BGuthrie Photos: MD -- Annapolis -- US Naval Academy -- Museum -- History: Academy

MD -- Annapolis -- US Naval Academy -- Museum -- History: Academy:

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[1] NAMUAC_110206_002.JPG	[2] NAMUAC_110206_017.JPG	[3] NAMUAC_110206_025.JPG	[4] NAMUAC_110206_032.JPG	[5] NAMUAC_110206_042.JPG	[6] NAMUAC_110206_050.JPG	[7] NAMUAC_110206_056.JPG	[8] NAMUAC_110206_059.JPG	[9] NAMUAC_110206_065.JPG
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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. NAMUAC_110206_002.JPG: Founding the Naval Academy: Calls for the creation of a naval school, in which midshipmen could be taught skills needed at sea, were heard as early as John Paul Jones. The Military Academy at West Point was founded in 1802, yet most naval officers continued to perfect their skills at sea until 1845. Some temporary schools, on board receiving ships and at the Philadelphia Naval Asylum, did prepare some midshipmen to take the examination for lieutenant, but the increasing application of steam power and other new technologies to the Navy, called for improved training of young officers. "[The] glamor of a naval education [would] produce degeneracy and corruption of the public morality, and change our simple Republican habits." -- A Congressman A New Campus: At the suggestion of William Chauvenet, a Yale graduate and instructor at the midshipman school at the Philadelphia Navy Asylum, to expand the curriculum to two years. Secretary of the Navy George Bancroft went further, creating a four-year school. Bancroft acquired Fort Severn, in Annapolis, Maryland, from the Army and ordered Cmdr Franklin Buchanan to organize the school and its programs. Bancroft's use of discretionary funds circumvented Congress's resistance to founding a naval school. The Naval School: When the Naval School began classes on October 10, 1845, not all midshipmen were available to begin classes; some were at sea as far distance as the Far East squadron. Over a period of months, the first classes arrived in Annapolis. Until 1850, midshipmen spent three years at sea and final year at the school preparing for their examination. In 1850, the name of the school was changed to the Naval Academy, and the curriculum was changed to a four-year plan similar to that still in use: nine months of academic followed by a summer practice cruise. George Bancroft -- Secretary of the Navy: George Bancroft was born in 1800. He attended Phillips Exeter Academy and Harvard University before earning a doctorate in Gottingen, Germany, in 1820. After a brief career in the ministry, he taught Greek at Harvard then started a progressive school at Round Hill School in Northhampton, Massachusetts. In 1827, he began writing his ten-volumne History of the United States. He entered local politics, but while unsuccessful in elections, he was appointed Secretary of the Navy by President James Polk. Bancroft established the Naval Academy in Annapolis, and guided the Navy through the first part of the war with Mexico. He later served as ambassador to Great Britain and then minister to Prussia and Germany. George Bancroft died in 1891. The Mexican War: With the announcement of war with Mexico in May 1846, Superintendent Franklin Buchanan and 56 midshipmen volunteered for service. Buchanan's request, like that of most of the midshipmen, was turned down by the Secretary of the Navy. In the course of the war, ninety alumni would see service; one alumnus would die of disease. Four midshipmen would be killed in the line of duty. Their colleagues at the Naval Academy took up a collection to erect a monument, the first at the Academy, in their honor.
2. NAMUAC_110206_017.JPG: The bowl of this silver souvenir spoon in embossed with a likeness of Fort Severn and the hand has crossed swords.
3. NAMUAC_110206_025.JPG: Model of brig Somers: The hanging of Midn Philip Spencer brought into focus the need for improved training of midshipmen. Spencer, whose father was Secretary of War, was a known troublemaker. It was hoped that a cruise in the training brig Somers would reform him. Instead, he was convicted of mutiny in a plot to take over the ship.
4. NAMUAC_110206_032.JPG: Philip Spencer's Sword: A half-basket hilt topped this popular non-regulation sword of the 1830s. This particular sword reputedly belonged to Midn Philip Spencer, the only American naval officer hanged for mutiny.
5. NAMUAC_110206_042.JPG: Model of the United States Naval Academy, 1850: The reservation of 9-3/4 acres (within the walls), was formerly an Army post established in 1808 and known as Fort Severn. It was transferred to the Navy Department in 1846 for use as the United States Naval School. At that time, George Bancroft was Secretary of the Navy. Commander Franklin Buchanan was its first Superintendent. The original Army buildings were remodeled, 6 acres of additional land were secured, and several new buildings were constructed from 1845 to 1850. The capacity was fixed as 100 midshipmen in 1850, and the name of the school was changed to the United States Naval Academy. The large building beyond the reservation is "Government House," the residence of early Governors of Maryland, and was later, in 1868, acquired by the Naval Academy. It was in use until 1901, when it was demolished to make room for Naval Academy development.
