BGuthrie Photos: AZ -- Pipe Spring Natl Monument

AZ -- Pipe Spring Natl Monument:

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. PIPE_120718_020.JPG: No. 5 Erected September 2, 1933 Pipe Springs National Monument Established May 31, 1923 through efforts of Stephen T. Mather and friends Pipe Springs Occupied in 1863 by Dr James M. Whitmore, who, with Robert McIntyre, was killed 4 miles southeast of here January 8, 1866 by Navajo and Piute Indians. Winsor Castle Erected by direction of Brigham Young in 1869-70 by Anson P. Winsor for handling the church tithing herds and as a frontier refuge from Indians. It became the first telegraph office in Arizona when the Deseret Telegraph Line reached here in December 1871.
2. PIPE_120718_131.JPG: Telegraph wire
3. PIPE_120718_189.JPG: Telegraph keypad
4. PIPE_120718_197.JPG: Water from the stream came in here. Due to climate change, no water actually flows from the stream so they water is piped in from another stream.
5. PIPE_120718_200.JPG: Cooling rack
6. PIPE_120718_250.JPG: PIPE SPRING 1859 -- Arrived about noon hungry, tired, and thirsty. I now treated myself to a good drink of water, took breakfast & rested myself. . . Plenty of feed and good water at this place. -Thales Haskell, 25-year-old Mormon frontiersman In all the living memories of Paiute people, pioneers, and the National Park Service, the water has always been available here at Pipe Spring. How many gallons flow per day changes with rain, snow, or drought. It's not enough water to start a settlement, but this dependable spring could keep a clan, large family, or livestock ranch alive amidst what explorer John Wesley Powell called a "barren wilderness of rock." In this oasis, every story flows from the year-round presence of water.
7. PIPE_120718_259.JPG: A Thousand Years of Gardens: The plants you see all around you here are just the latest generation of spring-fed cultivation -- gardens in the desert that stretch back more than 10 centuries. The ancestors of today's Kaibab Paiute used water from this spring to grow small-scale gardens of corn, beans, and squash near here. They also gathered and ate many seeds and greens from a variety of native plants. Deseret Hospitality: Let the people... plant vineyards and orchards... [and] treat the passing strangers with respect. -- President Brigham Young, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1847–1877 Mormon pioneers here irrigated as many as 10 acres to grow turnips, carrots, beans, corn, grapevines, pumpkins, and an orchard of apple, pear, and plum trees. When travelers in the late 1800s stopped here for water and food, the fruit and fresh produce from Pipe Spring's irrigated gardens added welcome variety to a frontier-era diet dominated by bread, potatoes, and meat.
8. PIPE_120718_299.JPG: Ridge Trail: This loop trail climbs to the top of the low cliffs that overlook Winsor Castle. The view of the Arizona Strip from the top is spectacular. Exhibits along the way point out key features of Pipe Spring's human history and natural history.
9. PIPE_120718_314.JPG: Pipe Spring National Monument: Pipe Spring was the headquarters of the Winsor Castle Stock Growing Company, the Southern Utah Tithing Office cattle herd, and later the Canaan Cooperative Cattle Company; all owned thousands of heads of cattle. Laborers were needed to manage the cattle. It is not known exactly how many cowboys worked for the various companies. Some worked year-round while others were hired seasonally for roundups and branding. Some cowboys at Pipe Spring worked to pay their annual tithe to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Cowboys remained an important part of Pipe Spring and Arizona Strip life through the early decades of the 20th century.
10. PIPE_120718_317.JPG: "[T]here Mormon herdsmen lead an active life that is not entirely devoid of interest. For entertainment they can hunt, or contemplate the spectacular scenery of the deserts. They seem to live on horseback and are constantly running after their livestock. or bringing them back from the farthest reaches of their ranches. This work is hard, laborious and too often lonely. [T]hey must attend to the reproduction of the animals whose savage state makes this operation difficult and often dangerous. They are also charged with branding the newborns with the special stamp that each owner has to identify animals in his herd." -- Albert Tissandler, Six Mois aux Etats-Unis (Six Months in the United States). Tissandier made these observations while visiting Pipe Spring in May of 1885. "It was really something to be hired a 'cowboy' at the early age of 13. I was paid $1.00 per day, and the round-up lasted 25 days. With that $25 [I] bought a regular cowboy saddle, in excellent condition, from one of the cowboys in the round-up, plus a 30-foot lariat (lasso in cowboy language), with a genuine brass hondo." -- Hoyt Palmer, reminiscing about the 1920s
11. PIPE_120718_326.JPG: Pipe Spring National Monument: The cowboy's trade required a variety of specialized tools and accessories.
