BGuthrie Photos: CA -- Death Valley Natl Park

CA -- Death Valley Natl Park:

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[108] DEATH_120709_701.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[109] DEATH_120709_704.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?) $Birth of Death Valley Shake Down This geographic region -- known as "Basin and Range" -- is spreading apart, fracturing the earth's crust along parallel faultlines. Huge blocks of land between the faults tilt like seesaws as the extension continues. You are standing above the dropping edge of a fault block that is rising on its other side to create the Panamint Mountains. Behind you, the steep face of the Black Mountains is another rising fault block edge. These forces are still active. The next large earthquake could cause Badwater Basin to drop a few more feet below sea level. Filling in the Gaps Even as the basins and ranges form, erosion wears down the mountains. Debris from the surrounding area washes into this basin since it has no outlet to the sea. But erosion cannot keep up with the geologic forces that continue to create Death Valley -- the basin drops faster than it fills. After millions of floods, nearly 9,000 feet (2,750 m) of sand, silt, gravel, and salt fill the valley basin. Look south to the top of the alluvial fan where a series of gravel banks run parallel to the mountain face. The fault block, dropping during a massive earthquake, caused these fault scarps. At about 2,000 years old, the scarps are recent evidence of the forces that have created Death Valley. Telescope Peak is the highest summit of the Panamint Mountains at 11,049 feet above sea level.$	[110] DEATH_120709_707.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1]

") are described as follows:

