York Times in 1863, reporting the action of the Battle of Gettysburg. He wrote his report soon after discovering the body of his eldest son, Lt. Bayard Wilkeson, killed in action during the battle.
19. ARCHVC_121013_153.JPG: War Correspondents: Advancing technology brought the rise of special correspondents, people on the scene who sent newspapers telegrams and letters with first-person accounts of events. At first, special correspondents were ordinary people, later they were paid for their contributions, eventually some became newspaper employees. Beginning with the Mexican War (1846-48) and the Crimean War (1854-46), special correspondents went to battlefields to send back reports of the action and the troops' condition. With America's Civil War, war correspondents came of age. During the conflict, over 500 of them traveled with the army and reported the war. Most were young men in their twenties, but several were women and at least one was black. Richard Cunningham McCormick, 1832-1901: A war correspondent during the Crimean War, Richard Cunningham McCormick also reported the Civil War, following the Army of the Potomac in 1861 and 1862 as special correspondent for New York's Evening Post and Commercial Advertiser. In 1863, President Lincoln appointed him secretary of the Arizona Territory. He later served as the appointed Governor of the Territory and, for six years, as an elected Delegate to Congress. The Newspapers: By 1860, almost 2500 newspapers served a growing literate population. Almost 400 of these were published daily, with New York alone having 17 dailies. Advancing technology transformed news reporting. Telegraph lines and railroads crisscrossed the country, bringing next-day coverage of far flung events. In addition to bringing news in, railroads also took newspapers out. Every day, copies of the New York Herald, Tribune, and Times were taken by train to Washington for same-day delivery. Most papers had strong political affiliations. Some had been started by political parties; others supported the views of their publishers. The papers' articles often reflected these biases instead of presenting objective reports of events. James Gordon Bennett (1844-1918), publisher of the New York Herald, an independent paper that supported conciliation to resolve the differences between North and South. Horace Greeley (1811-1872), publisher of the New York Tribune, a radical Republican paper that supported the abolition of slavery Henry Jarvis Raymond (1820-1869), publisher of the New York Times, a moderate Republican paper that supported the preservation of the Union
20. ARCHVC_121013_157.JPG: War News: The people back home, and even the soldiers in the field, waited eagerly for the arrival of their daily newspapers for the latest reports of the war.
21. ARCHVC_121013_160.JPG: Souvenir medallions, Hall of Fame ceremony, September 7, 1962
22. ARCHVC_121013_208.JPG: A Life of Learning: At Home: When George Alfred Townsend was a boy, society did not highly value education. His parents did, however. Until he was eight years old, his mother taught him at home, where he had access to his father's collection of religious books. When his father purchased Uncle Tom's Cabin, Townsend read his first novel. He considered the reading of this book to be a milestone in his intellectual development. Townsend was self-taught from an early age. When he was only 11 years old, he bought water color paints and instruction books and began to paint. This interest continued throughout his life. At School: In the mid-19th century, colleges often offered elementary education as well as academic degrees. In 1849, George Alfred Townsend began classes at Washington College in Chestertown, Maryland. As his family moved, he transferred first to a school that became the University of Delaware and then to a free school in Philadelphia. In 1856, he enrolled at Philadelphia's Central High School, which granted him a college degree in February 1860. Central had opened in 1838 as the nation's second public high school. In 1849, the Pennsylvania Assembly had granted it the power to confer academic degrees. Today, it continues to earn high ratings nationally and is the only high school in the country that can grant college degrees to graduates who fulfill the requirements. "Saturday, February 9, 1856. The most important day in my life. Admitted to the Central High School today about 1 o'clock." -- Excerpt from the diary of George Alfred Townsend Continuing Education: George Alfred Townsend never stopped learning. Throughout his life, he read voraciously, particularly about the country's history and political system. Amassing a library of over 5,000 volumes, he could talk intelligently about many diverse subjects. Travels: George Alfred Townsend considered travel to be time well spent. He visited Europe six times, crossed the United States three times, and visited every state, US Territory, and the West Indies. "I took eight years at least, if not twelve, out of my life and invested it in experience, saving nothing, but going many a thousand miles that I might learn how to see; for the eye is to the writer what the hand is to the mechanic." -- George Alfred Townsend, Lippincott's Magazine, v.48, p.630
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Wikipedia Description: Gathland State Park
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Gathland State Park is a small state park located near Burkittsville, Maryland in the United States. The park is composed of the remains of the estate of George Alfred Townsend (1841-1914), a correspondent during the American Civil War who wrote under the pen name "Gath". Several buildings remain on the estate, including the War Correspondents Memorial Arch, and the Appalachian trail passes through the grounds.

