BGuthrie Photos: PA -- Harrisburg -- State Museum of Pennsylvania -- Civil War

PA -- Harrisburg -- State Museum of Pennsylvania -- Civil War:

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. SMUSEC_140705_003.JPG: Idea Zone Stories from the Homefront Pennsylvania in the Civil War
2. SMUSEC_140705_009.JPG: Before the Civil War: The Union Under Threat! 1780: Pennsylvania Gradually Abolishes Slavery. Slaves were not freed, but children born to slaves after 1780 were made indentured servants until age 28. This was An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery, a model that would be followed by other states. Pennsylvania did not free slaves until 67 years later, in 1847. 1787: The Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia: To win Southern support for ratification, the new Constitution guaranteed that slave importation could continue without legal interference for another 20 years. The Constitution also enabled Southern states to count slaves as 3/5 of a person in their U.S. Census tallies, ensuring those states increased representation in the House of Representatives. 1790: Ratification of 1790 Pennsylvania State Constitution: Pennsylvania allowed some free black men the right to vote, as long as they paid taxes and were at least 21 years old. 1808: International Slave Trade Outlawed: Congress outlawed the importation of slaves to America, but slave traders continued to smuggle human cargo into the U.S. until the outbreak of the Civil War. The domestic slave trade, conducted through public slave auctions, remained legal. 1838: Pennsylvania Eliminates Black Suffrage: The Pennsylvania Constitution was revised to limit suffrage to "white freedmen." This took away the right from the free, property-holding black men who had previously been allowed to vote. 1846: Wilmot Proviso: Early in the United States' war with Mexico, Pennsylvania Rep. David Wilmot argued that new territories acquired by the U.S. during the War should not be allowed to have slavery. This Proviso inflamed the congressional conflict over the expansion of slavery. 1850: Compromise of 1850: This was Congress' attempt to resolve the conflict over new territories becoming slave or free states. It admitted California as a free state and outlawed slave auctions in Washington, DC, but introduced the Fugitive Slave Act, which strengthened slave-owners' ability to reclaim runaway slaves, and criminalized Underground Railroad efforts to help slaves seeking freedom. 1851: Christiana Riot: Maryland slave-owner Edward Gorsuch came to Christiana, in Lancaster County, PA, seeking a runaway slave. When he arrived at the home of William Parker, a free black man helping to hide fugitives, a conflict ensued. Parker and his neighbors attempted to defend themselves against Gorsuch's posse, and during the "riot" Gorsuch was killed. Most of the public in Lancaster supported Parker, and no one was conficted in Gorsuch's death. 1854: Kansas-Nebraska Act: The Act organized these territories under the principal of popular sovereignty -- the voters there could decide whether or not to allow slavery. It had disastrous effects as pro- and anti-slavery forces rushed to Kansas and clashed violently. For a time, "Bleeding Kansas" had two governments, one permitting slavery and one prohibiting it. 1857: Dred Scott v. Sandford: The Supreme Court ruled that slave-owners could move to free territories and keep their slaves, regardless of local law. This controversial decision further enraged free state and anti-slavery northerners.
3. SMUSEC_140705_013.JPG: 1860-1861: The Union Torn Asunder! 1860: Andrew Curtin Elected Governor of Pennsylvania: Curtin, a Republican, beat his Democratic opponent by a margin of 6 percent. Born in Bellefonte (Centre County), PA, the anti-slavery Governor Curtin remained in office through the Civil War, until 1867. Abraham Lincoln Elected President: Lincoln, a Republican, was elected with on 39.8 percent of the popular vote, but 59.4 percent of the electoral vote. In Pennsylvania he won 56.3 percent of the popular vote, beating his nearest opponent, Southern Democratic John Breckenridge, by almost 19 points. South Carolina Secedes: In response to the election of Lincoln, feared by some to be an abolitionist, South Carolina seceded from the Union. It was the first of 11 states that would break away to form the Confederate States of America, or [the] Confederacy. Lincoln Passes Through Pennsylvania: President-elect Lincoln traveled through Pennsylvania on the way to his inauguration in Washington, DC. He stopped at Independence Hall in Philadelphia, and in Harrisburg to meet Governor Curtin. He then traveled through Baltimore under cover of night, due to concerns for his safety in the pro-secession city. 1861: April 12: Confederate Forces Fire on Fort Sumter: Soldiers at the federal Fort Sumter, off the coast of South Carolina, were running out of supplies, and Confederate forces vowed that they would not allow the Fort to be resupplied. When President Lincoln sent supply ships, the Confederates attacked the Fort. This event is considered to be the starting point of the Civil War. July 21: Battle of Bull Run: The first major land battle of the Civil War took place just 26 miles outside of Washington , DC. The Union Army was forced to retreat, causing Northerners to fear for the safety of the capital.