DEATH_120709_098.JPG: The Making of Death Valley Quite a view isn't it - serene, quiet, eternal. But mountains aren't eternal - they change continuously. Before you is a huge block of earth crust that is slowly tilting this way. Its far edge is the rising crest of the Panamint Range, its near edge, Death Valley's sinking floor. In relation to the valley, the Black Mountains under you are movng to your left as well as rising. The eroding mountains fill the valley at about the same rate as it sinks. This fault-block basin we call Death Valley has no outlet to the sea. Minerals washed down from the mountains are here to stay. If you sliced deep into the earth here and exposed a cross section, you could trace the faults where the blocks of earth crust are moving past one another. You could also trace folds and old faults where earlier movement occurred.
DEATH_120709_102.JPG: A Manual for Man You won't see many signs of people down there. Here they face all the same problems that all life faces. There's almost no usable water; summer is sizzling hot; saltpan and barren rock make poor places for homes or dens, or sending down roots. In the past few people managed to survive here continuously. Small bands of desert-dwelling Shoshoni Indians, a few hardy prospectors, and borax miners moved to higher elevations during the heat of summer. Even today not many people live here all year. The limits of population density are quickly reached in this desert. It's too hot and dry. The resources for abundant life just aren't here. Imagine how this landscape would look with fifty inches of moisture a year - heavily forested mountains surrounding a blue lake. All it takes is water!
DEATH_120709_257.JPG: An Army of Caterpillars: "... like an army of caterpillars crawling toward Mexico..." Thus in 1889 geologist C.E. Dutton described the mountains of the Great Basin. These parallel ranges separated by low basins such as Death Valley are almost all the product of earth movement along parallel fault zones. You will cross many of them between the Sierra Nevada and the Great Salt Lake. The Panamint Range; the Black, Funeral, and Grapevine Mountains; and the Spring Mountains -- on the horizon to your right -- are typical Great Basin ranges.
DEATH_120709_417.JPG: Zabriskie Point The otherworldly badlands around hou are deathly silent and still. Yet this arid scene is the result of often violent action of water and earthquakes. Three to five million years ago -- before the deepest part of Death Valley had formed -- shimmering lakes filled a long, mountain-rimmed valley here. Fine silt and volcanic ash washed into the lake, settling to the bottom, ultimately creating the thick deposit of clay, sandstone and siltstone that make up the Furnace Creek Formation. These once-level layers are being tilted by seismic activity and pressure that is folding the ancient valley's floor. As the layers uplifted and were exposed, periodic rainstorms cause powerful gullywashers that erode the soft rocks into the chaotic yet strangely beautiful landscape we see today. Volcanic activity also influenced this landscape. The black layer across the wash is lava that oozed out onto the ancient lakebed. Hot water followed the lava, bringing minerals such as borax, gypsum, and calcite with it. Hot water also altered the mineral makeup of the Artist's Drive Formation, hydrothermally altering the rock into the psychedelic swirl of colors on the hills beyond.
DEATH_120709_419.JPG: Borax Mining: Within the lakebed deposits of the Furnace Creek Formation are rich layers of Colemanite and Uluxite -- minerals often refered to as borax. Although borax was first discovered in a recrystalized form on the salt flats, these original minerals proved more profitable to mine. Starting in 1882, numerous mining claims were established near Ryan, Twenty Mule Team Canyon and the Gower Gulch below Zabriskie Point. Use caution around these unstable and dangerous mining areas. Mining in it's [sic] more modern form has left huge open-pit and strip mines further to the east near Ryan. Public outcry over this high-impact activity led to to passage of a law in 1976 which closed the park to prospecting and gave the National Park Service more control over mining activity. Privately, owned mining claims still exist in the scenic landscape before you.
DEATH_120709_423.JPG: From Wasteland to Wonderland: Mining comes and goes with fluxuating demand for minerals, but the draw of the desert is eternal. By the 1920s borax mining activity had slowed and the Pacific Coast Borax Company began looking for other uses for its holdings in Death Valley. The elegant Furnace Creek Inn first opened for business in 1927 with great success. In a move to preserve the frontier nature of the desert and to attract more guests to the inn, the borax company initiated the move to protect Death Valley. It became a national monument in 1933 and a national park in 1994. The transition from mining to tourism proved to be the saving grace for the mining company and Death Valley. Christian B. Zabriskie (1864-1936) was vice president and general manager of the Pacific Coast Borax Company. He oversaw the operations in Death Valley during the transition from mining to tourism.
DEATH_120709_672.JPG: Devils Golf Course Crystallized salts compose the jagged formations of this forbidding landscape. Deposited by ancient salt lakes and shaped by winds and rain, the crystals are forever changing. Listen carefully. On a warm day you may hear a metallic cracking sound as the salt pinnacles expand and contract. The Death Valley saltpan is one of the largest protected saltpans in North America. Salt continues to be deposited by recurring floods that occasionally submerge the lowest parts of the valley floor. Delicate salt formations (right) are hidden among the harsh and rigid spires. Close inspection may reveal the tiny salt structures. Take care - one curious touch can cause them to crumble. Be careful! Walking on the Devils Golf Course is very difficult. A fall could result in painful cuts or even broken bones.
DEATH_120709_704.JPG: Birth of Death Valley Shake Down This geographic region -- known as "Basin and Range" -- is spreading apart, fracturing the earth's crust along parallel faultlines. Huge blocks of land between the faults tilt like seesaws as the extension continues. You are standing above the dropping edge of a fault block that is rising on its other side to create the Panamint Mountains. Behind you, the steep face of the Black Mountains is another rising fault block edge. These forces are still active. The next large earthquake could cause Badwater Basin to drop a few more feet below sea level. Filling in the Gaps Even as the basins and ranges form, erosion wears down the mountains. Debris from the surrounding area washes into this basin since it has no outlet to the sea. But erosion cannot keep up with the geologic forces that continue to create Death Valley -- the basin drops faster than it fills. After millions of floods, nearly 9,000 feet (2,750 m) of sand, silt, gravel, and salt fill the valley basin. Look south to the top of the alluvial fan where a series of gravel banks run parallel to the mountain face. The fault block, dropping during a massive earthquake, caused these fault scarps. At about 2,000 years old, the scarps are recent evidence of the forces that have created Death Valley. Telescope Peak is the highest summit of the Panamint Mountains at 11,049 feet above sea level.
DEATH_120709_707.JPG: Earth's Lowest Rock Bottom As the lowest point in the Western Hemisphere, Death Valley belongs to a world-wide geographic rogues' gallery, whose members share these defining features: * To have exposed land below sea level, an extremely dry climate is necessary. In wet climates, low places fill with water and overflow to the sea. A dry climate evaporates water, leaving behind salt flats or briny lakes. * Like most of these locations, Death Valley was not created by a river's erosion. Movements in the earth's crust have dropped it to such great depths. Below Sea Level Look on the cliff behind you. Can you find the sign that marks sea level? Sea level is the average elevation of the world's ocean surface and is the standard from which all other elevations are measured. Regardless of tides, "sea level" remains constant. Badwater Basin -- Death Valley -- California -- -282ft -85.5m Salton Sea -- California -- -227ft -69m Lago Enriquillo -- Dominican Republic -- -151ft -46m Salinas Chicas -- Peninsula Valdes -- Argentina -- -131ft -40m Sebkhet Tah -- Morocco -- -180ft -55m Chott Meirh -- Algeria -- -131ft -40m Sabkhat Ghurayyil -- Libya -- -154ft -47m Quattaro Depression -- Egypt -- -435ft -133m Denakil -- Ethopia -- -410ft -125m Caspian Sea -- Central Asia -- -92ft -28m Dead Sea -- Jordan -- -1160ft -414m Vpartina Knundy -- Kazakstan -- -413ft -132m Vpartina Akchanaya -- Turkmenistan -- -265ft -81m Turpan Pendi -- China -- -505ft -154m Lake Eyre -- Australia -- -49ft -15m