12. PIPE_120718_334.JPG: The names and terminology for many of the cowboys' accessories originated with the Mexican vaqueros. Some examples: Chaps is short for chaparejos, meaning leather breeches or overalls; or chaparrreras, meaning leg armor. Lariat comes from la reata, meaning the rope. Lasso comes from laso, a slip knot or loop. Cinch originated from cincha or girth. Even the term ranch is a shortened version of the term ranchero.
13. PIPE_120718_337.JPG: Next to the horse itself, the saddle was the cowboy's most important and finest tool. The saddle was the personal property of the cowboy, while the horse was usually provided by the cowboy's employer. A quality saddle was also important to the horse, as a good cowboy could ride up to 70 miles in a single day and have a healthy horse at the end. A poor saddle could make a horse sore in an hour.
14. PIPE_120718_340.JPG: The kerchief had many uses, including dust mask, splint, as a covering to keep the hot sun off the cowboy's neck, washcloth, and bandage. It could also be used to signal other cowboys some distance away.
15. PIPE_120718_342.JPG: The cowboy's hat was used to keep the sun and rain off the cowboy's head and out of his eyes. While there were nearly as many styles of hats as there were cowboys, generally in the Southwest, like here at Pipe Spring, a cowboy's hat had a wide brim for shade and a tall, peaked crown for cooling.
16. PIPE_120718_345.JPG: Spurs were used to signal a horse to quick action, in such tasks as cutting and roping. Generally, the cowboy's first task after purchasing his spurs was to file the sharp points of the rowel until they were blunt, so as not to injure his horse. Some slang terms for spurs were: "Persuaders," "Can Openers," "Diggers," "Grapplin' Irons" and "Gut Hooks." A derogatory term for cheap spurs was "Tin Belles."
17. PIPE_120718_348.JPG: The Spanish or Mexican vaquero usually used a rope made from braided rawhide. Since this was expensive and somewhat fragile, most American cowboys used a rope of tough, twisted grass. The grass rope could be knotted easily, but a rawhide rope had to be spliced around a piece of cowhorn to form the honda (small loop, see above).
18. PIPE_120718_351.JPG: Many cowboys wore gauntlets, or cuffs, to protect their wrists from brush and from rope burn. Usually made of leather, cowboy gauntlets seem to have originated in Texas and declined in popularity after 1900.
19. PIPE_120718_361.JPG: When the Good Grass Goes: "1880 -- Ten years ago the desert spaces... were covered with abundant grasses. Today hardly a blade of grass is to be found within 10 miles of [Pipe] spring.... Even if there had been no drought... cattle would have... destroyed the grass by cropping it clean... -- Clarence Dutton, U.S. Geological Survey High-desert grasses once covered the range before you, as far as the eye could see. For centuries Paiute people made the tiny seeds of those native grasses a staple of their diet. Even the animals hunted by the Kaibab Paiute, like grouse, rabbits, or antelope, lived on the nutrient-rich grass. Then in the 1860s thousands of sheep and cattle were put on the range to take advantage of this sea of grass. Without warning, a 10-year period of cooler moist weather ended. Scarce rain and snow, combined with overgrazing, changed all the lives that had depended on the good grass -- for the worse. Tumbleweeds and sagebrush symbolize the West for many people today. These plants take over damaged rangelands, like the Arizona Strip, and displace the native grasses.
20. PIPE_120718_414.JPG: A Tithing Ranch: Whether we have much or little, one-tenth should be paid in . . . the people are not compelled to pay their tithing . . . it is urged upon them only as a matter of duty between them and their God. -President Brigham Young, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1847-1877 Mormon pioneers in the 1870s often paid their tithes with livestock, crops, or labor -- not cash. The Southern Utah Tithing Office accepted many steers and heifers as tithes, sending the stock here to Pipe Spring. This ranch was managed by the tithing office for the Mormon Church. The Winsor, Pulsipher, and Woolley families -- among others -- worked this church ranch for 25 years. Pipe Spring was not privately owned until the Mormon Church sold the property in 1895. Every day 80–100 cows had to be milked on this ranch in the years 1870–1877. This milk made about 60 pounds of cheese and 40 pounds of butter. Steering being driven to St. George and St. George Temple being worked on. Twice a month, 10 to 30 steers were driven from here to the tithing office in St. George, Utah, along with a load of butter and cheese. Hundreds of men who worked on public roads and the St. George Temple and Tabernacle received shares of beef, butter, and cheese.
