BGuthrie Photos: SC -- Columbia -- South Carolina State Museum

SC -- Columbia -- South Carolina State Museum:

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Copyrights: All pictures were taken by amateur photographer Bruce Guthrie (me!) who retains copyright on them. Free for non-commercial use with attribution. See the [Creative Commons] definition of what this means. "Photos (c) Bruce Guthrie" is fine for attribution. (Commercial use folks including AI scrapers can of course contact me.) Feel free to use in publications and pages with attribution but you don't have permission to sell the photos themselves. A free copy of any printed publication using any photographs is requested. Descriptive text, if any, is from a mixture of sources, quite frequently from signs at the location or from official web sites; copyrights, if any, are retained by their original owners.

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. STATEM_071205_007.JPG: Topiary: Work in Progress: Over the next several years, topiary artist Pearl Fryar of Bishopville will create and nurture living sculpture in these garden areas. Similar to Fryar's work "Heart Within a Heart," which stands on the grounds near the right corner of the museum, these plants will evolve according to the artist's design. We invite you to enjoy the development of this area -- watching these trees grow into works of art. This project was sponsored by the SC State Museum Foundation's 1997 annual fund and is part of the museum's "Still Worth Keeping: Communities, Preservation and Self-Taught Artists" project. To see more of Fryar's fascinating work, visit his topiary garden in Bishopville.
2. STATEM_071205_011.JPG: Work in progress; Topiary work
3. STATEM_071205_054.JPG: The Outhouse: This outhouse comes from the Tabernacle Methodist Church in Spartanburg County. It replaced an earlier outhouse in the 1940s and was removed in 1982 when plumbing was installed in the church. The Rev. Benjamin Wofford, founder of Wofford College, worshipped at this church in the late 1700s as a youth. The outhouse got its name from its location in relationship to the main building. At least 20 yards was a safe, sanitary distance from one's home and water supply. Bitter cold or extreme heat could make a trip to the outhouse very uncomfortable. Toilet paper was almost unheard of in the 1800s. Efforts to introduce individual sheets of toilet paper as early as 1857 failed because it was more economical to use old newspapers and, later, large mail-order catalogs. Fact or Fantasy? A crescent moon has often been placed on outhouse doors in comic strips and cartoons. Actually, very few outhouses used this icon. No one knows its origin, but many know it means "the little she" is an outhouse. Did it refer to moonshiners? Perhaps it referred to using the outhouse at night.
4. STATEM_071205_058.JPG: The Outhouse: This outhouse comes from the Tabernacle Methodist Church in Spartanburg County. It replaced an earlier outhouse in the 1940s and was removed in 1982 when plumbing was installed in the church. The Rev. Benjamin Wofford, founder of Wofford College, worshipped at this church in the late 1700s as a youth. The outhouse got its name from its location in relationship to the main building. At least 20 yards was a safe, sanitary distance from one's home and water supply. Bitter cold or extreme heat could make a trip to the outhouse very uncomfortable. Toilet paper was almost unheard of in the 1800s. Efforts to introduce individual sheets of toilet paper as early as 1857 failed because it was more economical to use old newspapers and, later, large mail-order catalogs. Fact or Fantasy? A crescent moon has often been placed on outhouse doors in comic strips and cartoons. Actually, very few outhouses used this icon. No one knows its origin, but many know it means "the little she" is an outhouse. Did it refer to moonshiners? Perhaps it referred to using the outhouse at night.
5. STATEM_071205_081.JPG: Model of the Hunley
6. STATEM_071205_099.JPG: Fort Moultrie
7. STATEM_071205_108.JPG: Breakdown of population of South Carolina in 1850: Planters: Population of South Carolina in 1850: 43,345 or 6.50% The most powerful and influential group in antebellum South Carolina was the planters, even though they were a minority of the population. Planters were Whites who owned 10 or more slaves and large amounts of land. To be a planter was the highest level of social achievement. Planters' lives revolved around their families and the day-to-day operation of their plantations which they usually managed with the help of overseers. They produced a staple crop: rice in the Lowcountry, long staple cotton on the sea islands, and short staple cotton in the Upcountry. The homes of the planters varied according to their wealth and taste. Few had statement mansions. Most lived in large, frame houses designed to provide relief from hot South Carolina summers. These houses were usually two stories tall with four rooms on each floor. Built or wood or brick on high ground, they had broad piazzas with sloping roofs to block the sun. Education was very important to the planters. Young children studied with tutors and at private Academies. Planters' son attended college and their daughters went to finishing schools. Religion was also significant in the lives of the planters. Most planters sere active members and supporters of the Episcopal church. For entertainment, planters enjoyed dinner parties and balls. Cultural activities in Charleston, such as the theatre and concerts, were also very popular. Horse racing was the favorite sport.
