BGuthrie Photos: DC -- Donald W. Reynolds Center -- Portraits

DC -- Donald W. Reynolds Center -- Portraits:

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. SIPGPO_100131_02.JPG: Eunice Kennedy Shriver, 1921-2009 Eunice Kennedy Shriver was the creative force and organizer of Special Olympics, Inc., a nonprofit charitable organization that provides training and competition in Olympic sports for children and adults with intellectual disabilities. In 1957 Shriver became director of the Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. Foundation, which was created to deal with issues of mental retardation, and several years later she established a summer day camp at her home that became the basis for Special Olympics. In 1968 the Kennedy Foundation, working with the Chicago Park District, organized the First International Special Olympics Summer Games. Currently more than 1.3 million children and adults from more than 150 countries participate in the program. Shriver received numerous awards and honors for her work, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Theodore Roosevelt Award of the National Collegiate Athletic Association. David Lenz was commissioned to paint this portrait as part of the first prize in the inaugural Outwin Boochever Portrait Competition. Lenz 's winning painting, Sam and the Perfect World, portrays his son, an active participant in Special Olympics events. For this commission, Lenz embraced the idea of making a portrait of Mrs. Shriver that would also include five persons with intellectual disabilities who have been involved in Special Olympics and the Best Buddies program: (left to right) Airika Straka, Katie Meade, Andy Leonard, Loretta Claiborne, and Marty Sheets. David Lenz, 2009
2. SIPGPO_100131_16.JPG: Airika Straka: Airika (pronounced "Erica") Straka of Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin, is a twelve-year-old Special Olympics athlete. She competes in bowling, snowshoeing, and track events at local and state levels; in 2008 she won first place in the fifty-meter and third place in one-hundred-meter snowshoeing races. She conquered her fear of the telephone when her school called her mother to ask why Straka and her six siblings were not in class. Straka answered the phone for the first time in her life and gave the school enough information about her mother -- who was in diabetic shock -- for them to call an ambulance. Straka is an enthusiastic Special Olympics athlete and an encouraging team member who is always proud that she had competed, whether or not she wins an award.
3. SIPGPO_100131_19.JPG: Left to right: Katie Meade: Twenty-five-year-old Katie Meade of Des Moines, Iowa, was a Special Olympics athlete for thirteen years and is now a Best Buddies International friendship ambassador. Meade, who was born with Down syndrome, spent the first three years of her life in a hospital and has survived two open heart surgeries, three cardiac arrests, and multiple thorocotomies. In addition to traveling around the world as a Special Olympics International global messenger, Meade is also a participant in the Audi Best Buddies Challenge, and annual cycling and foot race fundraiser. Meade has credited Special Olympics and Best Buddies with developing her speaking ability, and to raise awareness, she regularly speaks on behalf of the intellectually disabled. At the 2003 Special Olympics World Games in Ireland, she introduced the rock group U2. Meade has been working at the Polk County Treasurer's office in Des Moines since 2002. Andy Leonard: Andy Leonard of Reynoldsburg, Ohio, is a forty-year-old Special Olympics athlete. He has competed in track events and soccer, but his specialty is weight-lifting: he can dead lift more than 400 pounds. Leonard was born in Vietnam in 1968, and after his biological parents were killed in a blast, he was sent to an orphanage in Saigon. He was later adopted by a couple in the United States and diagnosed with a language-processing disability. Leonard, who has competed in Special Olympics and International competitions since 1986, is a charter member of the Pennsylvania Special Olympics Hall of Fame and the only Special Olympics athlete to hold a non-Special Olympics national title -- that of the American Drug-Free Powerlifting Association, which he won in 1994 and 1995. Loretta Claiborne: Loretta Claiborne of York, Pennsylvania, was born in 1953 and is a Special Olympics athlete and motivational speaker. Even though Claiborne could not walk or talk until she was four years old, she was physically stronger and faster than her peers and started running at an early age. Claiborne began participating in Special Olympics in 1970 and met Eunice Kennedy Shriver in Virginia early in her Special Olympics career. She has competed and won medals in six Special Olympics world games and in 1981 was honored with the Spirit of the Special Olympics award. Claiborne has run in twenty-six marathons, including those in Pittsburgh and Boston. She frequently speaks on behalf of Special Olympics and the intellectually disabled and candidly shared her story of struggle and accomplishment. Recently, she testified before the US Senate on the important of health care for people with intellectual disabilities. Eunice Kennedy Shriver Martin "Marty" Sheets: Marty Sheets of Greensboro, North Carolina, is a fifty-six-year-oild Special Olympics athlete who has Down syndrome. In 1968 he attended the first Special Olympics competition, where he met Eunice Kennedy Shriver. Since then he has remained active in the program and has won more than two hundred medals in local, state, national, and world Special Olympics competitions. While his favorite sport is golf, he has competed five times in world games in several events, including swimming and skiing. In addition to his athletic successes, Sheets has been recognized by his community for his civic achievements and by Macy's, his longtime employer. In 2000 Governor Jim Hunt of North Carolina presented Marty the highest civilian award given in the state, the Order of the Long Leaf Pine, which honored him for being a good state ambassador.