21. PIPE_120718_422.JPG: The Mormon Militia and Pipe Spring The room you are standing in was built as a "guard house" in 1868 by the Mormon militia. Pipe Spring was chosen as an outpost and supply base on the Arizona Strip because of its reliable water and strategic location between the Vermilion Cliffs to the north and Kanab Creek canyon to the southeast. The need for such a base arose in the mid-1860s when the Navajo began raiding Mormon settlements in southern Utah and the Arizona Strip. One Navajo raid in January 1866 resulted in the deaths of James Whitmore, the first Mormon settler at Pipe Spring, and his ranch hand, Robert McIntyre. This was not an isolated incident. United States Army campaigns against the Navajo in 1863-1864, led by Kit Carson, had decimated Navajo herds of sheep and cattle, villages and orchards, and tribal social structure. Small bands of Navajo tried to maintain their independence from forced relocation by the Army to Bosque Redondo in New Mexico. They began raiding southern Utah and the Arizona Strip for horses, cattle, and sheep to be used for food, sale, and trade. The Mormons attested that over the course of the 1860s, the Navajos "had driven off one thousand head of horses, mules, and cattle, and about twenty-five hundred sheep. They also killed eight or ten citizens on these raids." The Mormons responded to these raids by sending out the Mormon militia, or Nauvoo Legion, from St. George, Utah. This territorial militia was first organized in 1849. Men ages 18 to 45 made up the mobile cavalry, and older and younger men were in the infantry which stayed in towns for defensive purposes. Each militia member was expected to have a rifle and 48 rounds of ammunition. Erastus Snow -– president of the Southern Utah Mission and Brigadier General of the Iron Military District of the Mormon Militia. Captain James Andrus of the Mormon Militia led expeditions against the Navajo in retaliation for the killing of James Whitmore. As early as March 1864, a group of Mormon militia and missionaries under the leadership of Jacob Hamblin gathered at Whitmore's ranch at Pipe Spring. They were on their way to meet with the "Moquis" (Hopi), southeast of the Colorado River, and pursue Navajos who had stolen horses from Mormon settlements the previous winter. Brigadier General Erastus Snow sent the following instructions: "I . . .recommend that you travel as compact, and separate as little as possible, between our settlements and the Moquis villages, both going and returning. To insure union and safety, I would recommend daily prayers, public and private; and vigilant guard by night, and also around your animals while grazing by day, to prevent surprise, especially across the Colorado . . . . Tell the Navajos not to let their thieves visit us again unless they make satisfaction for the horses they have stolen from our people, lest some of our angry men slay them." Mormon Militia Captains Coplin, Andrus, and Pearce pursued Navajo raiders from Pipe Spring. Through the remainder of the 1860s and even into the 1870s, the "Mormon-Navajo war" continued with Pipe Spring serving as a significant outpost for the militia. "30 head of stock stolen from the Pine Valley ranges. Mr. Hancock nearly killed by Indians. Probably Navajos. Militia is to cut them off at Pipe Springs." -- Brigade Adjutant Henry Eyring to Brigadier General Erastus Snow, December 30, 1866. "Navajos passed through with 20 head of horses. Coplan in persuit [sic] with 21 picked men. We will keep a constant guard at Pipe and Moccasin Springs passes, . . . . We number at this place 14 men. We are not positive whether all the Indians have passed through or not. We have pickets out on both sides of this pass. . ." -- Captain John D.L. Pearce to Brigadier General Erastus Snow, November 28, 1868 at Pipe Spring. ". . . we have stacked and secured about 2 ton of hay at the Pipe Spring. Repaired the guard house and built a good shed capable of holding 16 horses. We also have a patch of turnips at that place giving promis [sic] of an excellent crop." -- John R. Young and Jacob Hamblin, September 12, 1869. "We were called out by Brigadier General Snow by telegraph. . . . The message came to St. George and (we) were mustered out in the night . . . . Captain James Andrus, Captain of the Cavalry, took us in charge at the Canaan Ranch and detailed us to Pipe Springs to guard the Winsor Castle Fort for about 42 days, as guards and scouts. We were then honorably discharged and called home by him (General Snow). . . ." -- Recollection of George Brooks of time spent at Winsor Castle in 1870-1871.