8. STATEM_071205_111.JPG: Plain Folk: Population of South Carolina in 1850: 231,218 or 34.50% Most whites in South Carolina were plain folk: farmers, who owned some land and maybe a few slaves; artisans and shopkeepers; and poor whites, who usually owned no property. The plain folk and planters had close contact with each other and were often related. The plain folk were self-sufficient. They supported themselves by hunting, fishing, and subsistence farming. Most also raised small cash crops of cotton. They did all the various chores on the farm, working side-by-side with their slaves or hired help. Poor whites often "got by" by living off the land or by working for their more prosperous neighbors. The homes of plain folk were simple and functional. They lived in log cabins or houses built with rough-hewn boards, Their homes usually had one to four rooms. The roof projected out over a large open porch. The whole cabin was raised on four corner posts, 2 or 3 feet from the ground, to allow air to circulate under it. A fireplace with a detached chimney was built at one end of the house for heating and cooking. Most plain folk had little education. Farm children usually went to nearby "field schools" only a few months a year. Their parents needed them to help on the farm and often could not afford the school fees. The church had an important role in the lives of plain folk. Most were Methodists, Presbyterians, or Baptists, and the churches has a strong influence on the community. Picnics, singings, quiltings, and church activities were popular forms of entertainment. Times of mutual assistance, such as house raisings, log rollings, or corn shuckings, were also social events.
9. STATEM_071205_116.JPG: Free Blacks: Population of South Carolina in 1850: 8,960 or 1.50% Free blacks were people of African descent but were not slaves. Free Blacks were a small percentage of the population. Their place in society was ill-defined. Although they had many freedoms unavailable to slaves, they were not allowed many rights granted to Whites. They were "free" but not "equal." The lives of free Blacks varied greatly depending on their wealth and where they lived. Most lived in the country and worked as hired farm laborers. A few owned their own farms. A large number of free Blacks lived in Charleston. Many of these, especially the mulatto, or mixed race, elite, were artisans and shopkeepers. Free Blacks usually lived near Whites of the same economic group and in similar houses. Poorer free Blacks lived in rough log cabins. Prosperous, landowning free Blacks lived in more substantial homes. Few private schools for free Blacks were available in Charleston. These schools continued to operate even after they were declared illegal in 1834. Most students were from prosperous families, but some efforts were made to educate poorer children. Religion played a vital role in the lives of free Blacks. Most elite mulattoes were Episcopalians, while many other free Blacks attended Presbyterian, Baptist, and Methodist churches. Entertainment activities for free Blacks varied according to their wealth and where they lived. In the country they usually socialized with, and in the same ways, as the slaves. In the city, the elite usually only socialized among themselves. They enjoyed dinner parties, receptions, and organized picnics. Church activities were also important forms of entertainment.
10. STATEM_071205_118.JPG: Slaves: Population of South Carolina in 1850: 384,984 or 57.50% Slaves occupied the bottom rung of the social ladder. They were considered the property of their masters and had little control over their own lives. The slaves provided the labor for the plantation system. Though they made up the majority of the population, they had no power or prestige. The lifestyle of the slaves was primarily determined by their masters. The slaveowner decided where and how they lived and the work they did. Most slaves lived and worked on plantations. Some were house servants, but most were field hands. They planted, tended, and harvested the master's crops. The slaves lived in small cabins built on rough-hewn board or logs. Typically, a cabin had one or two rooms, a dirt floor, a mud and stick fireplace, and few window.s On a plantation, the cabins were often arranged in two parallel rows and were referred to as the "Street" or "Quarters". Slaves received no formal education. It was illegal to teach a slave to read and write. A few did learn, however, and often passed their knowledge on to others. Religion was extremely important to the slaves. Prohibited from establishing their own churches, most slaves in South Carolina attended their master's church. For entertainment, the slaves socialized among themselves. When possible they visited slaves on neighboring plantations. Holidays, such as Christmas and Easter, were times of particular celebration.
