BGuthrie Photos: DC -- Natl Archives -- Exhibit: Discovering the Civil War (part 1)

DC -- Natl Archives -- Exhibit: Discovering the Civil War (part 1):

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Description of Pictures: Discovering the Civil War:
It ended almost 150 years ago. But Americans still discuss, debate, and disagree about the Civil War. No one alive today lived during this momentous conflict. Time and myth have obscured our perspective on the war.
So how do we know what happened?
Very often, we find answers and stories in records left by the participants themselves. Much of this evidence -- letters, orders, maps, telegrams, photographs, and broadsides -- is preserved in the National Archives.
In this exhibit, we invite you to:
* Take a fresh look at the Civil War through little-known stories, seldom-seen documents, and unusual perspectives;
* Consider and ask questions about the evidence;
* Listen to a wide variety of voices; and
* Make up your own mind about the struggle that tore apart these United States.
Come discover the Civil War for yourself.

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Copyrights: All pictures were taken by amateur photographer Bruce Guthrie (me!) who retains copyright on them. Free for non-commercial use with attribution. See the [Creative Commons] definition of what this means. "Photos (c) Bruce Guthrie" is fine for attribution. (Commercial use folks including AI scrapers can of course contact me.) Feel free to use in publications and pages with attribution but you don't have permission to sell the photos themselves. A free copy of any printed publication using any photographs is requested. Descriptive text, if any, is from a mixture of sources, quite frequently from signs at the location or from official web sites; copyrights, if any, are retained by their original owners.

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. ARCHCW_100427_015.JPG: Breaking Apart: In 1859, the prospect that the United States would break apart and plunge into civil war seemed remote. Few Americans could have imagined a war that would last four years, destroy much of the South, kill 620,000 soldiers and sailors, and free 4 million slaves. Yet, just two years later, it happened. * What led to the secession of the South? * Were there efforts to avoid war? * How did the South try to forge a national identity? You can uncover answers to these and other questions about the beginnings of the Civil War in the documents around you. Lincoln calls up troops: President Lincoln needed troops to squash what he viewed as a rebellion. So on April 15, 1851, he signed this proclamation asking for 75,000 volunteers from the states to subdue "combinations too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings." He also ordered the leaders of those "combinations" to return to their homes and called for Congress to meet on July 4. "You can get no troops from North Carolina": Secretary of War Simon Cameron asked North Carolina to provide two regiments in response to President Lincoln's proclamation. The governor of North Carolina replied with this message condemning the Federal Government's attempts at "subjugating the States of the South." About a month after Lincoln's proclamation, on May 20, North Carolina seceded from the Union. The South gains a key state: Wealthy and strategically located, Virginia initially refused to join the seven Southern states that seceded after Lincoln's election. But by mid-April 1861, Fort Sumter had fallen in Charleston, South Carolina, and Lincoln had called for 75,000 troops to suppress the rebellion. The Virginia Convention reversed course and passed this Ordinance of Secession on April 17 by a vote of 88 to 55. A statewide vote held a month later supported its decision. Diplomats turned away: The Confederate States of America regarded itself as a separate nation. In March 1861, the Confederate Government sent John Forsyth and Martin J Crawford to Washington, DC, with this letter to negotiate "all questions growing out of... political separation..." US Secretary of State William Seward refused to recognize the two envoys. The Confederacy was not a government, he wrote back, but "a perversion of temporary and partisan excitement." The Confederacy goes to war! The Confederacy considered itself the victim of Northern aggression. Its efforts to negotiate separation has failed. So on May 6, 1861, the Confederate Congress passed this resolution. It amounted to a declaration of war against the United States. The US Congress did not pass a similar declaration. Such an act would legitimize the Confederacy as a nation. Mathew Brady's War Photographs: Mathew Brady had established himself as a photographer before the Civil War began, with studios in New York and Washington DC. Throughout the war, Brady and a team of photographers followed the Union and Confederate armies and documented their activities -- sometimes at risk to their own lives. Photographs like the one below brought the war into everyone's home. The National Archives holds a treasured set of Mathew Brady's original glass plate negatives. A Local Fight: For many, the Civil War conjures up images of huge armies colliding on legendary battlefields such as Gettysburg, Antietam, and Shiloh. Those battles were very significant. But civil War also meant smaller clashes that bitterly divided neighbors in places such as Pine Knob, Missouri; Lawrence, Kansas; and Goodson, Virginia. * Who was involved in these fights? * How did they start? * And how did they help shape the war? Records from the National Archives document it all -- the major battles as well as the skirmishes, guerrilla raids, and occupations in communities with divided loyalties.