4. SIPGPO_100213_002.JPG: J.D. Salinger, 1919-2010 Jerome David Salinger had one of the great successes of all time with The Catcher in the Rye (1951). He then vanished, publishing only a few collections of short stories and emerging only to sue people who attempted to write about him; his last publication was in 1965. Yet Catcher in the Rye remains a classic. Its teenaged narrator Holden Caulfield's account of a weekend in Manhattan continues to speak to disaffected adolescents kicking against the "phonies." It has sold more than 65 million copies worldwide and is still occasionally banned by education administrators who fear its corrupting impact on alienated youth. Here, in a way that Salinger (and Caulfield) would have appreciated, the artist interprets the book's title literally and paints the author against an amber wave of grain. Robert Vickery Tempera on board, 1961 Gift of Time magazine
5. SIPGPO_100213_019.JPG: Booker T. Washington (1856-1915) w/Andrew Carnegie Booker T. Washington and Andrew Carnegie -- both seated at center -- encapsulate much of nineteenth-century America. Both were self-made men: Carnegie was an immigrant who built a manufacturing empire and amassed enormous wealth; Washington was a former slave who became an African American leader during one of the harshest periods of American race relations. Carnegie determined that the ultimate purpose of wealth was to improve society; Washington founded Tuskegee Institute to enable his people to make economic progress. Carnegie was one of Tuskegee's benefactors. Speaking at the school's twenty-fifth anniversary when this picture was taken, Carnegie praised Washington as the best "climber" the world has ever seen. Francis Benjamin Johnston (1864-1952) Gelatin silver print, 1906
6. SIPGPO_100213_049.JPG: A. Philip Randolph, 1889-1979 Civil rights activist A. Philip Randolph waged a lifelong battle for the economic empowerment of African Americans. In 1925, he accepted the challenge of organizing the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters -- the first black labor union chartered by the American Federation of Labor. Continuing his advocacy for African American workers, Randolph called for a march on Washington in 1941 to protest the exclusion of blacks from defense industry jobs. He cancelled that march only after President Franklin Roosevelt signed an order mandating an end to discriminatory practices by government contractors. Following World War II, Randolph led the effort to desegregate the nation's armed forces and waged a civil disobedience campaign against the draft until President Harry Truman ordered an end to segregation in the military in 1948. Randolph crowned his career in 1963 by helping to organize the celebrated March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Ernest Hamlin Baker Gouache on board, c. 1945
7. SIPGPO_100213_066.JPG: Roy Wilkins, 1901-1981 Under the leadership of Roy Wilkins in the 1950s and 1960s, the NAACP spearheaded the court challenges and legislative initiatives that helped bring an end to segregation in the United States. A long-time NAACP official who served as the organization's executive secretary for many years, Wilkins was the principal architect of the legal strategy that led to the historic 1954 Supreme Court decision in Brown v Board of Education, which outlawed segregation in public schools. His tireless lobbying in support of key civil rights measures also played a vital role in securing congressional passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968. Although unafraid to take to the street in protest when the situation warranted it, Wilkins condemned violence and rejected any goal other than the full integration of American society. Henry Koerner Oil on canvas, 1963 Gift of Time magazine
8. SIPGPO_100213_073.JPG: Jackie Robinson, 1919-1972 As the first African American to play major league baseball, Jackie Robinson was a pioneer in major league professional sports. This 1947 photograph by Harry Warnecke pictures Robinson at Ebbets Field during his first season with the Brooklyn Dodgers. That year was both glorious and unnerving. While winning Rookie of the Year honors and helping the Dodgers to win the National League pennant, Robinson faced intense scrutiny. As he later recalled, "I had to fight hard against loneliness, abuse, and the knowledge that any mistake I made would be magnified because I was the only black man out there." A lifetime .311 hitter, Robinson led the Dodgers to six pennants and one World Series title during his ten-year career. After baseball, Robinson continued to champion the cause of civil rights, serving as the chairman of the NAACP Fight for Freedom Fund. Harry Warnecke Color carbro print, 1947
9. SIPGPO_100213_084.JPG: Lucretia Mott, 1793-1880 Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention that launched the women's movement in the United States. As a Quaker and like most reformers in this era, she was drawn to the antislavery cause, helping to found Philadelphia's Female Anti-Slavery Society. This experience convinced her that women had a special role in reform movements and that the struggle for women's rights would be essential for reform causes in America. She urged women to "go on -- not asking favors, but claiming as a right the removal of all hindrances to her elevation in the scale of being." Frederick Gutekunst Albumen silver print, c. 1865
10. SIPGPO_100213_102.JPG: Frederick Douglass, 1818-1895 Frederick Douglass was one of the most influential African Americans in the nineteenth century. In the 1840s and 1850s this ex-slave who escaped bondage best articulated the evils of slavery and the need to fulfill the American promise of equality. His skill as an orator and impressive bearing made him one of the most popular abolitionist spokespersons. Douglass' growing frustration -- following passage of the Fugitive Slave Act -- led him to advocate resistance to the law and even, with his support of John Brown, violence, forcing him to briefly flee the country. Douglass returned to America with the coming of the Civil War, his hopes revived. George Kendall Warren Albumen silver print, 1876