4. SMUSEC_140705_017.JPG: 1862-1863: The War Rages On: 1862: April 6-7: Battle of Shiloh: Fought in southern Tennessee, this was the first major battle with the mass casualties that would become common throughout the War. Both Northerners and Southerners were shocked by the number of casualties: 24,000 soldiers wounded and 2,500 deaths. September 17: Explosion at Allegheny Arsenal: At the Arsenal, near Pittsburgh, where workers were making cartridges for the War, loose gunpowder was accidentally ignited by a spark, causing an explosion that killed 78 workers, mostly women and girls. September 17: Battle of Antietam: This was the single bloodiest day of the Civil War. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia invaded Maryland and fought to a draw with General McClellan and the Army of the Potomac. The Battle was a turning point that led many Northerners to support abolition as an added rationale for the War. September 22: Emancipation Proclamation: President Lincoln's order proclaimed slaves in rebellious states free, though slaves in border states were not freed, for fear that those states would also secede. Few Southerners actually freed their slaves on Lincoln's order, but the Proclamation made it clear that ending slavery was a key war objective for the North. September 22-24: Local Governors Conference in Altoona: Pennsylvania Governor Curtin called a conference in Altoona, PA, of all the Union state governors. There they drafted a statement of support for President Lincoln and the Emancipation Proclamation, released only two days before. Except Governor Bradford of Maryland, every Northern governor signed the statement. 1863: June 26: Camp William Penn Opens: After African Americans gained the right to enlist, the U.S. government established this training camp outside Philadelphia -- the largest of its kind -- for "U.S. Colored Troops." July 1-3: Battle of Gettysburg: The Army of Northern Virginia (Confederate) and the Army of the Potomac (Union) met at the small Pennsylvania town of Gettysburg. Despite initial Confederate success, the Battle turned against Gen. Robert E. Lee on July 3rd, and with few options remaining to him, he ordered his Army back to Virginia. The Battle was a turning point in the War. It was also the War's bloodiest battle, with 51,000 casualties. October: Governor Andrew Curtin Reelected: Initially the race was close, but the invasion of Pennsylvania that summer and a new law that allowed Pennsylvania soldiers to cast absentee ballots resulted in Governor Curtin's reelection. November 19: The Gettysburg Address: President Lincoln delivered his Address at the dedication ceremony of Soldiers' National Cemetery at Gettysburg. In an eloquent 272 words, he called to Americans to rededicate themselves to the ideals of democracy and freedom in the midst of the War.
5. SMUSEC_140705_021.JPG: 1864 & After the War: The Union Prevails! 1864: July 30: Burning of Chambersburg: Rebels occupied Chambersburg, PA, in October 1862 and again in June 1873, soon before the Battle of Gettysburg, with no major damage. Once again on the morning of July 30, 1864, the town was occupied by the cavalry of Confederate Gen. John McCausland. Failing to obtain ransom, he burned the town in reprisal for the destruction in the Shenandoah Valley by Gen. David Hunter. November 8: President Lincoln Reelected: Incumbent President Lincoln was challenged by Democrat George B. McClellan, popular former commander of the Union's Army of the Potomac. While McClellan supported the War, other Democrats added a "peace plank" to the Democratic Party platform that severely hurt the campaign, and Lincoln won in a landslide. 1865: February 27: Martin Delany Becomes First African American Major: On February 8, Martin Delany, a Pennsylvania abolitionist and civil rights activist (and the son of a slave), convinced President Lincoln to allow black officers to command black troops. Delany became a major of the 104th Regiment, U.S. Colored Troops, making him the highest ranking African American officer in U.S. history. He also recruited thousands of volunteers for the USCT, including his own son. April 9: General Lee Surrenders at Appomattox: Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia to Union General Ulysses S. Grant. This signaled the end of any hope of Confederate military victory, and the remaining Confederate troops across the country surrendered in the following few months. April 14: Abraham Lincoln Assassinated: President Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth while attending a play at Ford's Theatre in Washington, DC. At the same time, Secretary of State William Seward was attacked at his home by Lewis Paine and nearly killed. A third conspirator, George Atzerodt, failed to follow through on a plan to assassinate Vice President Johnson. April 21-May 4: President Lincoln's Coffin Travels to Illinois: The funeral train traveled from Washington, DC, to Lincoln's home in Springfield, IL, passing through several cities and towns in Pennsylvania. When the procession reached Philadelphia, the President lay in state in Independence Hall, where thousands paid their respects. December 6: Thirteenth Amendment Ratified: This Amendment to the U.S. Constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude. Pennsylvania ratified the Amendment two days after it passed Congress. 1868: July 9: Fourteenth Amendment Ratified: This Amendment to the U.S. Constitution secured the rights of citizenship to all persons born in the United States including former slaves. It also prohibited former rebels from holding political office. 1870: February 3: Fifteenth Amendment Ratified: This Amendment to the U.S. Constitution explicitly protected the voting rights of freedmen by forbidding states from denying the vote to any male citizen on the basis of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude."
6. SMUSEC_140705_029.JPG: Lincoln and His Officers at Antietam George Storm, 1909
7. SMUSEC_140705_032.JPG: Transformations: Pennsylvanians and the Civil War: The Civil War between the Union (North) and Confederacy (South) was the deadliest war in American history. It restored the union, abolished slavery and increased the power of the federal government. Only one major battle took place in Pennsylvania, but Pennsylvanians in every country were transformed by the War and effected its outcome. Pennsylvanians experienced the War personally, responding in different ways: they were inspired to action; they offered courageous aid; they waited anxiously; and when it was over, they remembered how it had changed their lives.