22. PIPE_120718_448.JPG: The Preservation of Historic Structures: How old is the building you are standing in? What was it used for? How was it constructed? Is it true to its original appearance and design? Answers to questions like these provide the basis for preserving the cultural resources of Pipe Spring National Monument. Cultural resources are the material evidence of past human activities. At Pipe Spring, much of the past human activity centered around the historic "pioneer dwelling" for which Pipe Spring was set aside as a national monument in 1923. As a result, much of the preservation of cultural resources at Pipe Spring is specifically focused on the pioneer dwelling, which includes the Pipe Spring fort (also called Winsor Castle), the two stone cabins, the masonry ponds, and the stone retaining walls, all originally built in the 1870s and 80s. This building–today known as the East Cabin–is an excellent example of the science, art, and choices involved in the practice of historic structural preservation. The National Park Service approach to structural preservation has evolved over the years, and those changes in approach are reflected in this building. Early Attempts: Both the East and West Cabins had been allowed to deteriorate between 1895 and 1923. By then, the East Cabin was being used as an animal pen. In 1923 National Park Service officials decided to rebuild the East and West Cabins. At that time, little specific information was available on the history or original roof structures of these buildings. After talking to locals and making an educated guess based on the floor plans and remaining walls, both cabins were rebuilt. The masonry walls were rebuilt to their estimated original height and configuration using original and similar sandstone blocks. The roofs were reconstructed using a low-pitched gabled design with large pine beams (vigas) supporting peeled juniper poles (latillas) fitted tightly together and covered with juniper bark and dirt. The value of Research and Information: Historical research is an important step in any preservation project and can reveal much about historic structures. Information about the early history and use of the cabins and fort has been pieced together from various historic documents. For example, early accounts indicate that one portion of the East Cabin was originally built as an outpost for the Mormon territorial militia–most probably what is now the north room. The south room (this room) was added just prior to the construction of the fort and apparently served as living quarters for Anson Perry Winsor, first ranch manager at Pipe Spring, and his family. After the 1870s the historical record only rarely mentions specific uses of the East Cabin–living quarters, work and storage space, and ultimately a livestock pen. Archeology has become an important tool at Pipe Spring. Historical archeology can often reveal hints about original features of buildings and daily life of the occupants. The first historical archeology project at Pipe Spring occurred in 1959 when the Whitmore Dugout, the earliest pioneer structure, was excavated. The number of items found during the excavation was minimal. Layers of ash and charcoal tell us the dugout was used as a trash dump and burning area for many years. The variety of objects found pointed to a very basic life on the frontier. Metal objects found in the Whitmore dugout excavation ranged from nails, part of a buckle, piece of a bridle, a few cans, ammunition, and a piece of a harmonica. Ceramic objects included pieces of basic stoneware, some crockery, and a few glass shards. Clothing items included buttons, pieces of shoes and boots, and a comb. Axe or saw-cut animal bones tell us that sheep and cattle were the only large animals eaten. Various bird bones, corn cobs, and peach seeds were also found. Prior to rebuilding the cabin roofs in the 1990s, archeologists conducted studies inside and outside the buildings. Among other things, these studies verified historical information that one portion of the East Cabin was built several years prior to the other. It was discovered that the back wall of the "breezeway" between the two rooms of the East Cabin matched up with the back wall of the south room, but not the back wall of the north room, indicating the south room and breezeway were built at the same time and most likely after the north room. This study also revealed that the East Cabin was partially built over an Ancestral Puebloan roasting pit or hearth. Preservation Technology: Preservation technology has changed over the years and continues to evolve. Construction techniques that will provide extra protection to historic buildings are often incorporated and hidden from view. The roofs of the East and West Cabins have been replaced several times since the 1920s, each replacement incorporating changes in technology. One reconstruction of the roofs included a hidden, lightweight reinforced concrete layer. In the 1980s the West Cabin roof replacement included a hidden fabric and plastic layer. The 1990s reconstruction of the East Cabin roof included hidden plywood structural reinforcement, a rubber membrane, and a fabric and plastic layer. However, vigas, latillas, bark, and dirt have been part of every new roof. Repointing has also evolved over the years. Early on, the NPS used a mortar mixture with a high percentage of cement along with lime and local sand and clay. This mixture was very hard, durable, and lasted for years. However, it was discovered that this hard mortar formed a barrier around the sandstone blocks through which moisture could not escape. This moisture increased the deterioration of the sandstone masonry. A softer mortar mixture of lime, local sand, clay, and less cement, which allows moisture to move through it, is now used to best preserve the masonry. The Future: New information and techniques will continue to impact the