11. SIPGPO_100213_113.JPG: Stokely Carmichael, 1941-1998 H. Rap Brown, 1943- Frustrated by what they regarded as slow progress in the struggle for equality and angered by the repressive tactics employed by civil rights opponents, Stokely Carmichael and H. Rap Brown emerged in the mid-1960s as leaders of an increasingly militant faction of activists who called for black autonomy rather than integration. Carmichael's experiences as a Freedom Rider in the 1951 campaign to desegregate interstate transportation in the South and his subsequent work as a field organizer with the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) fueled his decisions to abandon the long-favored tactic of passive resistance. Adopting "Black Power" as a rallying cry, Carmichael broke with SNCC and accepted a leadership role with the separatist Black Panther Party. He was soon joined by SNCC veteran H. Rap Brown, whose claim that "violence is as American as cherry pie" signaled a radical schism within the civil rights movement. James E. Hinton, Jr. Gelatin silver print, 1968
12. SIPGPO_100406_02.JPG: Senator Patrick Moynihan by Pat Oliphant Bronze, 1991
13. SIPGPO_100406_18.JPG: Unused Time magazine cover of Daniel Patrick Moynihan: For its cover of July 28, 1967, Time magazine selected Daniel Patrick Moynihan, one of the nation's most outspoken urbanologists, to illustrate its feature story about the country's "embattled cities." At that time, Moynihan was the head of the MIT-Harvard Joint Center for Urban Studies. As a recent recipient of an honorary degree from Rhode Island's Providence College, Moynihan was cited for having "dared to throw light on some of the most frightening problems facing urban dwellers... to force us to look where we would rather not." Time magazine turned to its most prolific cover artist, Boris Chaliapin, to produce Moynihan's likeness. The portrait seen here represents Chaliapin's initial effort, which for unknown reasons Time's editors declined. Boris Chaliapin Tempera on board, 1967
14. SIPGPO_100406_27.JPG: Daniel Patrick Moynihan, 1927-2003 Having gotten his first taste for politics by assisting in Robert Wagner's successful campaign for mayor of New York City in 1953, Daniel Patrick Moynihan served in a variety of academic and political positions, including cabinet posts in the Kennedy and Nixon administrations. Shortly after being elected to the Senate in 1976, he emerged as a leading, and at times controversial, voice in debates about urban affairs, welfare reform, and national defense. Over the course of four terms, the gregarious and erudite Democrat forged bipartisan relationships that produced some of the most important legislation of the era. Senator Edward Kennedy once remarked that Moynihan's service represented "what the Founding Fathers though the Senate would be about." Everett Raymond Kinstler Oil on canvas, 2003
15. SIPGPO_100406_38.JPG: Daniel Patrick Moynihan, 1927-2003 This photograph by Richard Avedon was created in July 1976 -- one month following Moynihan's announcement to run for the US Senate. Richard Avedon. Gelatin silver print, 1976
16. SIPGPO_100807_05.JPG: Norman Mineta, born 1931 Born to immigrant Japanese parents who were detained in an internment camp during World War II, Norman Mineta went on to become one of America's most influential Asian American political officeholders. He was elected mayor of San Jose in 1971, becoming the first Asian American mayor of a major U.S. city, and served in Congress from 1975 to 1995, where he co-founded the Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus. With his longtime friend Senator Alan Simpson, Mineta engineered the passage of the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, an official government apology for the Japanese internment camps. In 2000 President Clinton appointed Mineta secretary of commerce, making him the first Asian American to hold a cabinet post. In 2001, as George W. Bush's secretary of transportation-and the only Democrat in Bush's cabinet-Mineta issued the historic order to ground all civilian aircraft on September 11, 2001. Mineta resigned his cabinet seat in 2006 and is currently vice chairman of Hill & Knowlton. Everett Raymond Kinstler Oil on canvas, 2009
17. SIPGPO_100807_21.JPG: Lena Horne, 1917-2010 In 1938, at the age of twenty-one, the beautiful and talented nightclub singer Lena Horne debuted in her first film, initially entitled "The Duke of Tops." After singing with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1942, becoming the first African American to secure a long-term Hollywood studio contract, she starred in the all-black musicals "Cabin in the Sky" and "Stormy Weather." This 1943 poster advertised the re-release of her first film with its new title, "The Bronze Venus," and top billing for Horne. A lifelong civil rights advocate, Horne fought against Hollywood stereotypes, segregated audiences, and the McCarthy-era blacklist to build a brilliant, international career as a vocalist: touring, recording, performing on radio and television, and starring in her own award-winning revue on Broadway. One critic, praising her as an "incomparable performer," cited her "grace, her lithe dignity, her quiet humor, her curious combination of sullenness and sweetness." Morgan Lithography Company, 1943