8. SMUSEC_140705_038.JPG: Pennsylvanians Waited During the War: Pennsylvanians on the home front experienced impatience, boredom, anxiety and fear as they waited out the four long years of war. Although wartime brought dramatic activity, waiting was also a substantial part of everyone's experience. Troops on the front waited for orders -- sometimes for days -- to learn when they would meet the enemy. During downtime, men passed the time writing letters and looking forward to responses and news of life back home. After working and waiting for an end to slavery, African Americans offered their services to the Union military. They had to wait until 1863, halfway through the War, before being officially permitted to enlist. Families worried and waited for letters from their loved ones in distance places. The men wrote from the front encouraging them to continue living their lives. If captured by the enemy, prisoners of war were forced to live in horrific conditions, not knowing when they would be freed. Thousands of men stricken by disease or wounded in battle convalesced in hospitals, uncertain about their recovery. Pennsylvanians, particularly those near the southern border, nervously waited to find out if rumors of Confederate invasion would prove to be true.
9. SMUSEC_140705_049.JPG: Pennsylvanians Responded to the War: When the Confederates shelled Fort Sumter in April 1861 and the Civil War began, Pennsylvanians reacted. Throughout the War, their responses were as diverse as the population itself: Fifteen percent of the state's population -- including thousands of African Americans and recent immigrants from Ireland, Germany and other countries -- served in the Union military. Some women went to war as battlefield nurses and camp aids. Others, disguised as men, enlisted in the military. Drummer boys as young as seven years old marched with their regiments into battle. When the Union resorted to a draft, many Pennsylvanians resisted. While most Pennsylvanians supported the Union cause, political positions, religious beliefs and racism fueled some opposition to the War. Several thousands Pennsylvanians chose to join Confederate forces in fighting against the Union.
10. SMUSEC_140705_055.JPG: Newspapers and Propaganda
11. SMUSEC_140705_060.JPG: Newspapers and Propaganda Newspapers often had clear political affiliations. While some Pennsylvania newspapers supported the War, others -- through editorials and letters -- expressed anger over the War and Lincoln's leadership. Political cartoons also conveyed political opinions. This excerpt from a Lebanon, PA, newspaper harshly criticizes abolition as a war objective.
12. SMUSEC_140705_062.JPG: Newspapers and Propaganda 1. "The Objects of the War," Lebanon Advertiser August 21, 1861. Our gallant volunteers are no longer to bring back the Southern States to their allegiance to the Union; but, under the black banner of Abolitionism, they are now called to... march into the South and free four million of blacks, to ruin and destroy eight million of whites, whether friends or foes. Abolitionists are driving the Government and the Nation to utter ruin.
13. SMUSEC_140705_067.JPG: Newspapers and Propaganda: 2. "Mobocracy," Valley Spirit: June 25, 1862. Democrats... are law-abiding and peaceable citizens and opposed to every species of violence. We love the Constitution and Union with a patriotic devotion that knows no abating... We do not believe there is a single disloyal Democrat in the country... But whilst they are giving a loyal and patriotic support to... suppress this unholy rebellion, they will not be coerced into an endorsement of all the partisan legislation of the miserable partisan majority in the present congress...
14. SMUSEC_140705_070.JPG: Newspapers and Propaganda: In the second excerpt, editors of another Franklin County, PA, newspaper, the Republic Semi-Weekly Dispatch, accuse the Valley Spirit of being unpatriotic.
15. SMUSEC_140705_073.JPG: Newspapers and Propaganda: 3. "Profession vs. Practice", Semi-Weekly Dispatch: September 13, 1861. This week's issue is filled with attacks, both open and covert, on the war and on the Administration. Extracts from disloyal papers like itself, teem in its columns. In some localities it would be considered sympathy with Secession... a mere cloak for treason....
16. SMUSEC_140705_074.JPG: Newspapers and Propaganda: This exuberant letter to the editor, written by a Union soldier from a camp in Newbern, NC, was published in a Harrisburg newspaper.
17. SMUSEC_140705_077.JPG: Newspapers and Propaganda: 4. William Tell Barnitz to the Penna. Daily Telegraph: March 27, 1863 ... the news of the resurrection of Northern patriotism broke upon us a few days ago; and oh! the enthusiasm that burst out in every camp! Every face beamed with gladness, every heart was lightened of its despairing burden. No victory however great and splendid, even in the taking of Richmond, could have occasioned such universal joy and mutual good feeling among the patriotic soldiers. ... Let the fires of liberty, rekindled, be kept steadily burning; let that patriotioc
18. SMUSEC_140705_079.JPG: association, the Union League, be established in every city, town, and township throughout the North. Then may the traitor demons plot, and howl, and lie, and hiss, as they see their hopes scattered to the winds; the army of the Union increased, inspirited, jubilant will march on from victory to victory, crush the last stronghold of rebellion and show to the world that a republic has with in itself a self-sustaining power -- that princes were not born to rule, and nations only to obey. -- Adieu, Wm. Tell Barnitz
19. SMUSEC_140705_082.JPG: Newspapers and Propaganda The use of decorated envelopes began around 1840, and gained popularity during the Civil War as pieces of propaganda.
20. SMUSEC_140705_085.JPG: Newspapers and Propaganda Stationery like this printed envelope carried a clear, partisan message. Here, "Death to Traitors" is spelled out using soldiers, flags, gallows and a lynching scene.
21. SMUSEC_140705_087.JPG: Newspapers and Propaganda The type of image printed on this envelope is called a metamorphic -- the picture changes when it is rotated. "Going to War," Confederate President Jefferson Davis is shown wearing a military cap decorated with ribbons.