11. STATEM_071205_121.JPG: Native People: The Catawba people, a once numerous and powerful group of Native Americans, had no real place in antebellum society. Living on a reservation near present-day Rock Hill, they were dependent on the State for supplies. Decimated by disease and war, in 1854 only 84 Catawbas remained in South Carolina.
12. STATEM_071205_125.JPG: "Cotton is King": James Henry Hammond, South Carolina cotton planter and politician, 1856. Between 1790 and 1860, the cotton gin had a greater impact on the South than any other invention. The gin made it possible to turn vast areas of the Upcountry, as well as the rest of the region, into cotton plantations. The Cotton Plant: "Cotton is noticed as an article of export in South Carolina, as early as the year 1754; and from that time to this, it has grown in the state; but without any particular attention, until of late years." -- John Drayton, Governor of South Carolina, 1852 (?) The cotton plant produces a soft, fluffy fruit made of fibers used to make cloth. Several varieties are native to the Americas, and all require a warm, moist climate like that of the Southeast. Two kinds of cotton were important in South Carolina. Sea island cotton was the first to be successful commercially. It grew near the coast in loose, sandy soil. Used mainly for delicate fabrics, its silky fibers separated easily from seeds. Upland cotton was better suited to the rest of the South. It was grown for home use by colonists. But the seeds were so hard to separate from the fiber that it did not become important commercially until the invention of the cotton gin in the 1790s. It took a day for a worker to remove enough seeds to make a pound of lint cotton.
13. STATEM_071205_137.JPG: The Military Tradition: "Every free able bodied man..." Like most Southerners, South Carolinians respect the military. They have readily gone to war and have proudly recognized military achievement. Early South Carolina landowners adopted many of the aristocratic values of the English gentry, including a high regard for military service as a proper career for a gentleman. Later, planters felt the same way. They also thought they were better soldiers than the Northerners and wanted to prove it. This attitude led the South into a war it could not win. Before the Civil War, "every free able bodied" white male United States citizen between 18 and 45 served in his state militia. The militia was designed to support the army if the country was invaded. During the early 1800s, it was used to discourage slave uprisings. The system helped make South Carolinians proud of their military skill and committed to defending the state. In 1798, Congress began giving states money for weapons. Before that, every militiaman had provided his own weapon, uniform and horse.
14. STATEM_071205_148.JPG: "Going to the Iron Man:" From the late 1700s to the late 1800s, dueling was a common way for upper-class South Carolinians to settle disputes. Duels were first fought in South Carolina during the mid-18th century. Frenchmen in the state during the Revolutionary War helped make the practice popular. Even though an 1812 law prohibited duels, juries refused to convict duelists. Like the plantation system, dueling declined after the Civil War. The last duel of record in the state was fought in 1880 in Darlington County between Camden lawyer William M. Shannon and E.B.C. Cash, one of the area's largest landowners. Shannon was killed. There was a such an outcry that a strict law against dueling was passed, and state officials were required to swear not to take part in duels. The Code of Honor: Dueling was formal practice with strict rules. In 1818, South Carolina John Lyde Wilson published "The Code of Honor." It outlined procedures for a duel and gave rules of conduct for duelists, seconds and other participants. Both parties were to show courage and honor. Cowardice was disgraceful. Dueling Pistols: According to "The Code of Honor," duels should be fought only with matching pistols so neither participant had an advantage. Usually these sets contained everything necessary to make the bullets and load the weapons. The English pistols in this exhibit case, made by I.N. Wadsworth of London, are typical of the weapons used in duels after about 1835. They were used at least twice in duels in upper Spartanburg County.
15. STATEM_071205_151.JPG: Dueling pistols
16. STATEM_071205_156.JPG: "Going to the Iron Man"
17. STATEM_071205_161.JPG: The Brooks-Sumner Affair: The code of honor said a duel should only match gentlemen of equal social status. One of the most famous events of the 1850s occurred when South Carolina Rep. Preston S. Brooks whipped Massachusetts Sen. Charles Sumner with a walking cane. After Sumner gave a speech insulting South Carolina and Brooks' cousin, Sen. Andrew P. Butler, Brooks walked into the U.S. Senate chamber and severely beat Sumner. Brooks considered Sumner a dishonorable man and therefore unworthy of a challenge to a duel.