18. SIPGPO_101002_10.JPG: Peanuts characters for Time magazine America needed to smile a little when Charles Schulz's Peanuts comic strip characters appeared on the cover of Time magazine on April 9, 1965. At a time when US involvement in the Vietnam War was escalating and racial tensions were on the rise at home, magazine covers often bore the stern faces of military generals and civil rights leaders. The Time debut of Charlie Brown and his cartoon friends was a welcome relief for many readers across the country. The magazine reported that "some 60 million people follow the strip in 700 newspapers in the US and Canada and 71 abroad." The reason for this phenomenal success stemmed from Schulz's keen interest, through his characters, in the basics of life -- "love, hate, togetherness, solitude, ... the alienation in an age of anxiety." Charles Schulz (1922-2000) Ink on paper, 1965 Gift of Time magazine
19. SIPGPO_101002_15.JPG: Charles M. Schulz 1922-2000 Born Minneapolis, Minnesota Creator of the beloved comic strip Peanuts, cartoonist Charles M. Schulz gave millions of newspaper readers something to look forward to each day. From the strip's debut on October 2, 1950, until its final original installment on February 13, 2000, Schulz delivered humor, warmth, and wisdom with the help of an endearing ensemble of characters that included Charlie Brown, Lucy, Linus, Schroeder, and the irrepressible beagle, Snoopy. The strip's appeal extended well beyond the funny pages, inspiring a plethora of Peanuts offering such as books, greeting cards, television specials, and toys that continue to reach new audiences. In this portrait by renowned photographer Yousuf Karsh, Schulz is seen in his studio with pen in hand. On the drawing board before him is a partially completed Peanuts Sunday comic featuring the latest episode in the continuing saga of Charlie Brown, Lucy, and the snatched football. Yousuf Karsh (1908-2002)
20. SIPGPO_101002_23.JPG: Original drawing for Peanuts Sunday comic strip, October 19, 1986 On November 16, 1952, Charles Schulz introduced a Peanuts story line that became a perennial favorite. That Sunday, Peanuts fans watched for the first time as Lucy upended Charlie Brown by snatching a football away just as he was about to kick it. As the years went by, Lucy dreamed up increasingly clever ruses to persuade Charlie Brown to repeat the attempted kick. Trusting and gullible to a fault, he always made the effort, and Lucy always pulled the football away at the very last second. Schulz created thirty-six versions of his fall classic, including this 1986 installment Like each of the 17,897 Peanuts strips to leave his studio, this one was pencilled, inked, and hand-lettered by Schulz himself.
21. SIPGPO_101120_001.JPG: Jonas Salk, 1914-1995 Jonas Salk built his career on developing vaccines against influenza and polio. In the 1940s he helped revolutionize immunology by developing vaccines that did not expose recipients to the disease itself. In 1947, as America confronted a polio epidemic, Salk turned to finding a vaccine for the disease, reporting successful results by 1953; by 1955 the Salk vaccine was in widespread use and dramatically diminished the impact of polio, especially among children. Salk never claimed a patent for the vaccine, asking "Could you patent the sun?" Edmond Romulus Amateis, 1966 cast after 1958 original
22. SIPGPO_101120_010.JPG: James Baldwin, 1924-1987 African American writer James Baldwin spent most of his adult life in France, and so never numbered among the country's leading civil rights activists in the usual sense. But as one of the most passionate and eloquent writers about the problems of race in America, Baldwin gave substantial impetus to the civil rights ferment of the 1950s and 1960s. Shortly after the publication of his collection of essays The Fire Next Time in 1963, Time magazine featured this cover portrait. One observer said of Baldwin, "in the U.S. today there is not another writer-white or black-who expresses with such poignancy and abrasiveness the dark realities of American racism." Among Baldwin's best-known works are Go Tell It on the Mountain (1953), a largely autobiographical novel about growing up in Harlem, and his volume of essays Nobody Knows My Name (1960). Boris Chaliapin, 1963
23. SIPGPO_101120_020.JPG: Buckminster Fuller, 1895-1983 Although not an accredited architect, Buckminster Fuller was best known for his many experiments in building design and his philosophy of architecture. Adhering to his "dymaxion" principle, which called for maximum results from a minimum of material and energy, he was an early advocate of prefabrication and modular construction. The most famous of Fuller's achievements was the geodesic dome, which artist Boris Artzybasheff wittily depicts here as the structure of Fuller's face and skull. Patented in 1947, this spherical structure required no internal support, thus creating an unobstructed interior space. In 1967, one of Fuller's domes served as the United States pavilion at the world exposition in Montreal, where it became a symbol of America's tradition in technical innovation. Boris Artzybasheff, 1963
24. SIPGPO_101120_027.JPG: William Westmoreland, 1914-2005 A spit-and-polish career army officer, William Westmoreland earned distinction in World War II and Korea. His combat experience, coupled with the political savvy gained during the 1950s, made him the logical commander of U.S. forces as combat escalated in Vietnam during the Johnson administration. Westmoreland was in charge of American forces from 1964 to 1968, but his talents as a commander proved ill-suited to the Vietnam War. Trained to fight a big war against the Soviets across the plains of Central Europe, Westmoreland never mastered counterinsurgency strategy against an elusive enemy. As the conflict became politicized at home, Westmoreland contributed to the domestic "credibility gap" by giving relentlessly upbeat progress reports, even as he called for a continual increase in troops. He was replaced after the 1968 Tet Offensive. Boris Chaliapin, 1965