22. SMUSEC_140705_090.JPG: Newspapers and Propaganda Upside down, "Returning from War," he is portrayed as a jackass with his face in a bag of oats.
23. SMUSEC_140705_097.JPG: Pennsylvanians Commemorated the War: Robert E. Lee surrendered at Appomattox in April 1865, but the Civil War remained in Pennsylvanians' memories. Their lives were transformed, and they sought ways to commemorate the sacrifices made: More than 33,000 Pennsylvanians died for the Union, and thousands more were physically and mentally scarred. Communities across the state created memorials in their honor. In 1865, to acknowledge the often-overlooked contributions of African Americans to the Union victory, a group of mostly African American women in Harrisburg organized a Grand Review of the U.S. Colored Troops. Shortly after the Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvanians acted to establish Soldiers' National Cemetery and preserve portions of the battlefield. The U.S. government created the Medal of Honor during the Civil War to recognize distinguished military service. One hundred eighty-seven Pennsylvanians received the Medal for their actions in the War. Veterans formed lasting associations such as the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) and attended frequent reunions to remember and reenact their experiences. Civil War reenacting remains popular to this day. Relic collecting began as soon as battles ended, and families preserved personal items in memory of wartime experiences. People visited and continue to visit battlefields for contemplation and commemoration. Since the end of the Civil War, the ways in which is was remembered have changed, and continue to evolve, 150 years later.
24. SMUSEC_140705_100.JPG: Pennsylvanians Aided the War Effort: The Union might not have prevailed without the industry and assistance of Pennsylvanians on the home front: * Men, women, and children worked in factories, mines, fields and forests to provide supplies for the military. * Average citizens helped fund the Union effort by buying war bonds. * Pennsylvania medical professionals and volunteers cared for tens of thousands of ailing soldiers and sailors in hospitals across the state and on battlefields. * Volunteer organizations, heavily staffed by women, provided services and resources to benefit the troops. * Women and children helped meet soldiers' basic needs by sewing and knitting items of clothing, making bandages and assembling care packages. * With husbands, sons and fathers away, women managed farms, businesses and families on their own. * Families sent heartfelt words of encouragement to their loved ones on the front, boosting the men's morale and strengthening their will to endure the hardships of war. * When the War came to their town, Gettysburg residents aided thousands of wounded soldiers after the Battle in summer 1863.
25. SMUSEC_140705_103.JPG: Objects of Valor: Commemorating the Civil War in Pennsylvania "A Commonwealth may exist without cherishing her material wealth, but no Commonwealth can worthily or should exist, which does not cherish... the valor of its children." -- Governor Andrew Curtin, 1866 Pennsylvania played a central role in fighting the American Civil War, and later, in memorializing it. Since the war's end, Civil War commemoration has taken many forms: from the commissioning of Peter Frederick Ruthermel's massive oil painting of Pickett's Charge, to the preservation of battlefield relics and the acquisition of personal items used by both officers and enlisted men. Since 1905 these objects have been entrusted to The State Museum of Pennsylvania and are now being exhibited together in recognition of the 150th anniversary of hte Battle of Gettysburg. Whether simple or ornate, each object tells a unique story of valor.
26. SMUSEC_140705_108.JPG: Flag of the Ringgold Light Artillery: The Ringgold Light Artillery of Reading, Berks County, consisting of 104 officers and enlisted men, was one of the first to respond to Lincoln's call for volunteers, thus earning them the status of "First Defenders".
27. SMUSEC_140705_114.JPG: Flag of the Logan Guards The Lewistown-based Logan Guards were one of the first to respond to Lincoln's call for volunteers, thus earning them the status of "First Defenders." Surviving members of the Logan Guards donated their company's flag to the Commonwealth in the early 1890s.
28. SMUSEC_140705_121.JPG: Portrait of General John White Geary at Gettysburg, c 1866 J.M. Boundy
29. SMUSEC_140705_127.JPG: Repulse of General Johnson's Division by General Geary's White Star Division, July 3, c 1871-72 Peter Frederick Rothermel On the morning of the third day of the Battle of Gettysburg, Union General John Geary and Confederate General Edward Johnson fought for control of Culp's Hill, a strategic high point. After seven hours of fighting, the Confederates made a desperate attack, but were repulsed and driven off the hill by Geary's "White Star" Division. The defeat of Johnson ended the last threat to the Union's right flank. Geary is on the far right beneath his "White Star" flag.
30. SMUSEC_140705_141.JPG: In addition to Pickett's Charge, Rothernel produced four smaller paintings depicting other important but less decisive episodes from the three-day Battle of Gettysburg. These were executed after Pickett's Charge and intended to highlight other actions in which Pennsylvania soldiers or regiments served with distinction.
31. SMUSEC_140705_150.JPG: Battle of the First Day and Death of Reynolds, c 1871-72 Peter Frederick Rothermel On the first day of the Battle of Gettysburg, General John Reynolds, commander of the Union infantry that arrived first on the battlefield, was shot in the head and killed as he rallied troops along McPherson's Ridge. Here, his body is being carried on a stretcher from the field. Herbst Woods, where Reynolds fell, can be seen in the center background. A Lancaster native, he is credited with delaying the Confederates long enough for the rest of the Union Army to arrive and make a stand at Gettysburg.
