BGuthrie Photos: WY -- Yellowstone Natl Park

WY -- Yellowstone Natl Park:

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Copyrights: All pictures were taken by amateur photographer Bruce Guthrie (me!) who retains copyright on them. Free for non-commercial use with attribution. See the [Creative Commons] definition of what this means. "Photos (c) Bruce Guthrie" is fine for attribution. (Commercial use folks can of course contact me.) Feel free to use in publications and pages with attribution but you don't have permission to sell the photos themselves. A free copy of any printed publication using any photographs is requested. Descriptive text, if any, is from a mixture of sources, quite frequently from signs at the location or from official web sites; copyrights, if any, are retained by their original owners.

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[7] YSTOMG_060605_031.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?) $Emerald Spring: The Secret Is Sulfur: A hot spring's color often indicates the presence of minerals. In a clear blue pool, the water is absorbing all the colors of sunlight except one -- blue, which is reflected back to our eyes. Here in Emerald Spring's pool, another factor joins with light refraction to give this spring its color. The 27-foot-deep pool is lined with yellow sulfur deposits. The yellow color from the sulfur combines with the reflected blue light, making the hot spring appear a magnificent emerald green.$	[8] YSTOMG_060605_036.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[9] YSTOMG_060605_038.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. YSTOMG_060605_002.JPG: Roaring Mountain
2. YSTOMG_060605_004.JPG: Roaring Mountain: Living Landscape: Amid Roaring Mountain's steam and sulfur-rich gases, microscopic organisms are hard at work. This barren slope, inhospitable to humans, is the perfect home for Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. Billions upon billions of these thermophiles live here, wearing away the mountain. What's for Dinner? Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, hardy residents of Roaring Mountain, live on hydrogen sulfide gas escaping from below. They consume the gas, helping to convert it into sulfuric acid. The acid breaks the mountain's volcanic rock into clay, accelerating erosion. Small, but mighty in numbers, Sulfolobus acidocaldarius help shape Roaring Mountain.
3. YSTOMG_060605_007.JPG: Fumaroles: Letting off Steam: Listen intently for the hiss of steam, escaping the mountain. Fumaroles are sometimes barely audible, but sometimes roar as steam rushes upward through narrow vents. During the 1800s, Roaring Mountain was, at times, heard four miles away at Obsidian Cliff.
4. YSTOMG_060605_027.JPG: Emerald Spring. ???
5. YSTOMG_060605_031.JPG: Emerald Spring: The Secret Is Sulfur: A hot spring's color often indicates the presence of minerals. In a clear blue pool, the water is absorbing all the colors of sunlight except one -- blue, which is reflected back to our eyes. Here in Emerald Spring's pool, another factor joins with light refraction to give this spring its color. The 27-foot-deep pool is lined with yellow sulfur deposits. The yellow color from the sulfur combines with the reflected blue light, making the hot spring appear a magnificent emerald green.
6. YSTOMG_060605_036.JPG: Steamboat Geyser: Learning to Love the Unpredictable: When Steamboat Geyser erupts, it can rocket a column of scalding water 90-120 meters into the air -- two to three times the average height of Old Faithful. Steam roars for twenty-four hours after. Odds are against your witnessing this drama, however, since Steamboat's major eruptions occur 4 days to 50 years apart. In Yellowstone's geyser basins, unpredictability is the pattern. Old Faithful's relatively predictable intervals are the exception. An earthquake could disrupt Old Faithful's timetable, or a shift in subterranean plumbing could allow Steamboat more frequent eruptions.
7. YSTOMG_060605_038.JPG: Steamboat Geyser
8. YSTOMG_060605_063.JPG: Norris Area. ???
9. YSTOMG_060605_157.JPG: Black Sand Basin
10. YSTOMG_060605_212.JPG: Volcanic Landscape: The high cliffs around you were created after the last volcanic eruption in the Yellowstone region, about 630,000 years ago. The powerful eruption ejected ash as far away as Nebraska and Texas, expelling magma from an underground chamber more than 30 miles in diameter. As the roof of the chamber collapsed, a caldera or crater, was formed spanning nearly half of Yellowstone National Park. In time, massive lava flows, filled the caldera, creating the present landscape including the cliffs before you.
11. YSTOMG_060605_224.JPG: Orange Spring Mound
12. YSTOMG_060605_249.JPG: Yellowstone National Park
13. YSTOMH_060605_008.JPG: Mammoth Hot Spring Terraces
14. YSTOMH_060605_227.JPG: Orange Spring Mound: Heat-dwelling bacteria and algae grow abundantly in Orange Spring Mound's water, creating tapestries of "living color."
15. YSTOMH_060605_314.JPG: Liberty Cap: A dormant hot spring cone
16. YSTOMV_060605_005.JPG: Mud Volcano area
17. YSTOMV_060605_013.JPG: Dragon's Mouth Spring: An unknown park visitor named this feature around 1912, perhaps due to the water that frequently surged from the cave like the lashing of a dragon's tongue. Until 1994, this dramatic wave-like action often splashed water as far as the boardwalk. The rumbling sounds are caused by steam and other gasses exploding through the water, causing it to crash against the walls of the hidden caverns.
18. YSTOMV_060605_020.JPG: Dragon's Mouth Spring