25. SIPGPO_101120_033.JPG: Walter Cronkite, 1916-2009 As managing editor and anchor of the CBS Evening News, Walter Cronkite played a key role in the development of network news shows that influenced the public opinion of a generation. His style and demeanor earned him the trust and respect of many Americans. When he visited Vietnam in 1968 and called the conflict a stalemate, President Lyndon Johnson told an adviser, "If I've lost Cronkite, I've lost middle America." In times of great joy or sorrow in our nation, his mood mirrored what many Americans felt. Struggling to maintain his composure, he broke the news of President Kennedy's assassination in 1963, and whooped with joy during successful NASA missions. Robert Vickrey, who drew Time's 1966 cover portrait, only saw Cronkite in black and white on his television and incorrectly made his eyes brown. He later corrected the drawing with the most vivid blue he could conjure. Robert Vickrey, 1966
26. SIPGPO_101120_038.JPG: J. William Fulbright, 1905-1995 Arkansas senator J. William Fulbright was one of the leading internationalists of the post-World War II era, convinced that the responsibilities of war and peace were too grave for America to retreat into the isolationism that marked the end of World War I. First elected to the Senate in 1944, Fulbright was a fervent supporter of international organizations and treaties such as the Marshall and Truman plans, as well as NATO and the United Nations. Fulbright came to national attention in the 1960s as he broke with President Lyndon Johnson's foreign policy, especially on Vietnam. Fulbright became convinced that America's unilateralism was turning the country into an imperialist power. The televising of Fulbright's Senate hearings on Vietnam in 1966 helped catalyze public opinion against the war. Robert Vickrey, 1964-65
27. SIPGPO_101120_045.JPG: Barry Goldwater, 1909-1998 Senator Barry Goldwater's failed 1964 presidential campaign laid the groundwork for the subsequent triumph of Republican conservatism. Challenging the Republican establishment for its timidity, Goldwater provided a full-throated critique of New Deal and Great Society liberalism. Goldwater lost to Johnson in a landslide, in part because he was depicted as a dangerous extremist who threatened prosperity at home and peace abroad through his reactionary programs. Goldwater returned to the Senate, where he rose to the status of Washington "wise man," helping usher Richard Nixon from office in 1974. He lived long enough to see his more aggressive, populist vision of the Republican Party, one based in the South and West, triumph under Ronald Reagan. Bernard Safran, 1964
28. SIPGPO_101120_051.JPG: Merce Cunningham, 1919-2009 A seminal choreographer of the twentieth century, Merce Cunningham revolutionized dance by embracing everyday movement and devising new ways to integrate choreography, music, and visual effects. A prot�g� of Martha Graham, Cunningham performed with her company from 1939 to 1945. He then began a long partnership with composer John Cage, merging his own abstract choreography with Cage's austere modernism to produce works of unstructured randomness. In 1953 Cunningham formed his own company, where he showcased abstract dance focused on pure movement and also collaborated with avant-garde visual artists. He had met Elaine and Willem de Kooning while teaching at Black Mountain College. Although Elaine incorporated some of her husband's abstract brushwork into her art, she was "addicted" to portraiture. Interested in expressing character through stance and gesture, she depicted Cunningham's compact body in a static but intense pose. Elaine de Kooning, 1962
29. SIPGPO_101120_069.JPG: Robert F. Kennedy, 1925-1968 Bobby Kennedy, running for the Democratic presidential nomination, was shot and killed by assassin Sirhan Sirhan on June 5, 1968, after winning the California primary. This tragically ended one of the most interesting political careers in modern American history. Coming only months after the assassination of Martin Luther King, Kennedy's killing plunged an already dismal year of violence and confrontation into further darkness. The younger brother of President John F. Kennedy, Robert served as his attorney general and was then elected senator from New York. Kennedy entered the 1968 presidential race in opposition to the Johnson administration's Vietnam policy and as a progressive voice on urban and racial issues. Gardner Cox began this portrait, a commission from the Department of Justice, in February 1968 but finished it after the assassination. A muted, reflective, and melancholy image -- at odds with Cox's usual style -- it was rejected as too informal. Gardner Cox, 1968
30. SIPGPO_101120_077.JPG: Samuel J. Ervin, Jr. 1896-1985 Sam Ervin's professed ambition was always just to be a country lawyer with an occasional term as a judge in his native North Carolina. Yet in 1954 he permitted himself to be appointed to the U.S. Senate, where he served for the next twenty years. Ervin's Senate career typified that of a southern Democrat: he was a states'-rights conservative (especially on civil rights), pro-defense, and a strict constructionist of the Constitution. It was his knowledge of constitutional law and reputation for integrity that vaulted this folksy figure to national prominence and fame as the chair of the Senate's committee investigating the Watergate affair. Ervin had the bipartisan support necessary to conduct the hearing, and his avuncular yet firm control of proceedings laid the groundwork for President Nixon's subsequent resignation. Robert M. Peak, 1973