18. STATEM_071205_185.JPG: Home from the Mill
19. STATEM_071205_188.JPG: Mill Life: "And I come to the mill" "... it just got to where those old hills were worn out up there. You couldn't make a living on it, hardly. And I told my father, 'I believe I can find a place where I can make a better living.'" -- Martin Lowe, 90-year-old retired mill worker. White-speckled cotton fields covered the land. Piedmont streams surged with untapped power. Thousands of sharecroppers yearned for a better life. South Carolina held great potential for the textile industry. There were only a few textile mills in the state before 1860. But in the decades after the Civil War, many Northern manufacturers came south. Between 1880 and 1920, thousands of white farmers were drawn to the mills. No longer did they follow the shifting rhythms of the seasons. They marched to the regular summons of the factory bell. With the mills came the mill towns. Manufacturers created these villages to give their workers a sense of community and to encourage them to rely on the company. But the rise of the textile industry meant little to the newly-freed blacks. The mills gave them only unskilled jobs, work no one else wanted.
20. STATEM_071205_190.JPG: Home from the Mill: A mill worker's house was plain, but it was better than a sharecropper's shack. Rooms often had more than one purpose. This bedroom, typical of those in mill houses around 1925, would have also been a sitting room and a work room. Workers brought some furniture from the farm. The rest they made at home or purchased at the company store. Houses were usually owned by the company. Monthly rent averaged 50 cents a room. Most houses had four to six rooms, including a kitchen. By 1925, many mill houses had electricity and plumbing.
21. STATEM_071205_203.JPG: Philip Simmons Gate
22. STATEM_071205_251.JPG: Fort Moultrie: In 1776, South Carolina troops built a palmetto-log fort on Sullivan's Island to defend Charleston from the British. On June 28, 1776, a week before the Declaration of Independence was signed, the successful defense of this fort in Charleston Harbor gave the colonists an important moral victory. After the battle, the fort was named for its commander, Col. William Moultrie. In the victory, South Carolina found symbols still used in its flag and seal. A Good "Drubbing": The builders of Fort Moultrie used the only material at hand: palmetto trees growing on Sullivan's Island. When the British warships attacked, their cannon balls would only penetrate the spongy wood, not splinter it and destroy the fort. The palmetto logs were credited with saving Charleston. The city was the leading commercial center and the largest seaport in the South. Its loss early in the war might have been devastating to the Americans. "I most heartily congratulate the colony on the drubbing you gave those fellows the other day -- We admired your behavior, but could do no more. My compliments to all your corps. We drink their healths every day..." -- Christopher Gadsden to Col. William Moultrie, July 1, 1776. "The cool courage they displayed astonished and enraptured me; for I do assure you, my dear General, I never experienced a hotter fire -- twelve full hours it was continued without intermission -- Upon the whole they acted like Romans in the third century." -- Report of Gen. Charles Lee to Gen. George Washington.
23. STATEM_071205_255.JPG: Fort Moultrie
24. STATEM_071205_269.JPG: Plantation dugout
25. STATEM_071205_271.JPG: Plantation Dugout: Canoe taking shape from a fallen cypress tree. Dugout Canoe: The dugout canoe suited the shallow creeks and swamps of South Carolina's Lowcountry. From prehistoric times to the early 1900s, Native Americans, European settlers and Afro-Americans relied on the dugout for transportation. Planters shipped cotton, rice and other goods in large dugouts. Small dugouts, like this one, were for personal transportation. The form and construction of this canoe suggest that it dates from the early 1800s. The work was likely carried out by slave craftsmen on a rice plantation. In 1977, archeologists recovered the canoe from an old rice field levee. An unfinished canoe still attacked to its root is a rare find. Why wasn't the canoe finished? Builders probably stopped work because the hull cracked.
26. STATEM_071205_274.JPG: Recovery: The canoe was found covered with mud and water in an old rice field levee. It was preserved because it stayed wet. Repeated wetting and drying would have made it decay rapidly. The South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology excavated the canoe and moved it to Georgetown in 1977. The canoe was sprayed with water daily to keep it from drying too quickly. If the wood had dried too fast, it might have shrunk or become warped. After drying, the canoe was moved to Columbia in 1982.