32. SMUSEC_140705_170.JPG: Rothermel's Battle of Gettysburg -- Pickett's Charge On July 3, 1863, Confederate General George E. Pickett led his division in an attack on the main Union line in Cemetery Ridge. This unsuccessful attack, known as Pickett's Charge, secured the Union victory at the Battle of Gettysburg. Peter F. Rothermel's painting of the event places the viewer approximately 125 yards north of the Copse of Trees, facing the Union line.
33. SMUSEC_140705_178.JPG: (1) Copse of Trees -- focal point of Pickett's Charge (2) Cemetery Ridge -- Union line of battle located between Cemetery Hill to the north and the Round Tops to the south. (3) Seminary Ridge -- Confederate line of battle, named for the Lutheran Theological Seminary located on the ridge west of Gettysburg. (4) Little Round Top -- Strategic high ground anchoring the left flank of the Union line. (5) General George Meade -- Commander of the Union Army at Gettysburg. (6) Captain George Meade -- General Meade's son and a member of his staff. (7) Lieutenant Frank Haskell -- Aide to General Gibbon, shown here informing General Meade that the attack is being repulsed. (8) General Winfield Scott Hancock -- Commander of the Union 2nd Corps, which absorbed the brunt of the Confederate attack. (9) General John Gibbon -- Commander of the 2nd Division of the Union 2nd Corps. (10) General Alexander Webb -- Commander of the Philadelphia Brigade, the 69th, the 71st, 72nd, and 106th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiments. (11) General Lewis Armistead -- Commander of the Confederate soldiers that crossed the stone wall. He was mortally wounded in the battle. (12) General George E. Pickett -- Approximate location of the Confederate commander for whom the attack was named. (13) Private Sills -- a fictional figure representing the fighting spirit of the common soldiers on both sides.
34. SMUSEC_140705_214.JPG: Charge of Louisiana Tigers and Repulse, c 1871-72 Peter Frederick Rothermel (1812-1895) Toward sunset on the second day of the Battle of Gettysburg, Confederate General Harry T. Hayes's brigade of Louisiana Tigers spearheaded an attack on Union defenses on East Cemetery Hill. In this view, the 5th Maine Battery on Stevens Knoll rakes the left flank of the Confederates as the brigade of Colonel Samuel Carroll (on the left) rushes to reinforce the Union line. After bitter hand-to-hand fighting, the Confederates were forced to retreat.
35. SMUSEC_140705_223.JPG: Pennsylvania Reserves at Plum Run, c. 1871-72 Peter Frederick Rothemel (1812-1895) On the evening of the second day of the Battle of Gettysburg, the Pennsylvania Reserves (left) counterattacked Confederates in Plum Run Valley, the "Valley of Death," just below Little Round Top. The Reserves, commanded by Brigadier General Samuel W. Crawford, drove the enemy back and ended the final threat to the Union left flank. General Crawford, with flag in hand, can be seen leading his division forward on horseback. This painting shows the charge from the Confederate side.
36. SMUSEC_140705_233.JPG: Charge of Pennsylvania Reserves in Plum Run, July 2, (painted 1881) Peter Frederick Rothermel (1812-1895) The second largest of Rothermel's Gettysburg paintings, Charge of the Pennsylvania Reserves was commissioned separately to serve as decoration for the Adjutant General's office. Completed in 1881, it was Rothermel's last Gettysburg painting. Rothermel depicted the same episode in his original commission (Pennsylvania Reserves at Plum Run), but this version is larger and shows the charge from the Union perspective.
37. SMUSEC_140705_246.JPG: Division headquarters flag of General Samuel Crawford of the Pennsylvania Reserves: An entire division formed from a single state was rare during the Civil War. The Reserves were 13 Pennsylvania infantry regiments that compromised a division in the federal army. As was common practice, their flag is decorated with the names of the battles in which they fought. General Crawford kept the flag after the war and his sister donated it to the state in 1914. Army Corps adopted geometric shapes as identifying symbols for use on flags and hats. The shapes were color coded red, white and blue for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd divisions of the corps. The Pennsylvania Reserves, which by 1863 formed the 3rd Division of the 5th Army Corps, used the blue Maltese cross as their emblem. The Reserves' distinctive emblem can also be seen on objects in several other cases in this gallery.
38. SMUSEC_140705_253.JPG: Flag of the 2nd United States Colored Troops: Some black Pennsylvanians fought in United States Colored Troop regiments organized outside the Commonwealth, including the 2nd USCT which formed in 1863 at Arlington, Virginia. The 2nd campaigned primarily in Mississippi and Florida and proudly carried this regimental flag. After the war, the flag passed into the hands of Philadelphia's GAR Post 1.
39. SMUSEC_140705_260.JPG: General George Gordon Meade, 1864 James Reid Lambdin (1807-1889) High ranking officers typically had their portraits painted after the war, but General George Meade, a Pennsylvanian, sat for this portrait in 1864 just a year after he commanded Union troops at Gettysburg. A veteran of the Seminole and the Mexican Wars, Meade had left the military several years prior to the Civil War to work as a civil engineer. The outbreak of hostilities between North and South compelled him to return to service. In 1862 he became Brigadier General in charge of the 2nd Brigade of the Pennsylvania Reserves and the following year he attained the rank of Major General. He was elevated to command of the Army of the Potomac just days before the Battle of Gettysburg.