31. SIPGPO_101120_115.JPG: J.D. Salinger, 1919-2010 Jerome David Salinger had one of the great successes of all time with The Catcher in the Rye (1951). He then vanished, publishing only a few collections of short stories and emerging only to sue people who attempted to write about him; his last publication was in 1965. Yet Catcher in the Rye remains a classic. Its teenaged narrator Holden Caulfield's account of a weekend in Manhattan continues to speak to disaffected adolescents kicking against the "phonies." It has sold more than 65 million copies worldwide and is still occasionally banned by education administrators who fear its corrupting impact on alienated youth. Here, in a way that Salinger (and Caulfield) would have appreciated, the artist interprets the book's title literally and paints the author against an amber wave of grain. Robert Vickrey, 1961
32. SIPGPO_101120_123.JPG: Joseph McCarthy, 1908-1957 On February 9, 1950, Joseph McCarthy, a previously obscure junior senator from Wisconsin, sensationally announced that he had a list of 205 Communist Party members who worked in the State Department with the full knowledge of Secretary of State Dean Acheson. It was the beginning of McCarthy's meteoric and demagogic campaign against "reds" in the government. In truth, McCarthy had no evidence, and as his charges grew wilder, even people who sympathized with his intentions, if not his methods, fell away. When McCarthy held hearings against the U.S. Army, the tide irrevocably turned: he was censured by the Senate in 1954 and died soon after. "McCarthyism" lives on as a catchphrase for the abuse of governmental authority and power, especially in areas of civil liberties. Ernest Hamlin Baker, 1954
33. SIPGPO_101120_132.JPG: Alan Greenspan, 1926- As chairman of the Federal Reserve from 1987 to 2006, Alan Greenspan exerted enormous influence over the American economy while serving four presidents: Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush. Greenspan's attention to the power of interest rates, which he tended to keep low, is reflected in John Kascht's 1999 caricature for Business Week, which casts Greenspan, quite literally, as a financial guru. If not an eastern mystic, Greenspan has indeed thought deeply about the personal and social implications of specific economic policies, and in the 1950s he began a long friendship with the novelist Ayn Rand, embracing her philosophy of Objectivism and contributing to her 1966 volume, Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal. Since his retirement from the Federal Reserve, Greenspan has published his memoirs and entered the private financial sector. John Kascht, 1999
34. SIPGPO_101120_141.JPG: Warren Buffett, 1930- Highly celebrated for his prowess as one of the nation's most successful investors, Warren Buffet, popularly known as the "Oracle of Omaha," is the longtime leader of the highly successful holding company Berkshire Hathaway. John Kascht's 2003 caricature, commissioned but not published by the Wall Street Journal, casts this savvy player of the stock market as a "poker-faced" gambler with his cards close to his chest. One of the world's wealthiest men, Buffet has also become a significant philanthropist and major supporter of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, explaining, "If you're in the luckiest one per cent of humanity, you owe it to the rest of humanity to think about the other ninety-nine per cent." John Kascht, 2003
35. SIPGPO_101120_149.JPG: Ronald Reagan, 1911-2004 Part of a portfolio by Andy Warhol exploring various commercial logos, the pop artist's 1985 portrait of Ronald Reagan mixes personality, politics, and public image. Warhol used a 1953 advertisement for Van Heusen to capitalize on the panache of the handsome movie star. In typical fashion, Warhol slyly recast the implications of his source image by recontextualizing it, and here he draws a playful parallel between the shirt collar that won't wrinkle and the "Teflon" president. Warhol was fascinated by Reagan, attending his first inauguration and a subsequent White House dinner. Indeed, Reagan's personal popularity was widespread, and his political influence continues to resonate both at home and abroad. Domestically, Reagan argued for a reduced federal government and lower taxes, while his foreign policy had a considerable impact on the events that led to the downfall of the Soviet Union's communist regime and the end of the Cold War. Andy Warhol, 1985
36. SIPGPO_101120_163.JPG: John Waters, 1946- Independent filmmaker John Waters, dubbed the "pope of trash," draws the subject matter for his outrageous, shocking, and often X-rated films-including Mondo Trasho (1969), Pink Flamingos (1972), and Desperate Living (1977)-from life in his native Baltimore. Their offbeat and earthy grittiness has influenced many other filmmakers. Waters says he purposely stooped low for the sake of "shock humor," which he described as "making people laugh at things they would never laugh at if it were real." However, in a surprising turn of events, his 1988 film Hairspray received a PG rating and then became a prize-winning Broadway musical. This portrait by Waters's neighbor Joseph Sheppard shows the filmmaker seated in front of the Italian poster made for Desperate Living, which depicts two of the movie's stars, Jean Hill (left), and Mink Stole. Joseph Sheppard, 1995