27. STATEM_071205_282.JPG: The Best Friend of Charleston: The first American-built freight and passenger steam locomotive. The Best Friend plugged (?) into history on Christmas Day, 1830, when it traveled the first six miles of the South Carolina Canal and Rail Road Company's track. The eager crowds that gathered in Charleston saw a locomotive and cars much like this full-scale replica. Smoke swirled, steam hissed, and passengers cheered as the Best Friend headed down the track on that historic run. "We flew on the wings of the wind at the varied speed of fifteen to twenty-five miles an hour, annihilating time and space... leaving all the world behind... like a live rocket, scattering sparks and flames on either side..." -- Charleston Courier, December 29, 1830. The steam locomotive had a tremendous impact on South Carolina and on the rest of the country. The state was a world leader in developing this form of transportation. Within a few years, the railroad became the main carrier of cargo and passengers in South Carolina. Its speed and efficiency ended the widespread use of steamboats and canals which began only a few years earlier.
28. STATEM_071205_286.JPG: Best Friend of Charleston
29. STATEM_071205_306.JPG: Railroading in the 1920s
30. STATEM_071205_328.JPG: Textile mill. Note that there's a mirror on both walls so it looks like a huge display but it's really pretty small.
31. STATEM_071205_342.JPG: Railroading in the 1920s: Railroading reached the peak of its importance in the 1920s, reflecting the industry's growth and technological improvements during the previous decades. By 1920, 29 railroad lines served South Carolina, and the state had about 5,000 miles of track, a five-fold increase since 1860. The major interstate lines were the Atlantic Coast Line, the Seaboard Air Line Railway, and the Southern Railway. In addition to freight service, they also ran fast luxury passenger trains for long-distance travel. Locally owned and operated short-line trains carried a few cars of passengers and freight from one town to another and from rural areas into town. Branch lines connected them with major lines.
32. STATEM_071205_363.JPG: The forest industry
33. STATEM_071205_375.JPG: The forest industry: Lumber Barons and Production: In the difficult years after the Civil War, the remaining Lowcountry forests attracted the lumber barons of New England and the Upper Midwest, who had begun to exhaust the timber in their regions. Beginning in the 1880s, large-scale lumbering operations, financed by Northern capital and powered by steam technology, moved into South Carolina. Fixated on production, heedless of conservation, the lumbermen logged on a vast, unmanaged scale. It was "cut and get out." More lumber was sawn in 1909 than any other year in our history. By the time the frenzy peaked during World War I, the Palmetto State had lost much of its forest cover. Civilization had "conquered" the forest.
34. STATEM_071205_376.JPG: The Wood Beneath Your Feet: The State Museum building, originally a textile mill erected between 1893 and 1896, is an outstanding example of late-19th-century timber construction. The floor consists of 5-inch-thick pine plants covered by a 1-inch-thick layer of maple boards. Note how the planks are joined by a wooden strip, or spline, inserted into matching grooves cut down the side edge of each plank. The floor rests atop large pine beams, 12 inches wide and 16 inches thick, placed ten feet apart and supported by pine columns 14 feet high. The pine beams and subflooring, probably cut from old-growth longleaf pines, were supplied by the Alderman Lumber Company of Alcolu, South Carolina. The maple came from Illinois.
35. STATEM_071205_385.JPG: Postwar Agricultural Depression: The great Southern logging boom reached it climax during the years of World War I 1914-1918, but by 1920 the pace of deforestation slowed. Having depleted the region of its best timber, the giant sawmills began their shift to the Pacific Northwest. Their departure coincided with a postwar agricultural depression and an invasion by the cotton boll weevil. South Carolina's economy hit bottom. As eroded cotton fields, cutover forests and declining land values created alarm, a new interest in forest management and resource conservation arose in the South. The first impetus came from private philanthropy, but soon state and federal governments took the lead, providing demonstration projects, work programs, forest protection, and scientific support.
36. STATEM_071205_387.JPG: Forestry in the Cradle: Biltmore: The most significant of several attempts to promote the study and conservation of forests occurred in the South, thanks to the efforts of George Washington Vanderbilt, the grandson of railroad tycoon Cornelius Vanderbilt. The young Vanderbilt acquired more than 100,000 acres of heavily forested, mountainous land in western North Carolina near Asheville, an area unequalled in the variety of its trees. In 1892, he began building the spectacular Biltmore mansion, but he was just as interested in creating surrounding woodlands of surpassing beauty. In 1896, the first U.S. forestry school was established at the Biltmore Estate, the "Cradle of Forestry in America." Dr. Carl Schenck, a trained forester from Germany, directed the school. Although it closed after 15 years, the school established forestry as a profession and trained the first generation of Southern forestry leaders. Prior to the opening of the Biltmore school, most of the forestry pioneers in the U.S. had been educated in Europe, particularly in Germany, which was then the world's leader in scientific forest management.