40. SMUSEC_140705_287.JPG: Rothermel's Battle of Gettysburg Paintings: At the conclusion of the war, the Pennsylvania legislature commissioned artist Peter Frederick Rothermel to execute a series of paintings depicting the Battle of Gettysburg. As the only major conflict fought on Pennsylvania soil and one of the turning points in the War, Gettysburg proved a fitting subject for official commemoration. After General Robert E. Lee's battered Confederate troops retreated from the Adams County battlefield, Southern forces never again seriously threatened the North. Rothermel's monumental Battle of Gettysburg: Pickett's Charge focused on the climactic conclusion of the battle when the Union line repelled a determined Confederate assault. The artist also produced four smaller paintings depicted other actions from the three-day battle of July, 1863.
41. SMUSEC_140705_290.JPG: Rothermel's Research: Rothermel devoted three years to researching the Battle of Gettysburg. He explored the battlefield, studied maps, reports and artifacts and communicated with dozens of participants with first-hand knowledge of the epic conflict. The commissioned paintings are both visual records of the battle and works of art. These framed, original studied depict Major Roberts (left) and exploding caissons (lower left). The unframed pen and ink wash of Charge of the Pennsylvania Reserves (below) is a reproduction of a study. Rothermel based most of his subjects on actual individuals or documented events. And yet "Private Sills," the figure shown wielding a musket in the center of the finished Pickett's Charge, does not appear in any official documents or accounts.
42. SMUSEC_140705_297.JPG: Sketch map, Gettysburg Rothermel sketched this map during one of his many visits to Gettysburg. Given the size of the actual battlefield relative to the painting's limited frame of view, depicting troop movements forced the artists to compress both time and space.
43. SMUSEC_140705_300.JPG: Civil War Drum: Rothermel used original artifacts as models to achieve historical accuracy. This Union drum, complete with bullet hole, was salvaged from the battlefield and appears in two places in Pickett's Charge. The artist's daughter donated the drum to the State Museum in 1924.
44. SMUSEC_140705_307.JPG: Many veterans of Gettysburg, especially high-ranking officers, took an active interest in Rothermel's commission. Perhaps to help the artist create a more precise likeness of himself, Pennsylvania Governor John Geary supplied this photograph, taken when he was a General in command of Union Forces. Rothermel nevertheless omitted him from the main painting, much to the Governor's dismay.
45. SMUSEC_140705_321.JPG: Peter Frederick Rothermel A native of Luzerne County, Peter Frederick Rothermel (1812-1895) grew up and studied art in Philadelphia. After a start as a portrait painter, he concentrated on dramatic depictions of historical events. Rothermel's reputation for "history painting" and he ties to the Philadelphia art community likely earned him the coveted commission, for which the state legislature appropriated $25,000. In total, Rothermel's commission produced five paintings: Pickett's Charge and four smaller oil painters showing other actions from the three-day battle.
46. SMUSEC_140705_326.JPG: Pickett's Charge Travel Crate and Frame Pieces: These wooden planks are from the crate built to store and transport Pickett's Charge in the early 1870s. Pieces of the crate were later used to construct the "strainer," or wooden frame, over which the canvas was stretched when on long-term display. These sections, many with dates, initials, and other markings, were discovered when conservators replaced the original strainer during treatment in 1989.
47. SMUSEC_140705_329.JPG: "As the battle of Gettysburg resulted in a glorious victory, and was in fact the beginning of the war, and occurred on the soil of the Commonwealth, I think it would be well that it should be commemorated by an historical painting, to be placed in the Capitol of the state..." -- Governor Andrew Curtin, January 1866
48. SMUSEC_140705_333.JPG: For one week longer. Rothermel's Battle of Gettysburg at No. 1008 Chesnut Street. From 10 a.m. to 10 p.m. All who have not yet seen this great Picture should not fail to do so before its removal. 2 25 1871 Philadelphia Newspaper Advertisement: After its unveiling at the Academy of Music in December 1870, Pickett's Charge went on display in a temporary building on Tenth and Chestnut Streets in Philadelphia. The painting also traveled to Boston, Chicago and Pittsburgh in 1871 and to London in 1887. With no building in Harrisburg large enough to accommodate it, Rothermel's massive painting remained in Philadelphia for nearly 25 years.
49. SMUSEC_140705_343.JPG: Unveiling, Exhibition and Public Reception: After four years of work, Pickett's Charge debuted to much fanfare at Philadelphia's Academy of Music on December 20, 1870. In the years and decades following its unveiling, reaction to the painting was mixed. Many hailed it a masterpiece and a testimony to the horrors of war; others criticized Rothermel for his excessive depiction of death and violence and for reopening old wounds between North and South. In addition to Philadelphia, where it was exhibited for over 20 years, the painting showed briefly in Boston, Chicago, Pittsburgh, and London before moving to Harrisburg in 1894. "When the curtain rolled up, displaying the painting, the applause was unbounded, wild for a minute, and then the thronged audience subsided into a death-like stillness, every eye devouring the picture in its entirety and from its details." -- Philadelphia newspaper, December 1870
50. SMUSEC_140705_348.JPG: Flag Room, Executive Building, 1895-97: Pickett's Charge arrived in Harrisburg, its permanent home, in 1894. That December, the painting was installed in the "flag room" of the new Executive Building (known today as the Matthew J. Ryan Building) adjacent to the State Capitol. Rothermel's masterwork remained there until 1964, when it was moved to its present location in the new William Penn Memorial Building (now the State Museum).