2. ARCHCW_100427_020.JPG: Bloody Kansas: Enacted by Congress in 1854, the Kansas-Nebraska Act empowered the people living in a territory to decide the question of slavery there. People for and against slavery rushed to the territory of Kansas, and civil war erupted. This newspaper clipping describes one of many bloody battles between abolitionists and slavery supporters. Both sides created governments and applied for statehood. In 1861, Kansas was admitted to the Union as a free state.
3. ARCHCW_100427_029.JPG: Minting Major Generals: Finding Leaders: Both Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis faced a Herculean task in raising and training huge armies and navies on very short notice. Although it was relatively easy to train privates and seamen, it was much more challenging to find and nurture capable officers who could command hundreds of thousands of men. * How did Lincoln and Davis find good military leaders? * Where did these officers come from? * How did these men know each other? The documents in this area reveal stories of friendship and betrayal, competence and ineptitude, as the two sides sought out the best men to lead.
4. ARCHCW_100427_032.JPG: Picking Winners: Promoted by election: Electing junior officers such as lieutenants and captains to higher ranks was common among state troops of both the North and South. This report from Confederate 1st Lt. WL Harris of the 15th Texas Dismounted Cavalry certified the results of an election held on March 9, 1864, to fill two vacancies in Company F. The men elected Sgt. William A Brady and Pvt Joseph B Lyas to be lieutenants. Political general: Benjamin F Butler was successful attorney from Lowell, Massachusetts, and the Democratic Party's candidate for governor in 1860. He was also a brigadier general in the Massachusetts Militia and an ardent supporter of the Union. President Lincoln needed the political support of Butler and other War Democrats. So on May 16, 1861, despite Butler's minimal military training, Lincoln appointed him major general of volunteers. Replacing his replacement: On January 23, 1861, Col PGT Beauregard relieved Col. Richard Delafield as commander of West Point and superintendent of the US Military Academy. Five days later, as this letter written by Delafield details, Beauregard resigned and left for New Orleans to join the Confederate Army. Beauregard eventually became the first brigadier general in the Provisional Army of the Confederate States. Delafield resumed his former positions at West Point. Beauregard still holds the record for the US Military Academy's shortest serving superintendent. During his "Ride around McClellan," Stuart outwitted Union troops commanded by his father-in-law, Maj Gen Philip St. George Cooke. An irreplaceable loss: After its famous charge at Gettysburg on July 3, 1863, Confederate Gen. George Pickett's division suffered a serious loss of officers. All three brigadier generals and six colonels were killed. Fifteen regimental commanders and 16 of 17 field officers were either killed, wounded, missing, or captured. As this report from Armistead's Brigade documents, replacements could not be named in two of the brigade's five regiments, and captains were promoted three steps to command regiments.
5. ARCHCW_100427_051.JPG: We Were There: The Civil War transformed the lives of all who were swept up in it -- whether on a battlefield or in a hospital, on a farm or in a factory. * Who were the men and women in blue and gray? * Who tended to them when they were sick or wounded? * Who took care of the farms and homes left behind? * Who worked in the arsenals, built the forts, and provided supplies? Records preserved in the National Archives contain remarkable stories of ordinary people as well as generals and statesmen. Take a look. Caring for the Wounded: Christianna Batts is one of at least 2,000 African American women who worked in US hospitals. Identified as "adult female contraband," Batts was most likely a runaway slave seeking safety behind Union lines. Although she is identified as a laundress, African American women often performed many other duties, such as cooking, cleaning, and nursing soldiers.