6. NAMUAC_110206_050.JPG: Pocket Watch: Pocket watch carried by George Bancroft
7. NAMUAC_110206_056.JPG: Letter outlining trip to survey Fort Severn
8. NAMUAC_110206_059.JPG: Epaulettes: Forty-seven midshipmen graduated with the Class of 1846, receiving their commissions as passed midshipmen. In that first class was John Madigan, who wore these epaulettes.
9. NAMUAC_110206_065.JPG: Sword and Scabbard: Abner V. Reed, who graduated first in the Class of 1858, owned this sword. There were only 15 graduated in the class, including George Dewey who would gain fame in the Spanish-American War.
10. NAMUAC_110206_069.JPG: [Sign on sword] The sword of Commander Richmond Aulick, US Navy. Born December 3, 1825. Died June 8, 1868. Son of Commodore John H. Aulick, US Navy. He graduated at the head of the first class that entered the Naval Academy, 1845-46. Sword of Richmond Aulick: This sword belonged to Richmond Aulick. Not until 1850 did the Naval Academy begin a four-year course of instruction. The first graduates, who entered service in 1840, already had several years at sea. In the first graduating class, Aulick was ranked first, and thus has the distinction of being the first graduate of the Naval Academy. He died in 1868.
11. NAMUAC_110206_090.JPG: The Academy Divided: The dissolution of the Union wrought great changes in the Naval Academy. Midshipmen and faculty from southern states, whose allegiance was to their states rather than to the Nation, "went South" followed by the good wishes of their former colleagues. The Academy, itself, left Annapolis for temporary quarters in Newport, Rhode Island. And the Academy grounds, formerly an Army fort, once again hosted troops in Army blue. On April 26, 1861, the regiment of midshipmen sailed in Constitution for Newport, Rhode Island. Ten members of the Class of 1861, one half of the class, did not sail with the regiment; they received immediate orders to active duty. A few days after their arrival in Newport, the remainder of the Class of 1861, and all of the Classes of 1862 and 1863, received orders taking them to the war. Initially, midshipmen were housed on board Constitution, soon to be joined by the frigate Santee. With the approach of winter, the Atlantic House was leased. The ground floor was used as the midshipmen's mess and officer quarters, the second floor for classrooms, and the third and fourth floors for upper class dormitory rooms. In the lobby was displayed Oliver Hazard Perry's battle flag, bearing the motto "Dont Give Up The Ship." Plebes were quickly indoctrinated into life on board ship. The rapidly expanded classes of plebes lived and studied on board the Constitution and Santee. Conditions were described as dark, dank, and ill smelling. Confederate Naval Academy: Although much smaller than the Union Navy, the Confederacy recognized the need for specialized education for midshipmen in their navy. In the spring of 1862, the Confederate Congress authorized the establishment of an academy with 106 acting midshipmen. The paddlewheel steamer CSS Patrick Henry, anchored a few miles below Richmond, Virginia, was selected as the Confederate Naval Academy. Classes began in October 1863 with most classes held on board the ship; infantry and artillery drills were held ashore. Training on board Patrick Henry was frequently interrupted by gunfire from nearby battles, and, on occasion, by practical application of the midshipmen's lessons. Parties of midshipmen took part in actions in North Carolina, and the entire battalion engaged Union forces at Bermuda Hundred near Richmond. At the fall of Richmond in 1865, sixty midshipmen were selected to guard the train carrying the Confederate treasury away from the capital. Completing their mission, Confederate Secretary of the Navy Stephen Mallory granted them leave. For them, the war was over. Lt William H Parker was head of the Seamanship Department at the Naval Academy at the outbreak of war. He was one of the officers who "went South," and received an appointment to command the Confederacy's naval academy. James Harmon Ward: Killed June 27, 1861: Ward, the first Union naval officer killed in the Civil War, was one of the young leaders to reform in the United States Navy. He received his appointment as midshipman in 1823 and his commission as lieutenant in 1831. He was a recognized leader in ordnance and naval tactics, publishing three books on the subject. He was an instructor at the midshipman's school in Philadelphia, and a vocal proponent of a Naval Academy. During the Mexican War, he commanded Commo Matthew C Perry's flagship Cumberland, then commanded the sloop-of-war Jamestown in the African squadron. At the outbreak of the Civil War, Ward proposed the idea of a "flying squadron" to protect the capital. Ward was given command of the