BGuthrie Photos: IN -- Indianapolis -- Indiana World War Memorial -- Indiana War Memorial Museum

IN -- Indianapolis -- Indiana World War Memorial -- Indiana War Memorial Museum:

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Copyrights: All pictures were taken by amateur photographer Bruce Guthrie (me!) who retains copyright on them. Free for non-commercial use with attribution. See the [Creative Commons] definition of what this means. "Photos (c) Bruce Guthrie" is fine for attribution. (Commercial use folks including AI scrapers can of course contact me.) Feel free to use in publications and pages with attribution but you don't have permission to sell the photos themselves. A free copy of any printed publication using any photographs is requested. Descriptive text, if any, is from a mixture of sources, quite frequently from signs at the location or from official web sites; copyrights, if any, are retained by their original owners.

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. INDWWM_120810_005.JPG: This Indiana World War Memorial conceived to commemorate the bravery, courage, valor and sacrifice of the soldiers, sailors and Marines of the United States and all others who rendered faithful, loyal, heroic and self-sacrificing service overseas and at home in the great World War; Builded [sic] by the State of Indiana, County of Marion, and City of Indianapolis, And dedicated to such principles as will inculcate a true understanding and appreciation of the duties, benefits and privileges of American citizenship and as will inspire patriotism and respect for the law to the end that peace may prevail, good will be promoted, justice be established and administered, public order maintained and liberty and freedom under the law perpetuated.
2. INDWWM_120810_023.JPG: Surrender at Fort Sackville: George Rogers Clark took formal possession of Fort Sackville on February 25, 1779 at 10:00 AM. General Hamilton and several other officers were sent to Williamsburg as prisoners of war. The surrender of this British fort secured the entire Northwest Territory for the infant United States and was one of Indiana's major contributions to the American Revolution.
3. INDWWM_120810_057.JPG: Causes of the Civil War: South fears that the North will gain a Senate majority. Issue of slavery in the territories divides the North and South. Northerners hate the Fugitive Slave Law. Southern states secede after Lincoln's election. Confederates bombard Fort Sumter.
4. INDWWM_120810_060.JPG: Governor Oliver P. Morton
5. INDWWM_120810_069.JPG: The Road to War: Long before Confederate batteries opened fire on Fort Sumter (April 12, 1861), the relationship between the North and South had been growing strained. The North was expanding far more rapidly in population, industry, and wealth, while the South was determined to preserve its agricultural, economic, political, and social institutions. Meanwhile, the West was rapidly filling up and demanding its place in the nation. These factors aggravated the balance of power between free and slave states, with the admission of each new state raising the crucial question: would it enter the Union as a free or slave state? For years, Congress had held the country together through a series of uneasy compromises, such as the Missouri Compromise (1820). However, matters finally came to a head when Congress passed the bitterly debated Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), which nullified the Missouri Compromise and established the policy of "popular sovereignty," in which the citizens of each territory decided for themselves whether to enter the Union as a free state or slave state. Abolitionists and Free-Soilers were furious, for they feared the act would destroy the greatest safeguard the country had against the spread of slavery. The passage of this act effectively ended the era of reasonable discussion and compromise between North and South. Its effects were immediate, as both anti-slavery Northerners and pro-slavery Southerners recruited settlers to Kansas, where the resulting settlers to Kansas, where the resulting tension erupted into partisan warfare (1856). "Bleeding Kansas" became a battleground of rigged elections, burnings, lynchings, and assassinations as the rival forces fought for control of the territory. Weak presidential leadership, Congressional turmoil, and the Supreme Court's ruling on the Dred Scott decision pushed the North and South closer to hostilities. The final event leading to war between the states was the election of Abraham Lincoln (Nov. 1860), a president whose political party seemed pledged to end slavery; this was a development the South simply could not accept. Therefore, South Carolina passed an "ordinance of secession" announcing its separation from the Union (Dec. 20, 1860), and within the next two months, six other states followed. However, Lincoln refused to accept the division of the Union, viewing the Confederate states as rebels against his legal authority. The subsequent bombardment of Fort Sumter, a clear act of war, ended the debate and started the Civil War. President Lincoln promptly called on the states for 75,000 volunteers to put down the Southern rebellion. Thus, the die was cast; the fate of the United States of America would now be decided by war.