6. ARCHCW_100427_053.JPG: Katie Wilmes
7. ARCHCW_100427_060.JPG: Lincoln's substitute: In both the North and South, many men who were drafted hired substitutes to take their place for a going rate of $200 to $275. President Lincoln was well over the age to be eligible for the draft. But he sponsored a soldier, 19-year-old J Summerfield Staples from Pennsylvania, through a program known as "representative recruits." Staples has come to be known as Lincoln's "substitute."
8. ARCHCW_100427_076.JPG: Abolitionists petition Congress: Starting the in 1830s, a small but growing movement advocated the abolition of slavery in the United States. After 1850, abolition's appeal spread to those who feared slavery's expansion into the territories. Abolitionists collected hundreds of thousands of signatures on petitions to Congress, like this one from citizens of New York. As abolitionist agitation increased, Southern whites became increasingly outspoken in their defense of slavery.
9. ARCHCW_100427_078.JPG: Scars of slavery: This 1863 photograph of "Peter," a former slave displaying scars from his overseer's whippings, was widely reproduced as evidence of slavery's cruelty. The image was sometimes paired with a photo or drawing of "Peter" after his enlistment in the US Army. "Peter" was sometimes identified as "Gordon."
10. ARCHCW_100427_111.JPG: Raising Armies: In early 1861, the US Army consisted of only about 14,000 men. The US Navy was even smaller and scattered around the world's oceans. The new Confederate States of America had to create an army and navy from scratch. Just four years later, millions of men had fought on both sides. * How did the North and South build such huge armed forces so quickly? * What motivated men to enlist? * What happened to those who resisted? The documents in this area provide evidence that both North and South took far-reaching measures to raise and retain their fighting forces.
11. ARCHCW_100427_117.JPG: From leather merchant to President: In 1860, a census taker in Galena, Illinois, recorded a family headed by a leather merchant named WL Grant. Although Grant's estate was worth only $200, this page from the census shows that he had a house servant. Today, WL Grant is better known as Ulysses S Grant. By the time of the 1870 census, he had risen from obscurity to general-in-chief of the Union Army and from there to President of the United States.
12. ARCHCW_100427_135.JPG: "Kansas is again invaded" Lawrence, Kansas, served as a base for Union raids into Confederate parts of Missouri and also as a center for recruiting African American troops. On August 21, 1863, Confederate guerrilla leader William Quantrill and 450 of his men attacked the town. They burned much of it, robbed stores, and killed hundreds of civilians. Kansas Governor Thomas Kearney sent this telegram to the secretary of war asking for troops to protect Lawrence.
13. ARCHCW_100427_149.JPG: Proclamation from the Pacific: In August 1861, King Kamehameha IV proclaimed that the Hawaiian Islands would remain neutral in the conflict between the United States and "certain States therof [sic] styling themselves 'The Confederate States of America'." The King prohibited his subjects from helping either side raid commercial vessels. Since commerce raiding was a key component of the Confederate's naval strategy, that prohibition affected the South more than it did the North. A Global War: Through diplomatic negotiations and naval conflicts, the Civil War's impact extended far beyond US borders -- to London, Beijing, Cape Town, and Rio de Janeiro. While Union and Confederate troops battled on American soil, a global diplomatic battle ensued. * How did the Confederacy seek recognition abroad? * How did the US Government react to Confederate efforts to gain recognition? * Did Confederate and Union ships battle beyond North American waters? The documents in this area will help you piece together a picture of the Civil War's global reach.