51. SMUSEC_140705_354.JPG: "Before the great picture of the Battle of Gettysburg -- Fighting the Battle Over again." Cartoon, Philadelphia Centennial 1876: In 1876, Pickett's Charge was exhibited as part of the American Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. With the war still fresh in the minds of many Americans, the painting drew large crowds and generated lively debate, especially among war veterans.
52. SMUSEC_140705_368.JPG: Meade Chair: This chair is from the headquarters of General George G. Meade, the commanding officer of Union forces at Gettysburg. Owned at one time by J. Albertus Danner, it originally had an inscription (since removed) similar to the one that appears on the John Burns musket. The Meade chair was later acquired by the Commonwealth.
53. SMUSEC_140705_375.JPG: These medals were issued to commemorate the return of Pennsylvania's regimental Civil War battle flags at Independence Hall, Philadelphia, on July 4, 1866. General Meade, commander of Union forces at Gettysburg, officially presented the flag to Governor Curtin "as mementoes of the prowess and deeds of valor of the noble sons of Pennsylvania." Approximately 270 colors were transferred to state custody during that ceremony.
54. SMUSEC_140705_388.JPG: Reproduction Stereocard with Photo and Relic List: The collection of Gettysburg druggist L. M. Buehler consisted of dozens of cannon shot and artillery shells purportedly scavenged from the battlefield site. Buehler kept records indicating where he found each piece. J. Albertus Danner acquired the Buehler collection for display in the museum he established in 1865, just two years after the battle. In early 1877, Danner displayed his collection at the State Library and a few months later sold it to the Commonwealth.
55. SMUSEC_140705_392.JPG: John Burns Musket and Stereograph Card: This flintlock army musket (above) was owned by John L. Burns, a resident of Gettysburg. He was a veteran of the War of 1812 and the only civilian who fought in the Battle of Gettysburg. Painted on the musket are the words "This Gun, is the one used by John Burns, the hero of Gettysburg, in the war of 1812." Collector J. Albertus Danner likely painted the inscription in the late 1860s to authenticate his find. When the Confederate army approached his hometown on July 1, 1863, Burns retrieved his decades-old musket and joined the Federal forces west of Gettysburg. After the battle he became famous as the "Old Hero of Gettysburg" and was celebrated on souvenir items such as this stereograph card (left).
56. SMUSEC_140705_396.JPG: Regimental Flags and Capitol Rotunda Case Photo: These replica flags and accompanying photograph show Pennsylvania's regimental colors as they were historically displayed in the rotunda of the State Capitol building. For nearly three-quarters of a century, the flags were exhibited furled, sleeved and positioned upright inside six sealed display cases. In the mid-1980s, the flags were removed so the delicate materials could be professionally treated and stabilized. Today, the Commonwealth's collection of over 300 Civil War battle flags are cared for by the Capitol Preservation Committee. To learn more about Pennsylvania's Civil War regimental flags, visit the Capitol Preservation Committee's website: www.cpc.state.pa.us
57. SMUSEC_140705_400.JPG: Veterans on Parade with Their Colors, Flag Day 1914: A battle flag had great practical and symbolic value for its regiment. Specially designated "color guards" carried and protected it, often at the cost of their lives. The flag or "colors" were kept in close proximity to the commanding officer to help him transmit orders to the unit. In the din of battle, movement of the flag meant movement of the regiment. Pennsylvania's fighting regiments returned their state-issued battle flag during a public ceremony at Philadelphia's Independence Hall on July 4, 1866. In 1914, Pennsylvania's regimental battle flags were transferred to the new Capitol during a large parade and ceremony in downtown Harrisburg. For the last of the aging Civil War veterans who participated in the event, "Flag Day, 1914" marked their final public appearance with their beloved "colors."
58. SMUSEC_140705_414.JPG: Battlefield Relics: In April 1877, the Pennsylvania Legislature appropriated $500 to purchase a large collection of battlefield relics from J. Albertus Danner, a Gettysburg resident who operated the town's first Civil War museum. In 1894, the state created a "Relic Room" in the newly opened Executive Building, adjacent to the State Capitol, to better display its expanding collection of Civil War artifacts.
59. SMUSEC_140705_422.JPG: Confederate Battle Flag: Lieutenant Colonel Archibald Blakely of the 78th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry (PVI), donated this captured Tennessee battle flag to the Pennsylvania Adjutant General's office in 1895. Prior to the creation of the State Museum, veterans often donated such "war trophies" to the Adjutant General, the highest ranking military officer in the state government. Blakely's regiment captured the flag from the 26th Tennessee infantry at the Battle of Stones River near Murfreesboro, Tennessee, in January 1863. The State Museum received this flag and other items from the Adjutant General's office in 1915. As the official history museum of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the State Museum continues to collect significant Civil War artifacts and preserve them for future generations.
60. SMUSEC_140705_437.JPG: Gray Uniform Coat: William Pritner of Philadelphia wore this uniform coat at the beginning of the Civil War while serving in the militia with the Philadelphia Grays. When the war began, the Grays became part of the 17th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry regiment and Pritner was made captain of Company G. While the 17th enlistment ended after three months, Pritner served with two other regiments during the war. His articles from the war were passed down through four generations of his family. The State Museum acquired the collection in 2009. The Philadelphia Grays took their name from the color of their uniforms. Before the Civil War, both Northern and Southern state militias wore uniforms of different colors including blue and gray. The United States regular army wore blue uniforms, so the Confederates picked the other common militia color -- gray -- for their army uniforms. Post-war photograph of William Pritner circa 1880.