37. STATEM_071205_390.JPG: Government Steps In: The last years of the 19th century and the first two decades of the 20th brought economic and political reforms that expanded the role of state and federal governments in many areas of American life. Although slower to respond to this trend than other regions, the South became more active in protecting its forests and waters. Meanwhile, the federal government launched programs of national significance. National forests provide many benefits for the public and preserve for plant and animal species, some of which are endangered. People benefit from the forests' natural beauty, recreational opportunities and timber products, while habitats are actively managed. National forest of the eastern United States were established by federal law in 1911 to protect the headwaters of navigable streams from soil erosion caused by excessive logging and careless agricultural practices. Two national forests were created in South Carolina, the Sumter National Forest in the piedmont and mountains, and the Francis Marion National Forest in the coastal plain. These "lands nobody wanted" had been cut over, burned over, or abandoned. The government bought them for less than $4.00 an acre in the 1930s.
38. STATEM_071205_392.JPG: The Civilian Conservation Corps: Created by the federal government during the Great Depression of the 1930s, the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) provided work for unemployed young men while helping the nation's forests. Under military discipline, CCC workers planted trees, worked to prevent fires, floods and erosion, and fought pests on both public and private lands. The program's impact on the South was especially positive, for the need was so great. The CCC disbanded after the U.S. entered World War II in 1941. During its brief existence, it not only planted more than a billion trees, it also brought a new awareness of conservation to the rural South and helped change traditional attitudes toward the land.
39. STATEM_071205_396.JPG: Paper Moves South: Paper had long been manufactured in the Northeastern and Midwestern states from cloth, linen and rags, but in the late 1800s demand began to overwhelm supply. Increasing literacy and the growth of business and government created a greater demand for newspapers, books, and paper records. Manufacturers increasingly turned to wood as a source of fiber for paper and packaging. In 1930, about 70 percent of the pulpwood consumed in U.S. paper mills was imported from Canada and other countries, whereas the capacity of Southern forests was estimated at ten times that amount. Once a process for producing fine paper and newsprint from resinous Southern pine had been developed, the mills began moving to the Southeast. The paper industry took up where the CCC left off, becoming a major promoter of research and scientific forest management in the post-World War II South.
40. STATEM_071205_399.JPG: The Southern Forest Industry Today: As demand for forest products soared in the late 20th century, foresters turned to intensive plantation forestry, a specialized form of agriculture that dramatically increases the amount of wood that can be grown. By growing more volume on fewer acres, intensive forest management helped to meet society's needs for wood products while still allowing other forests to be managed for different objectives. Today, tree farms are the mainstay of the Southern forest industry. Their growth, often on old cotton fields, cutover woodlands, and marginal farm land, has restored much of the forest cover that South Carolina had lost by 1920 because of extensive harvesting without replanting. But changing public attitudes demand that forests be managed for more than growing wood. Recreation, wildlife habitat, soil conservation, and simple beauty are just a few of the benefits forests provide. Laws and regulations to protect those values have constrained wood production from "natural" forests, even as a growing population consumes more and more wood products. As a result, the forest industry increasing relies on technology and research to expand production, reduce waste, and protect the environment.
41. STATEM_071205_402.JPG: Forest Farming: Forest plantations of a single species bred for rapid growth, high-quality wood and disease resistance are the most efficient way to grow trees faster on limited land. Loblolly pine, a species native to open-land habitats of the coastal plain and piedmont, is the most frequently planted tree in the state. Other pines, such as slash pine and longleaf pine; Christmas tree species; and sun-loving hardwoods, such as sweetgum, sycamore and cottonwood, also are grown.
42. STATEM_071205_418.JPG: Mining: Unearthing South Carolina's Riches: Mining is one of South Carolina's oldest industries. Today there are about 500 mines in the state. South Carolina ranks at or neat the top nationally in the production of marl, kaolin, vermiculite, and crushed granite. As early as 14,000 years ago, Native Americans were making tools with chert from quarried in Allendale County. Phosphate, an ingredient in fertilizer, was mined near Charleston in the 1700s. In the late 1820s, gold was discovered in the Piedmont. The "gold rush" had a profound effect on the state's mining industry. While searching for gold, miners found deposits of kaolin, granite, limestone and other substances. These natural resources created a new mining boom after many South Carolina gold mines were abandoned because of the discovery of richer deposits in California in 1849.