14. ARCHCW_100427_153.JPG: "... to destroy the peaceful commerce of the United States." In this letter dated March 8, 1864, US Minister Anson Burlingame informed Chinese Foreign Minister Peace Kung that the Confederate ship Alabama had been attacking US merchant ships. He asked Kung to consider China's treaty obligations and the interest of international commerce and to deny the Alabama or any other Confederate ship entrance to Chinese waters. Kung agreed. Burlingame maintained this Chinese-language copy of the letter in his files.
15. ARCHCW_100427_171.JPG: Failed appeal for recognition: On September 23, 1861, Confederate Secretary of State Robert Hunter instructed James Mason of Virginia to sail to London. He was to gain England's recognition of the Confederacy, resulting in legitimacy and possibly an alliance against the United States. But on November 8, Mason was captured by Union forces aboard the British vessel Trent. Britain deemed this a violation of its neutrality and nearly declared war on the United States. Great Britain never recognized the Confederacy.
16. ARCHCW_100427_177.JPG: Seeking Irish independence in Kentucky: On March 12, 1866, Union Maj Gen John Palmer, commander of the Department of Kentucky, sent this letter and clipping to the adjutant general. He expressed concern that ":Major Mangin," a former Union soldier, and "Colonel Blincoe," a former Confederate, were organizing and arming an Irish independence group called the Fenians in Kentucky. Three months later, Fenians -- including some from Kentucky -- invaded Canada in an attempt to wrest Ireland from British control. "Major Mangin who, it will be observed, is openly recruiting [Fenian] troops here did good service in the Army of the United States during the war, while Blincoe, who is called 'Col. JH Blincoe,' was as I am informed in the rebel service and was perhaps a guerilla."
17. ARCHCW_100427_187.JPG: Which Amendment was Ratified? Compare these two 13th amendments. They look very much alike, but their content could not be more different: * The 1861 unratified amendment would have prevented the Federal Government form ever interfering with slavery. * The 1865 ratified amendment forever freed 4 million men and women held in bondage. Stay tuned... We have many more discoveries to share about emancipation and other consequences of the Civil War. Join us in November 2010, when the second half of "Discovering the Civil War" opens here in the Lawrence O'Brien Gallery of the National Archives. Joint Resolution proposing a 13th amendment to the Constitution signed by President James Buchanan, March 2, 1861.
18. ARCHCW_100427_191.JPG: Joint Resolution proposing a 13th amendment to the Constitution signed by President Abraham Lincoln, approved February 1, 1865.
19. ARCHCW_100427_199.JPG: "We, the People of the Confederate States..." Adopted on March 11, 1861, the Constitution of the Confederate States closely resembled the Constitution of the United States. It differed chiefly in its emphasis on each state's "sovereign and independence character," its reference to "Almighty God," and its six-year term for President. Citizens could take slaves into the Confederacy's territories as well as from state to state. Like the United States, however the Confederacy banned the importation of slaves from other countries.
20. ARCHCW_100427_205.JPG: WANTED! 200 NEGROES. By direction of Lieut. Gen. Pemberton, Commanding Depart- ment of Mississippi and East Louisiana, I call upon the Planters of Lowndes and adjacent counties for Negroes to complete the fortifi- cations. For every negro furnished, including cooks, the Quartermaster's department will pay $1.25 per day -- owners to feed their negroes. Tents or other shelter will be provided by the Government. Good and experienced overseers will be employed to stay with and take charge of the laborers. Report on Monday morning, 3rd Nov. in front of Court House. Jno. Adams Col. C.S. Army. Slaves in the Confederate Army? The Confederate Army used slaves as cooks, servants, and teamsters. They also built fortifications. This advertisement called on slave owners to provide slaves -- and receive payment for their labor in return. In March 1865, just weeks before the end of the war, the Confederate Congress passed legislation allowing its army to recruit black troops. But it did not promise the troops freedom in return for their military service.