6. INDWWM_120810_076.JPG: President-Elect Lincoln in Indianapolis: The Wabash train drew into Indianapolis in the late afternoon, at five o'clock, February 11, 1861. Governor Oliver P. Morton, numerous state dignitaries and 45,000 Indiana citizens greeted President-elect Lincoln. Lincoln gave his first remarks (excepts which you may hear on the audio tape) at Missouri and Washington Streets in Indianapolis. After a military parade, display of the Fire Department and shaking hand with hundreds of well-wishers, Lincoln made his way to a hotel reception, later that evening Lincoln gave a formal speech from the balcony of the Bates House. The inaugural train left Indianapolis the next morning at 8 o'clock for Cincinnati. The inaugural journey from Springfield to Washington brought Lincoln face to face with the governors and legislators of five states. He set foot in key cities; spoke with important me controlling politics, money, transportation, supplies; delivered more than 20 speeches, shook the hangs of thousands of people; and peered over immense crowds who wanted their look at the pivotal figure of the American scene.
7. INDWWM_120810_149.JPG: The Sculptured Groups: The monumental sculpture groups and individual figures above the tower doors were done by German sculptor, Rudolph Schwartz. According to a traditional story, when the first statue groups were displayed to the board of regents overseeing the construction in the late 1890s, the Indiana veterans were shocked to see so many bearded faces, which to them simply looked "too German." So the sculptor had to spend many hours giving his limestone warriors proper mid-western shaves. A few mustaches survived, but apart from the aging father figures in the sculpted groups, there were no more chin whiskers. The young, but ageless, faces on the statues now reflect how the veterans remembered themselves in the days of their youth, and how they wanted to be remembered forever into the future.
8. INDWWM_120810_152.JPG: Dedication of Monument: Fifteen years and an additional $400,000 after passage of the monument bill, thirteen years after the laying of the cornerstone, the Indiana Soldiers & Soldiers Monument was dedicated on May 15, 1902. Thousands of Hoosier veterans, marching under the scarred and faded banners they had carried into battle and triumphantly deposited at the state capitol in 1865, attended the ceremonies, and stood proudly under the inscription carved in the native stone: To Indiana's Silent Victors
9. INDWWM_120810_155.JPG: First Drink From the Fountain: Ruben Glick: In April 2002, the Gene B. Glick Foundation made a donation for the Centennial of the Indiana Soldiers and Sailors Monument. Along with the check was the picture on the right and the following message: "I have a personal story about the monument which brings it home. My dad [Ruben Glick] was born in Indianapolis and when he was a young boy he was watching the completion of the structure when the drinking fountains were turned on, and one of the plumbers turned to him and said, 'Hey kid, want to have the first drink out of the fountain?' How much more personal could one get?" -- Eugene B. Click
10. INDWWM_120810_159.JPG: To Indiana's Silent Victors: Set at the very center of Indianapolis, the Soldiers & Sailors Monument is an architectural and sculptural marvel. It is the central point of Indiana's capitol city, and the largest memorial anywhere in the country dedicated to the common soldiers and sailors of the Civil War. It is topped by a 38-foot statue of "Victory," the largest bronze statue in the US at the time of its installation. Around the base are flowing fountains and statue groups depicting "War," "Peace," "The Dying Soldier," "The Return Home," and individual heroic statues representing infantry, artillery, cavalry, and Navy. To the tip of the flame in Victory's torch, the monument reaches 284.5 feet, only fifteen feet shorter than the Statue of Liberty. From the observation deck, 230 feet above street level, visitors can see to an almost boundless horizon some fifteen miles away. City ordinance provides that no building may be constructed such that it will cast a shadow on this sacred memorial.
