BGuthrie Photos: DC -- Willard Hotel -- Washington Peace Conference -- Miscellaneous

DC -- Willard Hotel -- Washington Peace Conference -- Miscellaneous:

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Description of Pictures: This page contains all images except those of the presentation itself or of the dedication ceremony outside. This page therefore includes random audience shots, conversation shots, posed shots, etc.

This sesquicentennial symposium, "The Peace Conference at 150: A Call to Compromise," examines the issues, intrigues and the opportunities lost in a first ever effort to re-examine and reinterpret the conference that almost saved the Union. This commemoration of the Washington Peace Conference of February 1861 is presented by the Lincoln at the Crossroads Alliance (LATCRA) in partnership with the Willard InterContinental Hotel in Washington, DC, co-sponsored by the Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Foundation and the endorsement of The Lincoln Forum.
The Peace Conference of 1861 was the final effort by American politicians to avoid the impending crisis of a Civil War. More than 100 politicians attended from both the North and the South. Fourteen northern states and seven southern states were represented. The group met for three weeks and held meetings that consisted of much shouting and posturing, and finally produced an impractical document that was passed by a narrow vote. When this proposal, which would have enshrined and expanded slavery, was presented to the entire U.S. Senate, it was rejected, and no workable political compromise remained available to avoid the Civil War.

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. WPCM_110211_060.JPG: Stephen Lang and Harold Holzer @ Washington Peace Conference sesquicentennial @ Willard Hotel.
2. WPCM_110211_063.JPG: Stephen Lang
3. WPCM_110211_227.JPG: Elizabeth Brownstein
4. WPCM_110211_242.JPG: William C. Davis.
5. WPCM_110211_352.JPG: Bud Robertson
6. WPCM_110211_354.JPG: Edna Greene Medford
7. WPCM_110211_502.JPG: Stephen Lang and Bud Robertson
8. WPCM_110211_504.JPG: Stephen Lang and Bud Robertson @ Washington Peace Conference sesquicentennial @ Willard Hotel.
9. WPCM_110211_522.JPG: Craig Symonds
Wikipedia Description: Peace Conference of 1861
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Peace Conference of 1861 was a meeting of more than 100 of the leading politicians of the antebellum United States held in Washington, D.C., in February 1861 that was meant to prevent what ultimately became the Civil War. The success of President Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party in the national elections of 1860 led to a flurry of political activity. In much of the South, elections were held to select delegates to special conventions empowered to consider secession from the Union. In Congress, efforts were made in both the House of Representatives and the Senate to reach compromise over the issues relating to slavery that were dividing the nation. The Washington Peace Conference of 1861 was the final effort by the individual states to resolve the crisis. With the seven states of the Cotton South already committed to secession, the emphasis for peacefully preserving the Union focused on the eight slaveholding states representing the Upper and Border South, with the states of Virginia and Kentucky playing key roles.

Background:

In December 1860 the final session of the Thirty-sixth Congress met. In the House, the Committee of Thirty-Three (composed of one member from each state), led by Ohio Republican Thomas Corwin, was formed in order to reach a compromise to preserve the Union. In the Senate, former Kentucky Whig John J. Crittenden, elected as a Unionist candidate, submitted six proposed constitutional amendments that he hoped would address all the outstanding issues. Hopes were high, especially in the Border States, that the lame duck Congress could reach a successful resolution before the new Republican administration took office.

Crittenden’s proposals were debated by a specially selected Committee of Thirteen. The proposals provided for, among other things, an extension of the Missouri Compromise line dividing slave from Free states to the Pacific Ocean, bringing his efforts directly in conflict with the 1860 Republican Platform and the personal views of President-elect Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln made known his objections, and the Compromise was rejected by the committee on December 22 by a vote of 7-6. Crittenden later brought the issue to the floor of the Senate as a proposal to have his compromise made subject to a national referendum, but the Senate rejected it on January 16 by a vote of 25-23.