21. ARCHCW_100427_211.JPG: "And retaliation will be our practice now..." After President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, the US Army began recruiting black men in earnest. The Confederate Government regarded captured black soldiers as fugitive slaves, not prisoners of war. It threatened to execute them or sell them into slavery. This broadside reassured potential black recruits that the US Government would treat *all* of its troops as soldiers -- and retaliate in the event of Confederate mistreatment of black US soldiers.
22. ARCHCW_100427_225.JPG: James Longstreet's resignation letter
23. ARCHCW_100427_232.JPG: Richmond, July 12th, 1864 To Genl. R. E. Lee Petersburg VA General Longstreet has failed, and there are strong indications that he will abandon Atlanta. He urges that prisoners should be removed immediately from Andersonville. It seems nec- cesary to relieve him at once. Who should succeed him, what think you of Hood for the position? Jefferson Davis Compared with Original Correct copy. Marcus J... Former roommates clash: Confederate President Jefferson Davis had a difficult relationship with his former West Point roommate, Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, commander of the Department and Army of Tennessee. In mid-1864, Johnston failed to halt Sherman's march on Atlanta. In this letter, Davis asked Gen. Robert E. Lee for advice on replacing Johnston with Lt. Gen. John B. Hood. Lee replied that Hood had great fighting qualities but lacked other characteristics of a successful commander.
24. ARCHCW_100427_239.JPG: Recd night of July 17th, 1864. ... from Atlanta; at Nelson house on Maditta (sp?) road. Richmond July 17th, 1864 Gen'l J.E. Johnston, Lieut. Genl. J.B. Hood has been commis- sioned to the temporary rank of general under the late law of Congress. I am directed by the Secry of War to inform you that, as you have failed to arrest the advance of the enemy to the vicinity of Atlanta, Ga (???) in the interior of Georgia, and express no confidence that you can defeat or repel him, you are hereby relieved from the command of the Army and Dept., of Tenn, which you will immediately turn over to Genl Hood. " S. Cooper, A and I. Genl [Adjutant and Inspector-General] President David replaced Gen. Joseph E. Johnston as commander of the Department and Army of Tennessee with Lt. Gen. John B. Hood. Confederate Adj. Gen. Samuel Cooper conveyed the news to Johnston in this letter. He explained that Johnston was being replaced because of his failure to stop Sherman's march from Chattanooga to Atlanta.
25. ARCHCW_100427_246.JPG: THE SOUTHERN TELEGRAPH COMPANIES Received at July 18, 1864 at ___ o'clock, ___ minutes, By telegraph from Near Atlanta 18. To Gen. S. Cooper Your dispatch of yesterday received and obeyed -- command of the army and dept. of Tennessee has been transferred to the Gen. Hood. As for the alleged causes of my removal, I assert that Sherman's army is much stronger compared with that of Tennessee than Grant's compared with that of Northern Virginia yet the enemy has been compelled to advance. (continues next slide)
26. ARCHCW_100427_249.JPG: much more slowly to the vicinity of Atlanta than to that of Richmond and Petersburg and has penetrated much farther into Va. than into Ga. -- Confident language by a military commander is not usually regarded as evidence of competency. J.E. Johnston Genl Order received: In this telegram of July 18, 1864, General Johnston acknowledged Adj. Gen. Samuel Cooper's order and turned over command of the Department and Army of Tennessee to Gen. John B. Hood -- but with little grace. Johnston criticized Robert E. Lee, his former classmate, and argued that Hood's confident language did not guarantee his success.