11. INDWWM_120810_161.JPG: The Monument Idea: The idea for a memorial to soldiers fighting to preserve the Union was first raised in 1862, well before the war itself was resolved. In 1865 Indiana's "War Governor" Oliver P. Morton proposed that the state should act to "Honor the dead, cherish the living, and preserve in immortal memory the deeds and virtues of all, as an inspiration for countless generations to come." At that early date, however, most citizens just wanted to put the war behind them. But the idea for a monument did not fade away. In 1875, a small group of veterans in Indianapolis created a "Monument Association" to begin gathering funds and raise popular and legislative support. The GAR (Grand Army of the Republic, an association of Union Civil War veterans) backed the idea in 1882, and five years later Governor Isaac P. Gray signed the monument bill, appropriating $200,000, and appointing a monument commission.
12. INDWWM_120810_164.JPG: Building the Soldiers and Sailors Monument: In 1888, an international competition was set up to choose a design for the monument. Bruno Schmitz of Berlin, Germany was chosen the winner. George Brewster of Cleveland, Ohio created the statue of Victory for the top of the monument, and the bronze astragal representing the navy. The cornerstone was laid on August 22, 1889. Four years later, Victory was put in place atop the native Indiana limestone tower, which at the time was nearly four times the height of any other building in Indianapolis. In 1897, interior stairways were completed and an elevator installed. The observation level was opened and townsfolk and tourists could marvel at the amazing new view of their expanding city.
13. INDWWM_120810_206.JPG: French canteen
14. INDWWM_120810_259.JPG: Lewis Machine Gun
15. INDWWM_120810_306.JPG: Bronze Bust of Adolf Hitler Werther Sever Milan, Italy, 1939 On August 28, 1945, 1st Lieutenant Edward L. Hutton, US Army Quartermasters Corps, from Bedford, Indiana, entered the Soviet sector of Berlin to survey the Reich Chancellery (Reichskanzlei). The Soviets had already looted the Chancellery, but Hutton and his Commanding Officer expected "war souvenirs" may still be buried within the debris of the heavily-shelled building. Together, they made their way to Hitler's office on the second floor, where, after searching through a thick pile of rubble, they discovered the bronze bust. Since the bullet hole below the right eye was likely produced before the bust was buried by Allied bombardment, and since he uncovered it rather than the Russians, Hutton deduced that it must have been a German who shot the bust after Hitler's suicide. Hutton managed to remove the bust from the Chancellery undetected by Soviet sentries by carrying it in a wicker basket covered in Nazi documents. An inscription on the bottom of the bust contains the artist's name and date.
16. INDWWM_120810_330.JPG: Bugle used to sound the "cease fire" that ended the World War: This bugle was one of the many presents donated to the United States on the "Merci Train," sent by France as "tangible proof of an indestructible friendship." The Merci (Thank You) Train was a response to the 1947 "Friendship Train" sent to war-torn France by US citizens. Each state received a French WWI vintage boxcar filled with gifts "from the heart" of French citizens. The bugle was donated by the French sergeant who had used it in 1918. It was described as his "most valuable possession."
17. INDWWM_120810_357.JPG: At an elevation of about 150' above street level, on the pedestal above the six large columns on all four sides of the Indiana World War Memorial, stand six heroic figures. These symbolic stone guardians, sculpted by artist Henry Hering, represent the virtues of Courage, Memory, Peace, Victory, Liberty, and Patriotism. Hering originally intended to portray each subject with a female figure, but decided that "Courage" and "Patriotism" could be best expressed by male figures with more rugged physique and adorned with less drapery. These were placed at the extreme ends enclosing the 4 female figures, their stances and expressions conveying determination. Each bears a shield of stars and stripes, and thus they represent American courage and patriotism, respectively. "Memory" conveys a silent mood of reflection, bearing tribute to the past with wreath and palm. "Peace" holds the two time-honored symbols of the virtue she embodies, an olive branch and a dove. "Victory" appears with helmet and sword, holding a winged victory-goddess. "Liberty" bears the torch of freedom with its enlightening flame, and wears the crown of liberty.
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