squadron, known as the Potomac Flotilla. On June 27, 1861, troops from the flotilla landed [at] Matthias Point on the Virginia shore. They were attacked by Confederate troops. While providing covering fire from his flagship Thomas Freeborn, Ward was shot. He died an hour later. Cost of Service: Of the 410 midshipmen who graduated from the Naval Academy through the Class of 1860, 174 remained with the Union and 72 served the Confederacy. Sixteen graduates died in the service of the North; seven in Southern service, a casualty rate of almost ten percent. Hardest hit was the Naval Academy Class of 1863; of its 55 members, eight were killed in action, five for the North and three for the South. Many members of the Academy faculty also gave great sacrifices for their cause: Franklin Buchanan, the first Superintendent, commanded the CSS Virginia and was wounded in action trying to break the Union blockade of Hampton Roads. He was promoted to rear admiral and commanded the Confederate naval forces at Mobile Bay where he was taken as a prisoner of war. Samuel L Marcy was killed while in command of the USS Vincennes on blockade duty off the Mississippi River. Henry Lockwood, a West Point graduate, returned to the army, received a commission as brigadier general of volunteers and fought at Gettysburg. James Harmon Ward, the first Commandant of Midshipmen, was the first naval officer killed in the war. Return to Annapolis: Several towns, including Newport, vied for the honor of becoming the permanent home of the Naval Academy following the war. Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles held out for a return to Annapolis and Congress enacted a law requiring the Academy to return to Annapolis before October 1865. On August 9, 1865, the Academy returned from Newport, to find it wrecked by four years of wartime occupation. A "Graduate" wrote in October 1864 that "Thousands of dollars will be required to restore this valuable institution to its original condition." Return, Rebuild, Reform: The demands of war led to a serious deterioration in the caliber of midshipmen, quality of instructors, and maintenance of the Naval Academy grounds. Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles chose Read Admiral David Dixon Porter to lead the Academy back to its pre-war standards. Under Dixon's dynamic leadership, midshipmen, faculty, morale, and facilities improved. Recognizing the technological changes wrought by the Civil War, new courses were instituted which demanded new buildings. And the midshipmen got new quarters, which were called "New Quarters," until they were torn down almost a half-century later. International Naval Academy: Ever since 1860, when Pierre d'Orleans, the grandson of the former king of France, Louis Philippe, entered the Naval Academy, foreign students have been admitted as midshipmen. Many have gone on to distinguished careers in their own navies. Pierre d'Orleans, Duc de Penthievre, USNA 1864, was admitted to the Academy in 1860 on the condition that there would be no expense to the United States. Sotokichi Uriu, USNA 1881, later taught at the Japanese Naval Academy at Eta Jima, commanded a cruiser force in the Russo-Japanese War that destroyed two Russian cruisers in a battle off Inchon, Korea, and fought in the naval battle of Tshumia. The Start of Sports: Superintendent Porter encouraged, for the first time at the Academy, athletic competitions. In 1865, a sword master was hired and two years later a physical education instructor. Bowling alleys, shooting galleries, and a gymnasium were built at Fort Severn. In 1869, in one of the first non-intramural competitions, the Academy crew team beat a team from Philadelphia in a three-mile race on the Severn. Mission: To develop Midshipmen morally, mentally, and physically and to imbue them with the highest ideals of duty, honor, and loyalty in order to graduate leaders who are dedicated to a career of naval service and have potential for future development in mind and character to assume the highest responsibilities of command, citizenship, and government.
12. NAMUAC_110206_101.JPG: Keys: Keys to the old Superintendent's Quarters
13. NAMUAC_110206_104.JPG: Colt Revolver: Colt Recover, Navy Type, Model 1861. This revolver belonged to WWW Wood, popularly known as W4O2D, an instructor of steam engineering, one of the new courses added by Admiral Porter.
14. NAMUAC_110206_109.JPG: Hand Bell: A hand bell used at the Naval Academy about 1866
15. NAMUAC_110206_114.JPG: Paris Exposition Certificate: At the Paris Universal Exposition in 1878, the Naval Academy received international recognition of a Gold Medal for having the best system of education in the United States, a testament to the efforts of Porter and his successors as superintendents of the Naval Academy.