27. ARCHCW_100427_258.JPG: Charlotte NC Feby 25th, 1865 General Order No. 1. In obedience to the or- ders of the General-in-chief, the under- signed has assumed command of the Army of Tennessee, and all the troops in the Departments of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. He takes this position with strong hope -- because he will have in counsel and on the field, the aid of the high talents and skill of the dis- tinguished general whom he succeeds. He exhorts all absent soldiers of the Army of Tennessee to rejoin their regiments and again confront the enemy they have so often encoun- tered in Northern Georgia -- and al- ways with honor. He assures his comrades of that Army who are still with their colours, that the confidence in their discipline and valor which he has publicly ex- pressed, is undiminished. [Signed] J. E. Johnston General Johnston restored: During the seven months he commanded the Army of Tennessee, Gen. John B. Hood made poor decisions that led to the Army's defeat and destruction at the Battles of Franklin and Nashville in November and December 1864. He resigned on January 13, 1865. The Army of Tennessee was transferred to the Carolinas to oppose Sherman on his march north. Despite their earlier conflicts, President Davis selected Gen. Joseph E. Johnston to once again command the Army of Tennessee.
28. ARCHCW_100427_262.JPG: Passing as a man: Neither the Union nor the Confederate Army allowed women to enlist. However, hundreds of women served by passing as men. Sarah Emma Edmonds alias Frank Thompson passed as a man for two years with Company F, Second Michigan Infantry Volunteers. She deserted after contracting malaria and fearing she would be discovered. When she later files for an invalid pension under her married name of Seelye, one of her fellow soldiers provided this testimony regarding her service.
29. ARCHCW_100427_279.JPG: Was he a Yankee or a Confederate? Yankee *and* Confederate? These two service cards show that Pvt. Henry Scott served in both armies. He originally joined the Confederate 10th Louisiana Infantry, where he fought at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. He was captured at Spotsylvania in May 1864 and taken to a prisoner-of-war camp at Point Lookout, Maryland. He then took the oath of allegiance for the United States and joined the 1st US Volunteer Infantry. He deserted soon after on August 30, 1864. One way out: At the beginning of the war, prisoner-of-war camps served as temporary holding camps while exchanges were negotiated. In 1863, the prisoner exchange system broke down. Prisons on both sides became overcrowded; disease and starvation killed men in droves. Many Confederate soldiers enlisted in the US Army as a way out of these appalling conditions. "Galvanized Yankee" regiments of former Confederates were generally assigned to fight Native Americans in the West.
30. ARCHCW_100427_291.JPG: "... driven from their homes by the disloyal Indians..." Native Americans were caught between the Union and the Confederacy, and the loyalties of several tribes were split. In this letter, US Commissioner of Indian Affairs William P. Dole described the plight of a group of Creek Indians. Loyal to the Union, they were driven from their lands by Confederate forces and other Creeks sympathetic to the Confederacy. The refugees eventually fought their way to Kansas, where they faced starvation and harsh winter conditions.
31. ARCHCW_100427_296.JPG: A raid in Virginia: This letter describes a raid on Falls Church, Virginia, by one of the Confederacy's most daring partisan commanders. John Singleton Mosby and his cavalry, Mosby's rangers, operated behind Union lines in Northern Virginia, seizing supplies and capturing prisoners. They were seen as "partisans" and not "guerrillas" because they wore Confederate uniforms and were authorized by the Confederate Government. "The rebels came into Falls Church about half past 12 O'clock this morning and captured one picket post and took Mr. L.D. Reed a staunch Union man...and there murdered him."
32. ARCHCW_100427_301.JPG: AMERICAN TELEGRAPH COMPANY Received at 945 BROADWAY Oct. 19th 1864. Dated Montpelier Vt. Oct. 19, 1864. To Maj. Genl John A. Dix Rebels from Canada have invaded the state robbed all the banks at St. Albans killed several citizens and are at work destroying property. Send such force as you can to help us. J. Gregory Smith Governor of Vermont "Rebels from Canada" Vermont's governor sent this telegram after Confederate agents entered the state from Canada on October 19, 1864. In St. Albans, they robbed banks, killed a civilian, stole horses, and destroyed property. Some were captured and turned over to Canadian authorities. Canadian courts ruled the raiders were soldiers and could not be returned to the United States. Canada eventually reimbursed the St. Albans banks, but tensions remained high along the border for the rest of the war.
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