BGuthrie Photos: DC -- Donald W. Reynolds Center (NPG) -- Exhibit: Civil War

DC -- Donald W. Reynolds Center (NPG) -- Exhibit: Civil War:

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[1] SIPGCW_120622_01.JPG	[2] SIPGCW_120622_12.JPG	[3] SIPGCW_120622_55.JPG	[4] SIPGCW_120920_003.JPG	[5] SIPGCW_120920_010.JPG	[6] SIPGCW_120920_022.JPG
[7] SIPGCW_120920_028.JPG	[8] SIPGCW_120920_067.JPG	[9] SIPGCW_120920_075.JPG	[10] SIPGCW_120920_083.JPG	[11] SIPGCW_120920_090.JPG	[12] SIPGCW_120920_101.JPG

Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. SIPGCW_120622_01.JPG: Fugitive Slave Law Convention, Cazenovia, New York, August 22, 1850: In 1850, as Congress considered passage of a harsh new Fugitive Slave Law, more than 2,000 people heeded the call of abolitionist Gerrit Smith (standing, center) to meet in Cazenovia, New York, and protest the impending legislation. Among the nearly fifty escaped slaves to participate were Emily and Mary Edmonson (in plaid shawls), whose freedom had been purchased by abolitionists in 1848, and Frederick Douglass (seated, center right), who served as the convention's presiding officer. On the gathering's second day, the overflowing crown moved from its initial meeting place in a church to a nearby orchard. There, a local daguerreotypist made this extraordinary record of the convention. Ezra Greenleaf Weld, 1850
2. SIPGCW_120622_12.JPG: Two of the threads running through the United States before the Civil War were the principle of union and reality of slavery. In the North, Americans insisted on union above all else; in the South, Americans insisted on union above all else; in the South, Americans insisted on slavery above all else; and in the great American West, pioneers and settlers were left to choose between the two. The Americans represented in this gallery felt strongly about these issues of liberty, union, and slavery. One of them, John Brown, did as much as any single person could do to push the divided nation to the bring of secession and civil war.
3. SIPGCW_120622_55.JPG: Abraham Lincoln's election to the presidency in November of 1860 enraged radical southern leaders, who fiercely defended the institution of slavery. As the Republican Party candidate, Lincoln wholly endorsed his party's platform to ban the extension of slavery into the western territories. Although he clearly stated his intention not to interfere with slavery where it already legally existed, southern extremists did not trust the new president-elect. In response, southerners enacted their doctrine of states' rights: "The Union Is Dissolved!" proclaimed the Charleston Mercury on December 20, 1860, when South Carolina became the first of eleven states to secede. A call to arms on both sides followed on the heels of secession. "Both parties deprecated war," President Lincoln reflected four years later in his second inaugural address, "but one of them would make war rather than let the nation survive; and the other would accept war rather than let it perish. And the war came."
4. SIPGCW_120920_003.JPG: Rose O'Neal Greenhow c 1815-1864 and her daughter Rose Born Port Tobacco, Maryland Rose O'Neal Greenhow was the Confederacy's most celebrated female spy at the start of the Civil War. A popular Washington widow and hostess, she moved easily in the social circles of the nation's capital. Few were better connected than she when hostilities commenced in the spring of 1861. An ardent southern sympathizer, she used her ample charms and guile to pass along information on the defenses of Washington and Union troop movements to Confederate officials. She is credited with alerting the rebels of enemy military operations just prior to the Battle of Manassas. The success of her clandestine activities can be gauged by the surveillance she received from the noted detective Allan Pinkerton. Although he put Greenhow under house arrest and ultimately had her confined, she was always considered a security risk, given her extensive social connections. This photograph of Greenhow with her daughter Rose was taken for Mathew Brady's studio by Alexander Gardner at the Old Capitol Prison in 1862. Alexander Gardner for Mathew Brady Studio, 1862
5. SIPGCW_120920_010.JPG: Winfield Scott Hancock with his division commanders and staffs: Union general Winfield Scott Hancock (1824–1886) commanded the Second Corps of the Army of the Potomac. He won praise from soldiers and peers alike for his bravery and leadership at Gettysburg (1863), where he was seriously wounded, and in the Virginia battles of the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, and Cold Harbor (1864). At Gettysburg, Hancock's command repulsed the brunt of Pickett's charge. In response to a subordinate who urged Hancock not to ride his horse in the midst of the fight, he replied, "There are times when a corps commander's life does not count." In this photograph of Hancock's camp headquarters, possibly near Cold Harbor in June 1864, Hancock is shown in the center, resting his hand on a tree. His division commanders -- Francis C. Barlow (leaning against the tree) and David Bell Birney and John Gibbon (left front) -- stand near him. A woodcut illustration of this photograph, appeared in Harper's Weekly on August 13, 1864. Mathew Brady Studio, 1864