43. STATEM_071205_420.JPG: Mining
44. STATEM_071205_519.JPG: Megalodon
45. STATEM_071205_617.JPG: Megalodon: Steel, aluminum, Plexiglas, fiberglass, and paint. One of the museum's primary responsibilities is to collect objects and artifacts which reflect the art, technology, natural history, and cultural history of the state. One of the most recognized artifacts in the museum's collection falls under all of these categories, and has been the source of many stories from thousands of museum visitors each year. This prehistoric giant white shark represents the largest aquatic fossils found in the state. It was made by South Carolina artist Stavros Chrysostomides using technology similar to airplane construction that he learned during his service in both the Army and the Air Force. This sculpture has been an icon for the museum since it opened in 1988, and the construction, delivery and installation was one of the most anticipated activities during building of the State Museum. The shark took more than a year to create, and was moved to the State Museum on Feb. 10, 1988. So large that it took two cranes to loan it onto a South Carolina National Guard flat-bed truck for transportation, the model turned many a head during its drive from creator Stavros Chrysostomides's studio on Monticello Road to the State Museum downtown. (The original plan was to fly it by helicopter over the city, but it was realized that the model's curved, non-aerodynamic shape would have problems with the downdraft from a helicopter's propellers.) The moving of the shark attracted a huge amount of media attention and made the news nationally in papers from Maine to Oklahoma. The shark weighs approximately three tons and is built around a steel shaft down its center. The frame was made of aluminum and covered with wire mesh and fiberglass. For moving into the museum, it was wheeled in, in two large pieces without its fins. Once in place, the front and back were reunited, the fins were installed, and it was hoisted into place with a pulley and cables. Museum guests can see the artist's signature on the underside of the fin nearest the staircase.
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Wikipedia Description: South Carolina State Museum
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The South Carolina State Museum, located in Columbia, South Carolina, is the largest museum in the Southeastern United States. Positioned on an old shipping canal on the Congaree River that dates back to pre-Civil War times, the museum is widely recognized as a resource for South Carolina history and lifestyle. The museum is housed in what was once a booming textile mill. On certain levels of the museum, the original flooring has been kept intact, distinguishable by hundreds of textile brads and rings (that carried the threads during the spinning process) that became embedded in the floor while it was still being used as a mill. The museum is notable for its recreation of a great white shark suspended mid-air on the second floor just around a corner, which has scared countless groups of young children.

Artist Kent Pendleton has hidden leprechauns in several of the murals.

The State Museum has been the subject of controversy among South Carolinians on several occasions, usually as a result of what some see as superfluous allocation of public funds. One such controversial endeavor on the grounds of the State Museum, a hands-on children's museum named EdVenture after a statewide program to promote active education in young children, opened to the public in 2003.
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- 2007_SC_StateM_WWI: SC -- Columbia -- South Carolina State Museum -- Seeds of Change (28 photos from 2007)
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2007 photos: Trips this year: Two weeks down south (including Graceland, Shiloh, VIcksburg, and New Orleans), a week at a time share in Costa Rica over my 50th birthday, a week off for a family reunion in the Wisconsin Dells (with sidetrips to Dayton, Springfield, and Madison), a week in San Diego for the Comic-Con with a side trip to Michigan for two family reunions, a drive up to Niagara Falls, a couple of weekend jaunts including the Civil War Preservation Trust Grand Review in Vicksburg, and a December journey to three state capitols (Richmond, Raleigh, and Columbia). I saw sites in 18 states and 3 other countries this year -- the first year I'd been to more than two other countries since we lived in Venezuela when I was a little toddler. Ego strokes: A photo that I took at the National Archives was used as the author photo on the book jacket for David A. Nichols' "A Matter of Justice: Eisenhower and the Beginning of the Civil Rights Revolution." I became a volunteer photographer at both Sixth and I Historic Synagogue and the Civil War Preservation Trust (later renamed "Civil War Trust").. Equipment this year: I used the Fuji S9000 almost exclusively except for the period when it broke and I had to send it back for repairs. In August, I bought a Canon Rebel Xti, my first digital SLR (vs regular digital) which I tried as well but I wasn't that excited by it. Number of photos taken this year: 225,000.
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