BGuthrie Photos: DC -- Donald W. Reynolds Center (NPG) -- Exhibit: Civil War

DC -- Donald W. Reynolds Center (NPG) -- Exhibit: Civil War:

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[1] SIPGCW_160331_08.JPG	[2] SIPGCW_160331_14.JPG	[3] SIPGCW_160331_25.JPG
[4] SIPGCW_160331_27.JPG	[5] SIPGCW_160331_34.JPG	[6] SIPGCW_160331_50.JPG
[7] SIPGCW_160331_57.JPG	[8] SIPGCW_160331_65.JPG	[9] SIPGCW_160925_01.JPG
[10] SIPGCW_160925_07.JPG

Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. SIPGCW_160331_08.JPG: Anna E. Dickinson, 1842-1932 Born Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Anna E. Dickinson first displayed her social conscience publicly at the age of fourteen, when she contributed an antislavery article to William Lloyd Garrison's newspaper, The Liberator. Four years later she delivered her first speech before the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society. Encouraged by Lucretia Mott and others, Dickinson began speaking regularly during the years of the Civil War on such issues as emancipation, hospital life, and Republican politics. Her youth and sex alone were enough to draw curious crowds of sometimes thousands to hear her "impassioned extempore delivery." With the return to peace in 1865, Dickinson joined the lyceum lecture circuit. Some years she averaged 150 lectures and earned as much as $20,000. Her topics ranged from women's rights to the evils of big business. In the 1870s, Dickinson became a playwright and an actor. Mathew B. Brady, c 1863
2. SIPGCW_160331_14.JPG: Clara Barton, 1821-1912 Born Oxford, Massachusetts Clara Barton considered herself foremost a relief worker, whose efforts to aid those in need consumed most of her adult life. Yet she is remembered best as a Civil War nurse and as the founder of the American Red Cross. During the war, Barton realized her true calling of service by organizing and distributing supplies to Union soldiers and visiting the fields of battle as an independent nurse. At war's end, she organized a missing soldiers office, answering thousands of inquiries from bereaved families about their loved ones. When she closed the office in 1867, she had identified the fate of some 22,000 men. Later, after attending a European meeting of the International Red Cross, Barton returned home and worked to found the American Red Cross in 1881. She served as its first president for the next twenty-three years. Mathew B. Brady, c 1865
3. SIPGCW_160331_25.JPG: Carte-de-visite album of fifty Confederate leaders: Designed to preserve and display the phenomenally popular card-mounted photographs known as cartes de visite, the first American photograph albums were introduced in 1861, at the beginning of the Civil War. Although many Americans filled their albums with portraits of family members and friends, others compiled albums featuring images of people in the news. Civil War–era albums containing photographic portraits of Union generals and northern statesmen survive today in substantial numbers. But Confederate-themed albums such as this one, containing portraits of generals Sterling Price (left) and Roger W. Hanson (right), are far less common.
4. SIPGCW_160331_50.JPG: Robert Gould Shaw, 1837-1863 Born Boston, Massachusetts When Massachusetts Governor John Andrew organized the North's first regiment of African American troops, Robert Gould Shaw was offered the commission of colonel to head the Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts Infantry. After a brief period of training, the novice regiment of black volunteers was thrown into action in the occupation of the Sea Islands off of South Carolina. The regiment did not perform well and its role in the subsequent burning of Darien, Georgia, aroused controversy in the North and outrage in the South. On July 18, 1863, the Fifty-Fourth made its reputation with a courageous and doomed frontal attack on Fort Wagner, outside of Charleston. Shaw was killed, one of 272 casualties. The attack validated the African American presence in the military and was a powerful propaganda tool against the South. Shaw became a legendary figure, admired for his selflessness and sacrifice. Whipple Studio, 1863
5. SIPGCW_160331_57.JPG: There are only two sides to the question. Every man must be for the United States or against it. There can be no neutrals in this war, only patriots -- or traitors. -- Stephen Douglas, May 1, 1861
6. SIPGCW_160925_01.JPG: Richard S. Ewell, 1817-1872 Born Georgetown, Washington, D.C. Richard S. Ewell was one of many West Pointers who sided with their southern homeland at the start of the Civil War. Under the command of General Stonewall Jackson, Ewell proved to be reliable, and effective enough to warrant taking over command of the Second Corps upon Jackson's death in the spring of 1863, on the eve of the Gettysburg Campaign. That three-day battle ended in defeat for Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia; Ewell shared in the blame, perhaps unjustly, when he received contradictory and discretionary orders, and failed to occupy the high ground of Culp's Hill. At the end of the war, Ewell oversaw the evacuation of Richmond in early April 1865. Days later, at the Battle of Sailor's Creek, just prior to Lee's surrender at Appomattox, Ewell and his command were surrounded and captured. Unidentified artist, after Julian Vannerson, c 1867
7. SIPGCW_160925_07.JPG: John Newland Maffitt, 1819-1886 Born at sea, Atlantic Ocean John Newland Maffitt was one of the Confederacy's most successful commerce raiders and blockade runners. Born at sea in 1819, while his mother journeyed from Ireland to the United States to join her husband, Maffitt lived most of his life aboard sailing vessels; before the Civil War he spent sixteen years with the U.S. Coast Survey, charting the eastern seaboard. In 1861 Maffitt, reared in North Carolina, sided with the South, enlisting in the Confederate navy. He is mainly remembered as the commander of the steam cruiser CSS Florida. With Maffitt at the helm, the Florida proved to be a formidable raider of enemy vessels, commandeering their cargoes of goods and bullion, badly needed by the Confederacy. At war's end, Maffitt sailed to England rather than surrender his command. He returned two years later to the vicinity of Wilmington, North Carolina, where he purchased a farm. Unidentified artist, c 1865
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Description of Subject Matter: Two of the threads running through the United States before the Civil War were the principle of union and the reality of slavery. In the North, Americans insisted on union above all else; in the South, Americans insisted on slavery above all else; and in the great American West, pioneers and sellers were left to choose between the two.
The Americans represented in this gallery felt strongly about these issues of liberty, union, and slavery. One of them, John Brown, did as much as any single person could do to push the divided nation to the brink of secession and civil war.