61. SMUSEC_140705_441.JPG: Bugle This inscribed bugle was presented to Corporal Samuel Kendig by the members of Company D of the 21st Pennsylvania Cavalry on October 25th, 1864. Kendig was a bugler from Chambersburg, Franklin County.
62. SMUSEC_140705_447.JPG: Knipe Revolvers: General Joseph Knipe led the 7th Cavalry Division to a decisive victory in the Nashville campaign of 1864. Afterwards, his staff presented him with this pair of Colt revolvers sporting nickle-plated frames, gilded cylinders, and ivory grips.
63. SMUSEC_140705_450.JPG: Bucktail: The 42nd Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, also known as the "Bucktails," earned a reputation as a colorful, hard fighting regiment filled by lumbermen from the state's rugged northern tier. They were easily distinguisable by the bucktails they wore on their caps. This particular bucktail became a Confederate war trophy, as revealed by a hand-writting inscription which reads "captured from the Pnen Bucktails by Stonewall Jackson's men in 1863." The inscriber and long-time owner was captain Francis Key Shaaf of the 15th Alabama Infantry of the Confederate States of America.
64. SMUSEC_140705_461.JPG: Bachelder Map: Artist Bachelder made documenting the Battle of Gettysburg his lifelong work. Bachelder never missed an opportunity to interview or correspond with a participant in the battle. The result of his work was a map that detailed the locations of every regiment in both armies over the course of the three-day battle. As Superintendent of Tablets and Legends for the Gettysburg Battlefield Monuments Association, Bachelder directed the placement of regimental monuments and markers that still aid visitor in understanding the battle.
65. SMUSEC_140705_468.JPG: Regimental Drum: The Logan Guards carried this drum as they rushed to Washington in 1861. Guard members placed it with the Commonwealth in the early 1890s.
66. SMUSEC_140705_471.JPG: The First Defenders: Though their achievements were largely symbolic, the five Pennsylvania militia companies who rushed to secure the nation's capital in 1861 were proud of being the first state militia troops to arrive in Washington. Known as The First Defenders, these units carefully preserved their own artifacts as testament to their valor.
67. SMUSEC_140705_500.JPG: Commemorative Medals and Reunion Ribbon: In 1891, Governor Robert Pattison presented medals to the survivors of Pennsylvania's five First Defender militia units at the 30th anniversary ceremony in Pottsville, Schuylkill County. In return, the First Defenders presented Pattison with a special copy of the medal. The First Defenders also included a printed image of the medal on their 1895 reunion ribbon.
68. SMUSEC_140705_510.JPG: Civil War Service Medal: The Civil War was the earliest military conflict for which the federal government issued commemorative service medals such as this one.
69. SMUSEC_140705_518.JPG: The General Geary Collection: The wartime service of high-ranking officers was typically commemorated on a grander scale than that of the common soldier. The General Geary Collection includes the former Union commander's personal clothing and equipment, as well as objects presented to him as tributes. These items have come into the Museum's possession over time from various sources that wished to commemorate and preserve the legacy of Geary's service.
70. SMUSEC_140705_528.JPG: Camp Curtin Pump This pump, although a simple piece of equipment, held a great significance to members of GAR Post 58 because of its association with Camp Curtin. Men from across Pennsylvania assembled at this important military training camp north of Harrisburg, where he formed into companies and regiments. GAR members attached the brass label before donating it to the State Museum.
71. SMUSEC_140705_555.JPG: Lincoln and His Officers at Antietam: Johnstown (Cambria County) native George W. Storm was a self-taught artist who specialized in portraits and landscapes. Many of Storm's paintings portrayed historic, transportation-related scenes. This painting, Lincoln and His Officers at Antietam, dates from 1909 and is based on a photograph taken by Alexander Gardner in October, 1862. Storm supplemented Gardner's image by adding several other Union Generals including Ambrose Burnside, George Meade and John Reynolds. At the time of Storm's death in 1913, his obituary noted this painting was on exhibit in the State Museum.
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Wikipedia Description: State Museum of Pennsylvania
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The State Museum of Pennsylvania is a non-profit museum in downtown Harrisburg, run by the commonwealth of Pennsylvania to preserve and interpret the region's history and culture. It is a part of the Pennsylvania State Capitol Complex.

The museum includes a multi-media planetarium, as well as four floors of exhibits and displays covering Pennsylvania history from prehistoric times through current events. Visitation averages 315,000 people annually. Among the features are a large collection of artifacts and displays related to the American Civil War, as well as an extensive collection of industrial and technological innovations. Artwork, paintings, dioramas, and other audio-visuals aid in the interpretation. There are over three million objects in the museum's collections.

On March 28, 1905, Governor Samuel W. Pennypacker signed legislation creating The State Museum of Pennsylvania. On March 1, 1907, the museum staff and collection moved into the Executive Office Building. It became part of the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission in 1945, and moved to its present building in 1964. It is located adjacent to the State Capitol Building. The building is round and the museum exhibits are located on the ground, first, second, and third floors, with offices of the museum staff and Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission on the fourth and fifth floors.
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