A modified version of the Crittenden Plan, believed to be more attractive to Republicans, was considered by an ad hoc committee of fourteen congressmen from the lower North and upper South meeting several times between December 28 and January 4. The committee was chaired again by Crittenden and included other southern Unionists such as Representatives John A. Gilmer of North Carolina, Robert H. Hatton of Tennessee, J. Morrison Harris of Maryland, and John T. Harris of Virginia. A version of their work was rejected by the House on January 7.

In the House the Committee of Thirty-Three on January 14 reported that it had reached majority agreement on a constitutional amendment to protect slavery where it existed and the immediate admission of New Mexico Territory as a slave state. This latter proposal would result in a de facto extension of the Missouri Compromise line for all existing territories below the line.

A fourth avenue towards compromise came from the state of Virginia. Former president John Tyler, a private citizen of Virginia, still very much interested in the fate of the nation, had been appointed as a special Virginia envoy to President James Buchanan urging him to maintain the status quo in regard to the seceded states. Later Tyler was an elected delegate to the Virginia convention called to consider whether or not to follow the deep South states out of the Union. Tyler thought that one final collective effort should be made to preserve the Union and in a document published on January 17, 1861, called for a convention of the six free and six slave Border States to resolve the sectional split. Governor John Letcher of Virginia had already made a similar request to the state legislature which acted by agreeing to sponsor the convention while expanding the list of attendees to all of the states. Thomas Corwin agreed to hold off any final vote on his House plan pending the final actions of the Peace Conference.

The Convention:

This convention convened on February 4, 1861, at the Willard Hotel at the same time that the seven Deep South states that had already passed ordinances of secession were preparing to form a new government in Montgomery, Alabama. At the same time that John Tyler, selected to head the Peace Convention, was making his opening remarks in Washington, his granddaughter in Montgomery was ceremonially hoisting the flag for the convention in Montgomery. None of the Deep South states as well as Arkansas, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, California, and Oregon, sent delegates to Washington. Fourteen Free States and seven slave States were represented. Among the representatives to the conference were James A. Seddon and William Cabell Rives from Virginia, David Wilmot from Pennsylvania, Reverdy Johnson from Maryland, William P. Fessenden and Lot M. Morrill from Maine, James Guthrie from Kentucky, Stephen T. Logan from Illinois, and Thomas Ewing and Salmon P. Chase from Ohio. Many of the delegates came in the belief that they could be successful, but many others, from both sides of the spectrum, came simply as “watchdogs” for their sectional interests. Because many of the 131 delegates (which included “six former cabinet members, nineteen ex-governors, fourteen former senators, fifty former representatives, twelve state supreme court justices, and one former president”) qualified as “senior statesmen” the meeting was frequently referred to derisively as the “Old Gentleman’s Convention”.

On February 6 a separate committee charged with drafting a proposal for the entire convention to consider was formed. The committee consisted of one representative from each state and was headed by James Guthrie. The entire convention met for three weeks, and its final product was a proposed seven point constitutional amendment that differed little from the Crittenden Compromise. The key issue, slavery in the territories, was addressed simply by extending the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific coast with no provision for newly acquired territory. This section barely passed by a 9-8 vote of the states.

Other features of the proposed constitutional amendment were the requirement that the acquisition of all future territories had to be approved by a majority of both the slave states and the Free states, a prohibition on Congress passing any legislation that would affect the status of slavery where it currently existed, a prohibition on state legislatures from passing laws that would restrict the ability of officials to apprehend and return fugitive slaves, a permanent prohibition on the foreign slave trade, and 100% compensation to any master whose fugitive slave was freed by illegal mob action or intimidation of officials required to administer the Fugitive Slave Act. Key sections of this amendment could only be further amended with the concurrence of all of the states.