6. SIPGCW_120920_022.JPG: Joseph E. Johnston, 1807-1891 Joseph E. Johnston joined the Confederate army as a leading contender for high command. His brilliant performance at the First Battle of Manassas earned him a general's commission and seemed to foretell further military successes. Yet his promotion was the beginning of a difficult working relationship with Confederate President Jefferson Davis. The two simply did not trust each other. When assigned to command in Tennessee and Mississippi, Johnston complained that his orders were insufficient and lacked authority. In turn, when the strategic river town of Vicksburg fell into Union hands, Davis blamed Johnston for circumstances beyond his immediate control. What impaired Johnston most was his over-cautiousness, which his superiors interpreted as passivity. He liked ideal situations in which his army had a numerical edge and could take the defensive, but at no time was the Confederacy ever blessed with superior numbers. Benjamin Franklin Reinhart, c 1860-61
7. SIPGCW_120920_028.JPG: Sterling Price, 1809-1867 Born Prince Edward County, Virginia A Virginian by birth, Sterling Price is remembered foremost for his service to the Confederacy in the West and his defense of his adopted state of Missouri. Price was a veteran of the Mexican American War and his popularity easily won him the Missouri governorship, serving from 1853 to 1857. In 1861, Price, initially opposed to secession, sided quickly with the Confederacy after Union forces seized the state militia's Camp Jackson at St. Louis. Price served throughout the war, reaching the rank of major general, and saw action in Missouri, Mississippi, and Arkansas, including the battles of Wilson's Creek, Iuka, and Pea Ridge, respectively. But a series of reverses in the western theater minimized his effectiveness and ultimately forced him and his depleted army into Texas. At war's end, rather than surrender his broken army, he led what was left of it into Mexico. Unidentified artist, c 1862
8. SIPGCW_120920_067.JPG: "Stonewall" Jackson's Prayer Henry C Eno, 1864
9. SIPGCW_120920_075.JPG: Our First President Quickstep 1861 Civil War Sheet Music Civil War music usually fell into one of several categories; songs sung by families at home, and songs that reflected the homesickness many soldiers felt. The pieces of sheet music displayed here commemorate the lives and celebrate the feats of four Confederate leaders: President Jefferson Davis and Generals PGT Beauregard, Robert E. Lee, and Stonewall Jackson
10. SIPGCW_120920_083.JPG: Our Generals Joseph Eggleston Johnston 1807-1891 A. P. Hill 1825-1865 William Joseph Hardee 1815-1873 Braxton Bragg 1817-1876 Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson 1824-1863 Sterling Price 1809-1867 P. G. T. Beauregard 1818-1893 James Longstreet 1821-1904 Robert E. Lee 1807-1870 Music profoundly influenced the Civil War. Martial tunes rallied troops and galvanized the home front. Sentimental ballads expressed the yearning of separated loved ones. Spirituals promised freedom to the enslaved. Confederates found their theme song in "Dixie," while the North embraced "The Battle Hymn of the Republic," with lyrics by Julia Ward Howe, whose portrait hangs nearby. After the war, music helped promote the myth of the "Lost Cause" by memorializing Confederate military leaders as valiant heroes, rather than defenders of slavery. This lithograph-advertised as "certainly the best and most expensive music frontispiece published"-covered piano compositions such as the "Gen R. E. Lee Polka," dedicated to the Confederate States Army commander, shown in the centrally placed portrait, and each of the prominent generals whose portraits encircle his. The music was written by Charlie L. Ward of the Fourth Kentucky Regiment, the so-called "balladeer of the Lost Cause." Major & Knapp Lithography Company (active 1864-c.1881) Lithograph with tintstone, 1866 NPG.84.364
11. SIPGCW_120920_090.JPG: The Beauregard Manassas Quick-Step 1861
12. SIPGCW_120920_101.JPG: The Great Republican Reform Party: John C. Frémont (1813–1890) was the Republican Party's candidate in the presidential election of 1856. The new political party was the first to oppose the extension of slavery into the western territories. This cartoon lampoons Frémont by falsely associating him with several social causes, some highly controversial at the time. The six people in line addressing Frémont personify the reform movements of temperance, women's rights, socialism, libertarianism, Catholicism, and equal rights for blacks. Frémont tells them, "You shall all have what you desire." Frémont would lose the election of 1856 to the Democratic Party's candidate, James Buchannan. Only four years later, Abraham Lincoln, a Republican, would validate the fledgling party with his victory in the historic election of 1860. Louis Maurer, 1856
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Description of Subject Matter: Two of the threads running through the United States before the Civil War were the principle of union and the reality of slavery. In the North, Americans insisted on union above all else; in the South, Americans insisted on slavery above all else; and in the great American West, pioneers and sellers were left to choose between the two.
The Americans represented in this gallery felt strongly about these issues of liberty, union, and slavery. One of them, John Brown, did as much as any single person could do to push the divided nation to the brink of secession and civil war.