16. NAMUAC_110206_121.JPG: Satsuma Bowl: Satsuma bowl given to Senator Ovington E Weller, president of the Naval Academy Class of 1881, by Admiral Baron Uryu, on the occasion of their class's 41st reunion.
17. NAMUAC_110206_140.JPG: Midshipman's White Jumper: The "white works" uniform, with name and class number stenciled on the front, was more commonly worn during Carter's time and into the 1960s than it is today. James E. Carter, III -- USNA 1947 Nobel Peace Prize: " I believe that almost every human being has a desire to known and perhaps to serve other people..." -- Jimmy Carter, "Sharing Good Times," p 106 Jimmy Carter's life has been one of service to his state, his nation, and the world. Born in rural Georgia in 1924, he graduated from the Naval Academy with the Class of 1947, served on board the submarines and Pomfret and [sic] before being selected by then Captain Hyman G Rickover for the nuclear power program. Upon the death of his father, Carter resigned his commission to run the family business. Challenging corruption in the state electoral process, Carter won election to the Georgia state senate in 1962, then as governor in 1970, fighting segregation and streamlining the state administration. Unable to succeed himself, Carter entered national politics, winning the Presidency in 1976. His administration was beset with economic and international crises which led to his defeat for re-election. But his energetic pursuit of world peace after his retirement led the Nobel committee to award him the Peace Price in 2002. Carter entered the Naval Academy with the last of the classes accelerated during World War II, graduating with the Class of 1947 in June 1946.
18. NAMUAC_110206_155.JPG: Portrait of Michelson: In addition to his work with the speed of light, Michelson collaborated with Edward W Morley in a famous experiment to analyze the motion of the Earth relative to the ether, the medium in which light was believed to travel. The experiment could find no evidence of the ether, a finding that paved the way for the acceptance of Einstein's theory of relativity published in 1905. Albert A. Michelson, USNA 1873 Nobel Prize in Physics: "I doubt if any scientific man does his work to render distinguished service. I think he does it because it is good for him." -- Albert A. Michelson, May 16, 1923 Born in Poland, Michelson's parents immigrated to the mining towns of California and Nevada. In 1869, President Ulysses S Grant awarded him a special appointment to the Naval Academy where Michelson excelled in the study of optics, heat, and drawing. Upon graduation, he spent two years at sea, returning to the Academy to teach chemistry and physics. It was at Annapolis that he began a life-long investigation into the speed of light. He resigned his commission in 1881 and spent a career in teaching and research at Case School of Applied Science, Clark University, and the University of Chicago. In 1907, Michelson became the first American to win a Noble Prize in Physics. During World War I, Michelson resumed his connection with the Navy when he was recommissioned a lieutenant commander and served as a scientific consultant with the Bureau of Ordnance. In May 1919, Michelson was promoted to commander in the Naval Coast Defense Reserve.
19. NAMUAC_110206_159.JPG: Nobel Prize Certificate and Medal: In November 1907, the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences determined to award Michelson the Nobel Prize in Physics for "his precision optical instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological [sic] investigation conducted therewith." Michelson received the certificate and gold medal at ceremonies in Stockholm on December 10, 1907. Over a long career, which began at the Naval Academy, Michelson received more than fifteen medals and prizes and twelve honorary degrees. Among the medals are these: (2) Franklin Medal, 1923: The Franklin Medal of the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia, was "awarded to those workers in physical science or technology, ... [who] have done most to advance knowledge of physical science or its applications." (3) Elliot Cresson Medal, 1912: Awarded by the Franklin Institute for investigations in physical optics.
20. NAMUAC_110206_168.JPG: Franklin Medal, 1923: The Franklin Medal of the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia, was "awarded to those workers in physical science or technology, ... [who] have done most to advance knowledge of physical science or its applications."
21. NAMUAC_110206_176.JPG: Elliot Cresson Medal, 1912: Awarded by the Franklin Institute for investigations in physical optics.
22. NAMUAC_110206_185.JPG: Revolving Mirrors: This set of revolving mirrors was an integral part of Michelson's interferometers. Knowing the speed of rotation and the length of the path that the beam of light traveled, the speed of light could be calculated.