Abraham Lincoln's election to the presidency in November of 1860 enraged radical southern leaders, who fiercely defended the institution of slavery. As the Republican Party candidate, Lincoln wholly endorsed his party's platform to ban the extension of slavery into the western territories. Although he clearly stated his intention not to interfere with slavery where it already legally existed, southern extremists did not trust the new president-elect. In response, southerners enacted their doctrine of states' rights: "The Union Is Dissolved!" proclaimed the Charleston Mercury on December 20, 1860, when South Carolina became the first of eleven states to secede. A call to arms on both sides followed on the heels of secession. "Both parties deprecated war," President Lincoln reflected four years later in his second inaugural address, "but one of them would make war rather than let the nation survive; and the other would accept war rather than let it perish. And the war came."

Lincoln and His Cabinet:
Upon entering the office of the presidency, Abraham Lincoln had every reason to feel skeptical about the ultimate success of his administration. Faced with a civil war, responsibility rested on his angular shoulders as it had done with no other American president before or since. Moreover, Lincoln had to win control over his cabinet, which at the start was at odds with him and with itself: three of the seen members had been Lincoln's rivals for the party's nomination, and four of the seven had at one time belonged t the Democratic Party. In selecting men who were his political equals, Lincoln was putting his leadership ability to an early and critical test. His successful management of this "team of rivals" for the good of the nation was a supreme test of his self-confidence and mastery of men.

Winslow Homer's Civil War Engravings:
In 1861 and 1862, Winslow Homer made sketches of camp life and skirmishes between Union and Confederate soldiers. His sketches captured the homesickness, numbing routine, and sudden violence of the conflict. The engravings made from his sketches and published in newspapers and magazines often romanticized the realities of the war, but eager readers welcomed these glimpses of the conflict. Homer also made wood engravings of events at home during the war, often focusing on absent soldiers and the war effort in New York.
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