History:

The area of the current park includes Crampton's Gap, which saw fighting during the Battle of South Mountain, one of the first battles of the Maryland Campaign during the American Civil War. In 1884, Townsend, now a successful journalist, purchased the land as a retreat and began work on what would become Gathland, his estate. His first project was Gapland Hall, an eleven room house built in 1885. This was followed that same year by Gapland Lodge, a stone servants' quarters. In 1890 a large building was erected to house a study, a library, and ten bedrooms.

Townsend's most famous and longest-lasting project was completed in 1896: The War Correspondents Memorial Arch. It is claimed that the arch is the only monument in the world dedicated to journalists killed in combat. (However, at least one other memorial monument specifically dedicated to journalists fallen in combat exists in the United States - the War Correspondents' Memorial marker in Arlington National Cemetery, Washington DC, dedicated in 1986.)

The book George Alfred Townsend describes the monument:

In appearance the monument is quite odd. It is fifty feet high and forty feet broad. Above a Moorish arch sixteen feet high built of Hummelstown purple stone are super-imposed three Roman arches. These are flanked on one side with a square crenellated tower, producing a bizarre and picturesque effect. Niches in different places shelter the carving of two horses' heads, and symbolic terra cotta statuettes of Mercury ...More...
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Directly Related Pages: Other pages with content (MD -- Gathland State Park -- Correspondent's War Arch) directly related to this one: [Display ALL photos on one page]:
- 2012_MD_Gathland: MD -- Gathland State Park -- Correspondent's War Arch (56 photos from 2012)
- 2009_MD_Gathland: MD -- Gathland State Park -- Correspondent's War Arch (69 photos from 2009)
- 2004_MD_Gathland: MD -- Gathland State Park -- Correspondent's War Arch (20 photos from 2004)
- 1999_MD_Gathland: MD -- Gathland State Park -- Correspondent's War Arch (24 photos from 1999)
- 1997_MD_Gathland: MD -- Gathland State Park -- Correspondent's War Arch (20 photos from 1997)
Same Subject: Click on this link to see coverage of items having the same subject: [Civil War] [Memorials] [Park (State)]
2012 photos: Equipment this year: My mainstays were the Fuji S100fs, Nikon D7000, and the new Fuji X-S1. I also used an underwater Fuji XP50 and a Nikon D600. The first three cameras all broke this year and had to be repaired. Trips this year: three Civil War Trust conferences (Shepherdstown, WV, Richmond, VA, and Williamsburg, VA), a week-long family reunion cruise of the Caribbean, another week-long family reunion in the Wisconsin Dells (with lots of in-transit time in Ohio and Indiana), and my 7th consecutive San Diego Comic-Con trip (including side trips to Zion, Bryce, the Grand Canyon, etc). Ego strokes: I had a picture of Miss DC, Ashley Boalch, published in the Washington Post. I had a photograph of the George Segal San Francisco Holocaust memorial used as the cover of Quebec Francais (issue 165). Not being able to read French, I'm not entirely sure what the article is about but, hey! And I guess what could be considered to be a positive thing, my site is now established enough that spammers have noticed it and I had to block 17,000 file description postings for Viagra and whatever else.. Number of photos taken this year: just below 410,000.
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