National Park Service mission of structural historic preservation. Additional archaeological studies using ever-improving techniques may yield hidden secrets. More historical documents and references will undoubtedly be discovered, and improved preservation maintenance techniques will be developed. The goal of preservation will be driven by the best information, workmanship, and decisions. In 2006 it was discovered that the massive door frame for the big wooden gates on the east side of Winsor Castle was deteriorating (it had last been replaced in 1949). First the overlying sandstone blocks were marked as they were removed, so they could be precisely replaced. Then the entire door jamb was removed–the lintel (beam above the gates), side posts, and threshold. The lintel was replaced with a steel beam for strength and durability and encased in wood to maintain the original appearance. The side posts and threshold were replaced with new ponderosa pine posts. All the new wood was treated to reflect the appearance of the original framing. This project corrected a structural inadequacy of the building while retaining the original appearance. All changes were thoroughly documented for future reference.
23. PIPE_120718_467.JPG: Staking a Claim: Whenever businessman James Whitmore rode out from St. George to see how his 11,000 sheep, 500 cattle, and 1,000 grapevines were faring, he often slept here in his dugout -- a rough shelter hand-dug in the ground. Imagine a rock-walled bedroom six feet deep in the hillside directly before you. Whitmore had emigrated from Texas to Salt Lake City in 1857, moving south to St. George in 1861. He secured the title to 160 acres around this spring. With his herdsman Robert McIntyre, Whitmore staked out corrals, built a dugout, fenced off 10 acres, and started planting apples and grapes. No photographs exist of Whitmore's dugout. An archeological excavation in 1957 revealed that sandstone slabs lined the walls and covered the floor. The dugout was roofed with a frame of juniper poles topped with brush and clay.
24. PIPE_120718_520.JPG: At Home in the Desert: "... Paiutes once lived in homes just like the Ancient Ones as they dwelled near the spring. When the Spanish came... bringing with them the slave trade, the women and children were carted off to slave markets. When the Navajos and Utes started coming into the area [slave raiding], the Paiutes made the decision to move away from the water -- to retain their women and children... losing traditions, losing their way of life, adapting to the desert." -- Kaibab Paiute tribal member For the Kaibab Paiute in the 1800s, living in these high deserts and canyons meant they moved season by season. The available food might be collected in just a matter of weeks. Streams or waterholes were many miles apart. It made good sense to stay in rock shelters, or to put together encampments using materials close at hand. Most Paiute daily activities took place in the open air. At night families slept in shelters -- called kahns -- made of branches and brush, with their feet toward the fire pit. For winter kahns, extra layers were added -- strips of juniper bark, rabbit skins, or deer hides. New kahns were built each season.
25. PIPE_120718_524.JPG: They were working on putting up a new fence
26. PIPE_120718_527.JPG: Pipe Spring National Monument is establishing a native vegetation plot, reminiscent of the grasslands of the Arizona Strip prior to the 1850s. Over-abundant shrubs (four-wing saltbush and sagebrush) were removed from the area, and native grasses and forbs (broad-leaved flowering plants) were planted. This mix of native species will help encourage a diverse plant community. Imagine the scene in the future with wild grasses once again waving in the breeze. "...The foothills that yielded hundreds of acres of sunflowers which produced quantities of rich seed, the grass also that grew so luxuriantly…the seed of which was gathered with little labor, and many other plants that produced food for the natives is all eat out [sic] by stock." -- Letter, Jacob Hamblin to John W. Powell, 1880 The landscape of plants on the Arizona Strip 150 years ago was a diverse mixture of grasses, forbs, and brush, adapted to high desert conditions. These plants provided food for animals such as antelope, deer and rabbits. The native plants also provided subsistence foods for the native peoples. The Southern Paiute developed finely woven basketry solely for collecting seeds. The abundance of desert grasses also drew cattle and sheep ranchers to the Arizona Strip. "My grandmother used to gather... a little green plant, a little old bush, and she'd whip the seeds into a basket. That was good food... First she'd roast it... And then she used to grind it and it used to make real good soup or stew or sometimes she made it into gravy. Oh, it was really tasty." -- Kaibab Paiute elder, 1995 Photo: John K. Hillers, 1872 The fragile environment of the Arizona Strip in the 1800s was well described by Clarence E. Dutton of the United States Geological Survey who visited the area in the 1870s and 1880s: Ten years ago the desert spaces outspreading to the southward were covered with abundant grasses, affording rich pasturage to horses and cattle. Today hardly a blade of grass is to be found within ten miles of the spring… The cause of the failure of pasturage is twofold. There is little doubt that during the last ten or twelve years the climate of the surrounding country has grown more arid. The occasional summer showers which kept the grasses alive seldom come now, and through the long summer and autumn droughts the grasses perished even to their roots before they had time to seed… Even if there had been no drought the feeding of cattle would have impoverished and perhaps wholly destroyed the grass by cropping it clean before the seeds were mature, as has been the case very generally throughout Utah and Nevada.