Aftermath:

In failing to limit the expansion of slavery to all new territories the compromise failed to satisfy hard line Republicans. In failing to protect slavery in the territories up to the point where a territory drafted a state constitution for the approval of Congress the compromise failed to address the issue that had divided the Democratic Party into northern and southern factions in the 1860 presidential elections. The convention’s work was completed with only a few days left in the final session of Congress. The proposal was rejected in the Senate in a 28 to 7 vote and never came to a vote in the House. A less all encompassing constitutional amendment finally submitted by the Committee of Thirty-Three was passed by Congress, but this amendment simply provided protection for slavery where it currently existed – something that Lincoln and most members of both parties already believed was a state right protected by the existing Constitution. A bill for New Mexico statehood was tabled by a vote of 115 to 71 with opposition coming from both Southerners and Republicans.

With the adjournment of Congress and the inauguration of Lincoln as president, the only avenue for compromise involved informal negotiations between Unionist southerners and representatives of the incoming Republican government; Congress was no longer a factor. A final convention of strictly the slave states still in the Union scheduled for June 1861 never occurred because of the events at Fort Sumter. Robert H. Hatton, a Unionist from Tennessee, summed up the feelings of many shortly before Congress adjourned:

We are getting along badly with our work of compromise – badly. We will break, I apprehend, without any thing being done. God will hold some men to a fearful responsibility. My heart is sick.
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Featured Folk: Some of the people here can also be seen on other pages on this site.
- Brownstein, Elizabeth appears on:
  - 2019_DC_Lincoln_RoomD_190501 DC -- U.S. Capitol -- Lincoln Room Dedication
  - 2019_DC_Lincoln_Other_190316 Abraham Lincoln 2019 Symposium @ Fords Theatre -- Other
  - 2017_DC_Lincolns1st_170118 Remembering Lincoln's First Inaugural Address @ Old Naval Hospital (Hill Center)
  - 2016_DC_Conroy_161115 Natl Archives -- James Conroy ("Lincoln’s White House: The People’s House in Wartime")
  - 2016_DC_Ross_160331 Natl Archives -- Special -- Rodney Ross retirement event
  - 2014_DC_Ellis_140609 Natl Archives -- Joseph Ellis ("Revolutionary Summer")
  - 2013_DC_Clinton_130614 Lincoln Group of the District of Columbia -- Catherine Clinton
  - 2012_DC_Lincoln_Const_120126 Natl Archives -- Panel -- Lincoln and the Constitution
  - 2011_DC_McCullough_110602 Politics & Prose @ Sixth & I Historic Synagogue -- David McCullough ("Greater Journey")
  - 2008_DC_Lincoln_CottageO_080218 DC -- Lincoln Cottage -- Event: Grand Opening (2008) -- Other
  - ...More (List all 14 pages with this person)...
- Davis, William C. appears on:
  - 2015_MD_GBF_Davis_150516 Gaithersburg Book Festival (2015) -- William C. Davis ("Crucible of Command")
  - 2011_DC_WPC_Speakers_110211 DC -- Willard Hotel -- Washington Peace Conference -- Speakers
  - 2003_VA_CWPT_Dinner_030425 CWPT Annual Conference (2003) in Richmond, VA -- Dinner: Color Bearers
- Holzer, Harold appears on:
  - 2024_02_20A2_Holzer DC -- Lincoln Cottage -- Event: An Evening with Harold Holzer (and Steve Inskeep)
  - 2023_DC_USGA_Decatur_230429 DC -- U.S. Grant Association Annual Meeting (2023) -- Tour of Decatur House
  - 2023_DC_USGA_Dinner_230429 DC -- U.S. Grant Association Annual Meeting (2023) -- Saturday Dinner
  - 2023_DC_USGA_Dinner_230428 DC -- U.S. Grant Association Annual Meeting (2023) -- Opening Reception and Dinner
  - 2022_DC_LincolnM100_220522 DC -- Lincoln Memorial -- Event: Lincoln Memorial Centennial Celebration
  - 2019_DC_Holzer_190612 DC -- Lincoln Cottage -- Harold Holzer ("Monument Man")
  - 2019_DC_Monument_190228 Natl Archives -- Harold Holzer ("Monument Man: The Life and Art of Daniel Chester French") w/Edna Greene Medford
  - 2017_DC_Holzer_170215 USCHS -- Lunch Talk: Harold Holzer (Depictions of Abraham Lincoln and Emancipation in the Capitol)
  - 2016_DC_Lincoln_Matters_160218 Natl Archives -- Panel -- "Why Lincoln Still Matters" (w/Harold Holzer, Martha Hodges, Craig Symonds, and Lucas Morel)
  - 2016_DC_Holzer_160114 DC -- Lincoln Cottage -- Event: Harold Holzer ("A Just and Generous Nation")
  - ...More (List all 37 pages with this person)...
- Lang, Stephen appears on:
  - 2022_DC_LincolnM100_220522 DC -- Lincoln Memorial -- Event: Lincoln Memorial Centennial Celebration
  - 2015_DC_2nd_InaugP_150304 DC -- U.S. Capitol -- 150th Anniversary Lincoln's Second Inaugural -- Presentation
  - 2015_DC_2nd_InaugM_150304 DC -- U.S. Capitol -- 150th Anniversary Lincoln's Second Inaugural -- Miscellaneous
  - 2014_DC_Getty_Story_140212 Natl Archives -- Jake Boritt, Gabor Boritt, and Stephen Lang (discussing "The Gettysburg Story")
  - 2011_DC_WPC_Speakers_110211 DC -- Willard Hotel -- Washington Peace Conference -- Speakers
  - 2011_DC_WPC_Dedication_110211 DC -- Willard Hotel -- Washington Peace Conference -- Dedication ceremony
  - 2003_DC_CWPT_Endangered_030211 CWPT's "America's Most Endangered Battlefields" presentation (2003) w/Ron Maxwell, Stephen Lang, and Jeff Shaara
- Medford, Edna Greene appears on:
  - 2024_03_23A4_Lincoln4 Abraham Lincoln 2024 Symposium @ Fords Theatre (Page 2 of 2)
  - 2024_03_23A1_Lincoln Abraham Lincoln 2024 Symposium @ Fords Theatre (Page 1 of 2)
  - 2023_DC_USGA_Breakfast_230430 DC -- U.S. Grant Association Annual Meeting (2023) -- Sunday breakfast
  - 2023_DC_USGA_Dinner_230429 DC -- U.S. Grant Association Annual Meeting (2023) -- Saturday Dinner
  - 2023_DC_Lincoln_230325 Abraham Lincoln 2023 Symposium @ Fords Theatre
  - 2022_DC_LincolnM100_220522 DC -- Lincoln Memorial -- Event: Lincoln Memorial Centennial Celebration
  - 2019_DC_Monument_190228 Natl Archives -- Harold Holzer ("Monument Man: The Life and Art of Daniel Chester French") w/Edna Greene Medford
  - 2017_DC_Ft_Stevens153_170708 DC -- 153rd Anniversary of Battle of Fort Stevens
  - 2015_DC_13th_Amend_151211 DC -- Lincoln Cottage -- Event: 13th Amendment at 150
  - 2015_DC_First_Ladies_150423 Natl Archives & C-SPAN -- Panel -- First Ladies; Private Lives, Public Image
  - ...More (List all 27 pages with this person)...
- Robertson, Bud appears on:
  - 2015_VA_CWT_Group_1506 CWT Annual Conference (2015) in Richmond, VA -- Misc Group Shots
  - 2015_VA_CWT_CBDinner_150604 CWT Annual Conference (2015) in Richmond, VA -- Color Bearer Reception and Author Dinner