37. SIPGPO_101120_172.JPG: Bill Cosby, 1937- Comedian, producer, author, actor, and civic activist Bill Cosby has had one of the most successful careers in the history of American entertainment and public culture. Starting out as a comedian, Cosby crossed over to television in the 1960s. Becoming one of the first African American television stars in the series I Spy, he later spun off other projects such as the cartoon Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids. He achieved his greatest success as Cliff Huxtable, becoming "America's dad" on The Cosby Show (1984-92), the first television sitcom to feature an upper-middle-class black family. While humorous and entertaining, the show also was intended by Cosby to demonstrate the achievements of African Americans in society as they express pride in their race and heritage. As an education and civic reformer, Cosby has taken a public stance-and drawn controversy- against cultural practices that he feels damage the black community. James VanDerZee, 1980
38. SIPGPO_101120_178.JPG: Pat Robertson, 1930- Americans tolerate, and even expect, a high degree of religiosity in their public and political lives. Yet the public is also mindful of the Constitution and the later concept of separation of church and state, so prominent religious figures are nearly always lightning rods for controversy. Such has certainly been the case for the televangelist Pat Robertson, whose conservative doctrine and link between religion and public or national conduct is a prominent influence on contemporary American political culture. A Southern Baptist who campaigned unsuccessfully for the Republican presidential nomination in 1988, Robertson has used his television ministry as a venue from which to castigate modern Americans for their moral and personal failings. He has prophesized the end of the world because of its corruption and views himself as a modern Noah who will guide his flock to safety while the wicked perish. William Coupon, c 1986
39. SIPGPO_101120_185.JPG: Molly Ringwald, 1968- Starring in three 1980s coming-of-age movies produced by John Hughes, actress Molly Ringwald is the personification of the 1980s. Ringwald first performed on stage at age three, singing at the California State Fair with her father's band backing her. By age six she had recorded an album, Molly Sings. A role in Paul Mazursky's 1982 film The Tempest garnered Ringwald a Golden Globe nomination and the attention of John Hughes, who was interested in making a movie highlighting teen angst. Hughes wrote Sixteen Candles (1984) for Ringwald and actor Michael Hall, and Ringwald worked on two additional Hughes films: The Breakfast Club (1985) and Pretty in Pink (1986). Hughes's films and Ringwald's characters defined the culture and attitudes of teens in that decade. Photographer Theo Westenberger captured this photo of Ringwald and her signature red hair for a 1986 Time magazine cover with the headline "Ain't She Sweet." Theo Westenberger, c 1986
40. SIPGPO_101120_193.JPG: Louise Bourgeois, 1911-2010 Known primarily for her sculptural work, the French-born artist Louise Bourgeois only achieved widespread recognition in the mid-1970s, when she was well into her sixties. Wryly noting that her recognition "could have come earlier, but that it's better than nothing at all," Bourgeois came to prominence in large part through the increased attention to female artists that resulted from the women's movement. But her stature has less to do with her gender than with her work's powerful exploration of themes of deep human significance, often reflecting the struggle of wills that characterize human relationships. Describing her approach to sculpting in a 1988 interview, Bourgeois noted: "I do not want to use the stone for my own purposes. I want to bring out its highest potential. And I do this with my tools-a hammer, a chisel, a drill. But always there is resistance. The urge to please someone, to want someone is very strong. Seduction is never finished." Hans Namuth, 1978
41. SIPGPO_101120_204.JPG: Sandra Day O'Connor, 1930- In 1981, President Ronald Reagan fulfilled a campaign promise to appoint the first woman to the U.S. Supreme Court by nominating Arizona lawyer and judge Sandra Day O'Connor to a seat on the bench. After announcing the nomination, Reagan wrote in his diary, "Already the flak is starting and from my own supporters. . . . I think that she'll make a good justice." O'Connor served from 1981 to her retirement in 2006 and left a reputation as a conscientious associate justice, one inclined toward narrowly based judgments rendered on a case-by-case basis, thereby avoiding setting sweeping precedents. A lifelong Republican, O'Connor came to the court after a career in the law and politics in both Arizona and California This portrait, along with twenty-four others by an equal number of artists, was created on October 10, 2006, when O'Connor agreed to be the model for a longstanding informal painting group that meets weekly in New York City. Jean Marcellino, 2006
42. SIPGPO_101120_218.JPG: Amiri Baraka, 1934- A major and controversial American poet and writer, Baraka was known as LeRoi Jones until 1968 when, as a consequence of his estrangement from America and his adoption of black nationalist politics, he converted to Islam. From his beginnings in the 1950s, Baraka wrote poetry that he used to chart the history of black oppression in America. Stylistically he was influenced by Beat poets like Alan Ginsberg to write incantatory, ecstatic verse that he directed toward the cause of African American rebellion; at one point he explicitly said he did not write to, nor did he want, a white audience. Yet in a series of powerfully wrought works like Blues People (1963) and Slave Ship (1970) Baraka forced America to reckon with both himself and the cause he represented. Anthony Barboza, 1976