23. NAMUAC_110206_197.JPG: The NEW Naval Academy: Following the war with Spain, victorious commanders, officers, and crews were greeted as heroes, but naval experts realized that was much room for improvement. New ships and new weapons demanded officers and crews be trained in their use. As the training school for future naval officers, the Naval Academy benefited from the awakened interest in the Navy. With the turn of the twentieth century, the Academy gained many of the buildings that still grace the Yard, a modern school for the modern navy. Secretary of the Navy John D. Long requested one million dollars from Congress to begin the rebuilding of the Naval Academy in accordance with the plans of Ernest Flagg. The Naval Academy Today: As the Naval Academy entered the 21st century, its curriculum as little resembles that of a hundred, or even fifty, years earlier as today's Navy resembles that of earlier generations. Midshipmen still learn military and leadership skills by doing, but these are grounded in the analytic skills learned in modern classrooms and educational environment. Today, as in the past, all midshipmen receive a broad-based general education in preparation for service in the Navy or Marine Corps. The core of the curriculum focuses on science, engineering, and social science. No one can be a specialist in everything, so not midshipmen are allowed to seek majors in a subject of their, and the service's, interest. The education now, more than ever in the past, emphasizes an ability to think, analyze, and communicate clearly. Without Regard to Gender: After more than 130 years, women gained their place in the Brigade as midshipmen. First admitted in 1976, they arrived during a period of revolutionary change. The Naval Academy was actively recruiting blacks along with other minorities and reforming the education of midshipmen with emphasis on academic excellence. Despite the enormous changes, much remained the same -- tradition, discipline, and spirit. Changes were both obvious and subtle, and demanded of all midshipmen strength of character and sense of cooperation. Until 1994, females were excluded from combat roles, leading to the attitude among many male midshipmen that women were not really training to be warriors and therefore should not be a part of the Brigade. In that year, the combat exclusion law was changed, providing women with opportunities nearly equal to those of the men. Given the opening, women graduates have shown their mettle in combat. Induction Day, or I-Day, begins the metamorphosis from civilian to midshipmen. New members of the Class of 1980 begin the change with "dixie cup" hats and T-shirts. Everyone gets a regulation hair cut, whether or not you need one. On Induction Day 1976, 81 women entered the Brigade of Midshipmen, 55 graduated with the Class of 1980. After twenty years, thirty percent remained in the service, a figure equal to that of the men. They continue, as have graduates for more than 160 years, to lead and contribute in all walks of life. Thirty years after that first I Day, more than twenty percent of the entering class is female. Professor Rae Jean Goodman: Professor Rae Jean Goodman joined the Naval Academy economics department in August 1973 and became the first woman civilian faculty member at the Academy. She also holds the distinction as the first woman faculty member promoted to full professor. In addition to her work in the Economics Department, Professor Goodman currently serves as Director of Teaching and Learning for the Faculty Enhancement Center.
24. NAMUAC_110206_201.JPG: Spiral Slide Rule: Fuller's spiral slide rule was equivalent to a straight slide rule 83 feet 4 inches in length. This type was used at the Naval Academy beginning in 1879. Slide rules were a familiar feature of the midshipmen's academic life until replaced by pocket calculators in the 1970s.
25. NAMUAC_110206_212.JPG: Tradition Balls: Balls, hops, dances, "tea fights," all have been a part of the Naval Academy scene since its founding. The first Naval Ball was held in 1846. Two of the best remembered annual dances are the Farewell Ball and the Ring Dance held during June Week or Commissioning Week. These affairs were marked by formal invitations, dance cards, and dance favors. The cycle of the year is marked as much by balls, parades, and tradition as it is by class, exams, grades, and graduation. Parades: Parades have been a part of the Naval Academy scene since 1848 when, in response to a recommendation by the Academic Board, infantry drill was initiated. Professor Henry Lockwood, a West Point graduated, accepted the additional duty as drill master with much more enthusiasm than his students ... parades have never been popular with midshipmen.
26. NAMUAC_110206_216.JPG: Ring Dance Program and Favor: The program and ladies' favor from the Class of 1943 Ring Dance. Because of the accelerated graduations due to World War II, the dance was held on 19 December 1941, just days after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
27. NAMUAC_110206_225.JPG: Calculator: The hand-held calculator has replaced the slide rule tool for solving mathematical and scientific problems.
28. NAMUAC_110206_231.JPG: Slide Rule: Multiplication, division, and many other mathematical calculations could be performed with reasonable accuracy on a slide rule.
29. NAMUAC_110206_263.JPG: Women's Service Dress White Uniform: This uniform is striped with the rank of lieutenant. Like their male counterparts, women's service dress uniforms were an adaptation of those used in the fleet. The difference, in this uniform, is in the indication of rank; midshipmen wore shoulder boards instead of the gold stripes of commissioned officers.
30. NAMUAC_110206_269.JPG: Alumni rings
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