DEATH_120709_711.JPG: But It's a Dry Heat... "It was so hot that swallows in full flight fell to the earth dead and when I went out to read the thermometer with a wet Turkish towel on my head, it was dry before I returned." Oscar Denton, caretaker of what is now the Furnace Creek Ranch on the record hot day of 134o F (56o C) in July 1913 Extreme Desert Death Valley is one of the hottest places in the world. Summer daytime temperatures often exceed a blistering 120o F (49o C) and nights may fail to cool below 100o F (38o C). The dramatic landscape around you helps generate these extremes. In the low valley bottom, the desert sun heats the air. The valley's steep mountain walls trap rising hot air and recirculates it down to the basin for further heating. This cycle leads to sizzling temperatures. Death valley is also the driest place in North America, with an average rainfall less than two inches (5 cm) a year on the valley floor. The surrounding mountains and the Sierra Nevada to the west capture moisture from passing storms before it reaches the valley, creating a "rain shadow." Only the occasional summer thunderstorm or the most powerful winter storm brings rain to the valley. Staying Alive Death Valley's summer heat can be deadly for the unwary. A safe trip in hot weather requires taking a few precautions: * Take plenty of water and be sure to drink it. * Avoid outside activity in the heat of the day. Use the early morning hours for short walks or head to the mountains for longer hikes. * Keep to the main roads in summer; if your car breaks down, stay with your vehicle until help comes. Overlooking the salt flats from the summit of the Black Mountains, Dante's View is more than 5000 feet above you. Air temperatures there can be 25o F (14o C) cooler than at Badwater. How hot is Death Valley?

	average maximum	record maximum
January	65^o F (18^o C)	89^o F (32^o C)
February	72^o F (22^o C)	97^o F (36^o C)
March	80^o F (27^o C)	102^o F (39^o C)
April	90^o F (32^o C)	111^o F (44^o C)
May	99^o F (37^o C)	122^o F (50^o C)
June	109^o F (43^o C)	128^o F (53^o C)
July	115^o F (46^o C)	134^o F (57^o C)
August	113^o F (46^o C)	127^o F (53^o C)
September	106^o F (41^o C)	123^o F (50^o C)
October	92^o F (33^o C)	113^o F (45^o C)
November	76^o F (24^o C)	97^o F (36^o C)
December	65^o F (19^o C)	88^o F (31^o C)