Abraham Lincoln's election to the presidency in November of 1860 enraged radical southern leaders, who fiercely defended the institution of slavery. As the Republican Party candidate, Lincoln wholly endorsed his party's platform to ban the extension of slavery into the western territories. Although he clearly stated his intention not to interfere with slavery where it already legally existed, southern extremists did not trust the new president-elect. In response, southerners enacted their doctrine of states' rights: "The Union Is Dissolved!" proclaimed the Charleston Mercury on December 20, 1860, when South Carolina became the first of eleven states to secede. A call to arms on both sides followed on the heels of secession. "Both parties deprecated war," President Lincoln reflected four years later in his second inaugural address, "but one of them would make war rather than let the nation survive; and the other would accept war rather than let it perish. And the war came."

Lincoln and His Cabinet:
Upon entering the office of the presidency, Abraham Lincoln had every reason to feel skeptical about the ultimate success of his administration. Faced with a civil war, responsibility rested on his angular shoulders as it had done with no other American president before or since. Moreover, Lincoln had to win control over his cabinet, which at the start was at odds with him and with itself: three of the seen members had been Lincoln's rivals for the party's nomination, and four of the seven had at one time belonged t the Democratic Party. In selecting men who were his political equals, Lincoln was putting his leadership ability to an early and critical test. His successful management of this "team of rivals" for the good of the nation was a supreme test of his self-confidence and mastery of men.

Winslow Homer's Civil War Engravings:
In 1861 and 1862, Winslow Homer made sketches of camp life and skirmishes between Union and Confederate soldiers. His sketches captured the homesickness, numbing routine, and sudden violence of the conflict. The engravings made from his sketches and published in newspapers and magazines often romanticized the realities of the war, but eager readers welcomed these glimpses of the conflict. Homer also made wood engravings of events at home during the war, often focusing on absent soldiers and the war effort in New York.
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