43. SIPGPO_101120_222.JPG: The Recital (Portrait of Denyce Graves), 1964- Mezzo-soprano Denyce Graves is an internationally acclaimed opera superstar. An elegant stage personality, she combines rich vocalism with exciting theatricality. Graves made her Metropolitan Opera debut in 1995 as Carmen, which, along with Delilah and Samson and Delilah, remains one of her signature roles. She has also established herself as a highly sought-after recitalist, and her "Cathedral Christmas" concert has been a holiday mainstay since 1997. Graves's repertory is expansive, ranging from Bellini, Verdi, Offenbach, and Bartok to such contemporary composers as Philip Glass (Symphony No. 5) and Richard Danielpour (Margaret Gardner). Her crossover popularity has made her a featured guest on 60 Minutes, Larry King Live, and the Oprah Winfrey Show. Artist Nelson Shanks has pictured Graves in performance. Conductor Marc Mostovoy, the founder and longtime artistic director of the Chamber Orchestra of Philadelphia, is pictured as her accompanist. Nelson Shanks, 2000
44. SIPGPO_101120_233.JPG: Norman Mineta, 1931- Born to immigrant Japanese parents who were detained in an internment camp during World War II, Norman Mineta went on to become one of America's most influential Asian American political officeholders. He was elected mayor of San Jose in 1971, becoming the first Asian American mayor of a major U.S. city, and served in Congress from 1975 to 1995, where he co-founded the Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus. With his longtime friend Senator Alan Simpson, Mineta engineered the passage of the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, an official government apology for the Japanese internment camps. In 2000 President Clinton appointed Mineta secretary of commerce, making him the first Asian American to hold a cabinet post. In 2001, as George W. Bush's secretary of transportation-and the only Democrat in Bush's cabinet-Mineta issued the historic order to ground all civilian aircraft on September 11, 2001. Mineta resigned his cabinet seat in 2006 and is currently vice chairman of Hill & Knowlton. Everett Raymond Kinstler, 2009 Credit line on the sign: National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; Gift of George and Sakaye Aratani; Hill & Knowlton; Verizon Communications; AT&T; Freddie Mac; Saturn Electronics & Engineering/Wally Tsuha; Ms. Irene Hirano and the Japanese American National Museum; National Japanese American Memorial Foundation; Office of Hawaiian Affairs; The Washington Center for Internships and Academic Seminars; Asian American Government Executives Network; Asian Pacific American Institute for Congressional Studies; Allen Okamoto, Chairman of Asian Real Estate Association of America; Association of Asian/Pacific Community Health Organizations; Col. S. Phil Ishio (ret.) and Connie Ishio; Japanese American Citizens League (National); Japanese American Citizens League (D.C. Chapter); Japanese American Veterans Association; Justice & Security Strategies, Inc.; Leadership Education for Asian Pacifics, Inc.; Robert Nakamoto; National Coalition for Asian Pacific American Community Development; National Association of Realtors�; National Council of Asian Pacific Americans; OCA; State Farm�; and other friends of Norman Mineta If necessary for press use, the credit line can be : National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; Gift of George and Sakaye Aratani; Hill & Knowlton; and other friends of Norman Mineta
45. SIPGPO_101120_252.JPG: Selena, 1971-1995 Selena (born Selena Quintanilla-Perez) rocketed to fame as a teen-age singer of Tejano music, the distinctive pop music of the borderlands that fuses Mexican music with western folk music like the polka. Pushed by an ambitious father, Selena released her first record at age fourteen, and by sixteen she was dominating the Tejano charts. She had a gold record, Ven Conmigo, in 1990 and won a Grammy for Selena Live (1993). Growing in popularity-she became known as the "Mexican Madonna"-Selena became a spokesperson for major corporate brands and began to take TV and movie roles. A month after performing before 65,000 fans at the Houston Astrodome, she was murdered by the head of her Texas fan club after a dispute over money. Her funeral drew 60,000 mourners and her posthumous album, Dreaming of You, debuted at number one on the Billboard charts, the first record by a Hispanic singer to do so. Al Rendon, 1993
46. SIPGPO_101120_264.JPG: Steel recovered from the World Trade Center after September 11, 2001 As a museum of biography and history, the National Portrait Gallery concentrates on the individuals who have helped make our nation. But when appropriate, the Portrait Gallery also uses associative historical items to supplement its portraits and to illuminate particularly important historical moments. Under this guideline, we obtained a remnant of the destroyed Twin Towers of the World Trade Center, believing that September 11, 2001 -- which this piece of twisted metal represents, symbolizes, and memorializes -- is a defining event in contemporary history.
47. SIPGPO_101120_268.JPG: Pete Rose, 1941- During his twenty-six-year baseball career (1960-86), Pete Rose, known as "Charlie Hustle," distinguished himself with numerous records, including most career hits (4,256) and an extraordinary versatility in the field, where he played more positions than any other player in baseball history. "I learned at an early age how important it is to win," Rose recalls. Andy Warhol's 1985 screenprint commemorates Rose's shattering of Ty Cobb's longstanding record of career hits. Modeled on a baseball card, Warhol's portrait depicts the Cincinnati Reds' star, a switch-hitter, poised to fire one of his record-breaking hits; the circular Reds logo suggests the ball with which the bat will connect. However, the celebratory tone of this image would be marred in 1989, when Rose violated baseball's rules regarding player gambling. As a result, he was banished from baseball for life, and has never been elected to the Hall of Fame. Andy Warhol, 1985
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