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Wikipedia Description: Pipe Spring National Monument
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Pipe Spring National Monument is located in the U.S. state of Arizona, and is rich with American Indian, early explorer and Mormon pioneer history. The National Monument was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966.

The water of Pipe Spring has made it possible for plants, animals, and people to live in this dry, desert region. Ancestral Puebloans and Kaibab Paiute Indians gathered grass seeds, hunted animals, and raised crops near the springs for at least 1,000 years.

Pipe Springs was discovered and named by the 1856 Latter-day Saint missionary expedition to the Hopi mesas led by Jacob Hamblin. In the 1860s Mormon pioneers from St. George, Utah, led by James M. Whitmore brought cattle to the area and a large cattle ranching operation was established. In 1866, conflict with the native peoples of the area, Navajo and Paiute, flashied into violence, and by 1872 a protective fort was built over the main spring. The following year the fort and ranch was purchased by Brigham Young for the The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The LDS Bishop of near-by Grafton, Utah, Anson Perry Winsor, was hired to operate the ranch and maintain the fort, soon called Winsor Castle. This isolated outpost served as a way station for people traveling across the Arizona Strip, that part of Arizona separated from the rest of the state by the Grand Canyon. It also served as a refuge for polygamist wives during the 1880s and 1890s. The LDS church lost ownership of the property through penalties involved in the federal Edmunds-Tucker Act of 1887.

Although their way of life was greatly impacted by Mormon settlement, the Paiute Indians continued to live in the area and by 1907 the Kaibab Paiute Indian Reservation was established, surrounding the privately owned Pipe Spring ranch.

In 1923 the Pipe Spring ranch was purchased and set aside as a national monument, a memorial of ...More...
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Directly Related Pages: Other pages with content (AZ -- Pipe Spring Natl Monument) directly related to this one: [Display ALL photos on one page]:
- 2012_AZ_Pipe_SpringVC: AZ -- Pipe Spring Natl Monument -- Visitor Center (36 photos from 2012)
- 2002_AZ_Pipe_Spring: AZ -- Pipe Spring Natl Monument (28 photos from 2002)
Same Subject: Click on this link to see coverage of items having the same subject: [History 1800s (excl wars)] [Park (National Park Service)]
2012 photos: Equipment this year: My mainstays were the Fuji S100fs, Nikon D7000, and the new Fuji X-S1. I also used an underwater Fuji XP50 and a Nikon D600. The first three cameras all broke this year and had to be repaired. Trips this year: three Civil War Trust conferences (Shepherdstown, WV, Richmond, VA, and Williamsburg, VA), a week-long family reunion cruise of the Caribbean, another week-long family reunion in the Wisconsin Dells (with lots of in-transit time in Ohio and Indiana), and my 7th consecutive San Diego Comic-Con trip (including side trips to Zion, Bryce, the Grand Canyon, etc). Ego strokes: I had a picture of Miss DC, Ashley Boalch, published in the Washington Post. I had a photograph of the George Segal San Francisco Holocaust memorial used as the cover of Quebec Francais (issue 165). Not being able to read French, I'm not entirely sure what the article is about but, hey! And I guess what could be considered to be a positive thing, my site is now established enough that spammers have noticed it and I had to block 17,000 file description postings for Viagra and whatever else.. Number of photos taken this year: just below 410,000.
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