  - 2015_VA_CWT_CWMem_150604 CWT Annual Conference (2015) in Richmond, VA -- Civil War in Memory (w/Bud Robertson)
  - 2015_VA_CWT_Lunch_150604 CWT Annual Conference (2015) in Richmond, VA -- Opening Lunch and Awards (Thursday)
  - 2015_VA_CWT_CWEnded_150604 CWT Annual Conference (2015) in Richmond, VA -- Has the Civil War Really Ended (w/Bud Robertson)
  - 2011_DC_WPC_Speakers_110211 DC -- Willard Hotel -- Washington Peace Conference -- Speakers
  - 2011_DC_WPC_Dedication_110211 DC -- Willard Hotel -- Washington Peace Conference -- Dedication ceremony
  - 2003_VA_CWPT_Panel_030424 CWPT Annual Conference (2003) in Richmond, VA -- Lunch: And panel discussion
  - 2003_VA_CWPT_Dinner_030425 CWPT Annual Conference (2003) in Richmond, VA -- Dinner: Color Bearers
  - 2005_VA_CWPT_LeeCh_050918 CWPT Grand Review (2005) in Lexington, VA -- Talk: Lee Chapel (w/Bud Robertson)
- Symonds, Craig appears on:
  - 2016_DC_Lincoln_Matters_160218 Natl Archives -- Panel -- "Why Lincoln Still Matters" (w/Harold Holzer, Martha Hodges, Craig Symonds, and Lucas Morel)
  - 2016_DC_Holzer_160114 DC -- Lincoln Cottage -- Event: Harold Holzer ("A Just and Generous Nation")
  - 2015_DC_Holzer_150214 Newseum -- Inside Media w/Harold Holzer ("Lincoln and the Power of the Press")
  - 2014_DC_Holzer_141023 Natl Archives -- Harold Holzer ("Lincoln and the Power of the Press")
  - 2012_VA_CWT_Boat_120922 CWT Grand Review (2012) in Williamsburg, VA -- Monitor/CSS Virginia boat ride tour
  - 2012_VA_CWT_Mariner_120922 CWT Grand Review (2012) in Williamsburg, VA -- Mariner's Museum
  - 2011_DC_CWAS_S2_110423 Naval Heritage Center -- Civil War at Sea Symposium (3 of 9) -- Speaker: Craig Symonds
  - 2011_DC_CWAS_Etc_110423 Naval Heritage Center -- Civil War at Sea Symposium (1 of 9) -- All except presentations
  - 2011_DC_NYTCW_110410 Newseum -- Inside Media w/Harold Holzer and Craig Symonds ("New York Times: Complete Civil War")
  - 2010_DC_McPherson_100410 Reynolds Center & Washington College -- James M. McPherson ("Alexander Gardner’s Antietam, Md., Confederate Dead by a Fence on the Hagerstown Road")
  - ...More (List all 17 pages with this person)...
- Williams, Frank J. appears on:
  - 2015_DC_2nd_InaugP_150304 DC -- U.S. Capitol -- 150th Anniversary Lincoln's Second Inaugural -- Presentation
  - 2015_DC_2nd_InaugM_150304 DC -- U.S. Capitol -- 150th Anniversary Lincoln's Second Inaugural -- Miscellaneous
  - 2012_DC_Emancipation_LC_120415 DC -- Emancipation Day (2012) -- Celebration @ Lincoln Cottage
  - 2012_DC_Lincoln_Const_120126 Natl Archives -- Panel -- Lincoln and the Constitution
  - 2011_DC_MGR_Present_111112 DC -- Fort McNair -- McClellan's Grand Review Re-enactment -- Presentation
  - 2011_VA_XRoadsCP_111111 VA -- NOVA Community College Conference -- At the Crossroads of History -- Panels
  - 2011_DC_WPC_Speakers_110211 DC -- Willard Hotel -- Washington Peace Conference -- Speakers
  - 2010_DC_Lincoln_Final_100419 Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission -- Final Meeting
  - 2010_DC_Lincoln_Studies_100419 Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission -- State of Lincoln Studies w/Matthew Pinsker
  - 2009_DC_LATCRA_091104 Willard Hotel -- Event: Lincoln at the Crossroads Alliance gala dinner
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