DEATH_120709_736.JPG: Badwater Basin: 282 feet / 855 meters below sea level
DEATH_120709_741.JPG: Crystal Power The vast, surreal salt flats of Badwater Basin change constantly. Salt crystals expand, pushing the crust of salt into rough, chaotic forms. Newly formed crystals ooze between mudcracks, sketching strange patterns on the surface of the salt flat. Passing rainstorms wash off windblown dust and generate a fresh layer of blinding white salt. Floods create temporary lakes that dissolve salts back into solution, starting the process all over again. Intense Concentration The source of Badwater's salts is Death Valley's drainage system of over 9,000 square miles--an area larger than New Hampshire. Rain falling on distant peaks creates floods that rush ever lower. Along the way, minerals dissolve from rocks and join the flood. Here, at the lowest elevation, floods come to rest, forming temporary lakes. As the water evaporates, minerals concentrate until only the salts remain. After thousands of years, enough salts have washed in to produce layer upon layer of salt crust. Sodium Chloride--better known as table salt--makes up the majority of salts on Badwater Basin. Other evaporative minerals found here include calcite, gypsum, and borax.
DEATH_120709_744.JPG: Badwater Pool Good Life in Badwater Water is rare and precious in Death Valley. Imagine the disappointment when a surveyor mapping this area could not get his mule to drink from this pool. He wrote on his map that the spring had "bad water," and the name stuck. Badwater Pool is not poisonous, just salty, as the presence of pickleweed, aquatic insects, and larvae proves. It is also home to one of Death Valley's rarest animals -- the Badwater Snail. These tiny mollusks exist only in a few springs at the edge of Death Valley salt flats. To protect these creatures, please view the pool only from the boardwalk. Ancient Aquifer Ancient water fills this pool year-round. Much of it began as Ice Age snow and rain hundreds of miles away in the mountains of central Nevada. The runoff seeped into porous limestone bedrock and began a long underground flow through a regional aquifer. It emerges here at Badwater along the faultline at the mountain's base. Salts dissolve from old deposits and flow to the surface, making the spring water "bad." The area around Badwater Pool has seen better days, as shown by this photo from the 1930s. Curious visitors have trampled the salt crust and thrown debris in the water. By viewing the pool only from the boardwalk, you can protect its inhabitants and help this area recover.
DEATH_120709_777.JPG: Ashford Mill Ruins In 1914, gold ore from the golden treasure mine, 5 miles to the east, was processed here for shipment to a smelter. Legend has it that the Ashford Brothers sold the mine for $50,000 to a Hungarian Count, who later sold it to a B. W. McCausland for $105,000.

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Wikipedia Description: Death Valley National Park
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Death Valley National Park is an American national park that straddles the California–Nevada border, east of the Sierra Nevada. The park boundaries include Death Valley, the northern section of Panamint Valley, the southern section of Eureka Valley and most of Saline Valley. The park occupies an interface zone between the arid Great Basin and Mojave deserts, protecting the northwest corner of the Mojave Desert and its diverse environment of salt-flats, sand dunes, badlands, valleys, canyons and mountains. Death Valley is the largest national park in the contiguous United States, as well as the hottest, driest and lowest of all the national parks in the United States. It contains Badwater Basin, the second-lowest point in the Western Hemisphere and lowest in North America at 282 feet (86 m) below sea level. More than 93% of the park is a designated wilderness area. The park is home to many species of plants and animals that have adapted to this harsh desert environment including creosote bush, Joshua tree, bighorn sheep, coyote, and the endangered Death Valley pupfish, a survivor from much wetter times. UNESCO included Death Valley as the principal feature of its Mojave and Colorado Deserts Biosphere Reserve in 1984.

A series of Native American groups inhabited the area from as early as 7000 BC, most recently the Timbisha around 1000 AD who migrated between winter camps in the valleys and summer grounds in the mountains. A group of European Americans, trapped in the valley in 1849 while looking for a shortcut to the gold fields of California, gave the valley its name, even though only one of their group died there. Several short-lived boom towns sprang up during the late 19th and early 20th centuries to mine gold and silver. The only long-term profitable ore to be mined was borax, which was transported out of the valley with twenty-mule teams. The valley later became the subject of books, radio p ...More...
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- 2009_CA_Scotty: CA -- Death Valley Natl Park -- Scotty's Castle (210 photos from 2009)
Same Subject: Click on this link to see coverage of items having the same subject: [Natural Beauty] [Park (National Park Service)]
2012 photos: Equipment this year: My mainstays were the Fuji S100fs, Nikon D7000, and the new Fuji X-S1. I also used an underwater Fuji XP50 and a Nikon D600. The first three cameras all broke this year and had to be repaired. Trips this year: three Civil War Trust conferences (Shepherdstown, WV, Richmond, VA, and Williamsburg, VA), a week-long family reunion cruise of the Caribbean, another week-long family reunion in the Wisconsin Dells (with lots of in-transit time in Ohio and Indiana), and my 7th consecutive San Diego Comic-Con trip (including side trips to Zion, Bryce, the Grand Canyon, etc). Ego strokes: I had a picture of Miss DC, Ashley Boalch, published in the Washington Post. I had a photograph of the George Segal San Francisco Holocaust memorial used as the cover of Quebec Francais (issue 165). Not being able to read French, I'm not entirely sure what the article is about but, hey! And I guess what could be considered to be a positive thing, my site is now established enough that spammers have noticed it and I had to block 17,000 file description postings for Viagra and whatever else.. Number of photos taken this year: just below 410,000.
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Photo Contact: [Email Bruce Guthrie].