19. YSTOMV_060605_042.JPG: Mud Volcano: Explosive Change: In 1870, explorers stood in awe as Mud Volcano spewed mud into the treetops, shaking the ground with each eruption. Two years later it was a pool of bubbling, muddy water. Mud Volcano had blown itself apart! Sulphur is the Source. The Smell: Hydrogen sulfide gas rising from Yellowstone's magma chamber causes the rotten-egg smell. The Mud: Microorganisms, or thermophiles, use this gas as a source of energy, and then help turn the gas into sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid breaks down the rock and soil into mud. The Colors: Many of the colors you see are vast communities of thermophiles, but some of the yellow is pure sulphur. When iron mixes with sulphur to form iron sulfide, gray and black swirls sometimes appear in the mud.
20. YSTOMV_060605_045.JPG: Mud Volcano
21. YSTOMV_060605_075.JPG: Grizzly Fumarole: Changing with the Seasons: All hydrothermal features change, but Grizzly Fumarole changes from day to day, and season to season, reflecting recent weather conditions. Mudpot or Fumarole? A fumarole or steam vent's underground system is nearly dry. Heated deep below the surface, the water turns to steam, then rises with other gasses. Mudpots are muddy springs. Microorganisms live in mudpots and convert hydrogen sulfide gas from Yellowstone's magma chamber into sulfuric acid. This acid breaks rock and soil into mud.
22. YSTOMV_060605_101.JPG: Black Dragon's Caldron
23. YSTOMV_060605_104.JPG: Black Dragon's Caldron: This mudpot roared into existence in 1948, blowing trees out by roots and forever changing this once quiet forested hillside. A part interpreter named the new feature for its resemblance to a darkly colored "demon of the backwoods." For several decades it erupted in explosive 10-20 foot bursts of black mud. Over the years, it has moved 200 feet to the southeast and become relatively quiet. However as change is constant in Yellowstone, the black dragon may one day roar back to life.
24. YSTOMV_060605_124.JPG: Churning Caldron
25. YSTOMV_060605_138.JPG: Churning Caldron: Frothing and fuming as heat and gas rise from Yellowstone's magma chamber, this muddy pool churns and cools> Shaken again and again by earthquakes, the temperature beneath it rises and falls, transforming Churning Caldron.
26. YSTOMV_060605_200.JPG: Mud Geyser: Imagine walking on a densely forested trail to arrive at Mud Geyser -- a trail once shaded by trees now crisscrossing the ground around you. Before 1978, Mud Geyser was hidden by forest except from a platform beyond this point! A Once and Future Geyser? In the late 1800s, Mud Geyser erupted every few hours, spewing muddy water 50 feet or 17 meters into the air! By 1977, eruptions no longer occurred. Half a century later, a swarm of earthquakes shook the area. Soil temperatures skyrocketed, killing many of the trees that surrounded the pool. Around the turn of the 21st Century, violent steam vents hissed forth, their large craters gaping open wide enough to swallow the logs that fell in. Will Mud Geyser erupt again? Nobody knows, but this changeable area will likely look different on your next visit.
27. YSTOMV_060605_204.JPG: Mud Geyser
28. YSTONA_060605_142.JPG: Yellowstone National Park
29. YSTONE_060605_079.JPG: Hayden Valley
30. YSTONE_060605_083.JPG: Hayden Valley: Former Lakebed: Though pine forest blankets much of the Yellowstone Plateau, Hayden Valley is treeless grassland. The broad valley floor, low hills, and vegetation pattern show the ghost-contours of a former lake. Fed by melting glaciers, ancient Lake Yellowstone rose 270 feet during the recent Ice Age, and an arm of the lake flooded this area. The forested ridge across valley marks the former shoreline. In Hayden Valley, you can see how glacial geology affects wildlife habitat. As the ice receded, a thick layer of silt accumulated on the lake floor. The fine-grained clays and sands favor shrubs and grasses that support large fields of bison and a variety of other animals.
31. YSTONE_060605_121.JPG: View of the Lower Falls from Artists Point
32. YSTONE_060605_150.JPG: Canyon Colors: Mineral stains mark the sites of hot springs and steam vents in the canyon walls. For thousands of years, upwardly percolating fluids have altered the chemistry of the rocks, turning them yellow, red, white, and pink. From the rim, the bright patches of color are the most visible evidence of hot spots. Puffs of steam, visible on all but the warmest days of summer, mark areas of ongoing thermal activity in the canyon.
33. YSTONE_060605_172.JPG: The Lower Falls from Inspiration Point
34. YSTONE_060605_236.JPG: Shifting Ground: Before the earthquake on June 30, 1975, the observation platform extended one hundred feet farther into the canyon. The main tremor and numerous aftershocks measuring 6.1 on the Richter scale shattered a portion of this cliff, tumbling it into the gorge. Up and down the canyon, you can see evidence of other rockfalls. This section of the Yellowstone River overlies a major fracture zone, and the park records thousands of minor tremors annually. Do not assume the scenery will be the same when you return.
35. YSTONE_060605_268.JPG: Some of these images you'll see were taken using bracketing, where multiple images are taken, some underexposed and some overexposed. It's interesting how the color of the landscape changes accordingly. You'll see this done again later in these pictures.
36. YSTONE_060605_280.JPG: The Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone: The canyon varies from 800 to 1200 feet in depth and from 1500 to 4000 feet in width. Its length is about 24 miles. The upper 2-1/2 miles is the most colorful section. Hot spring activity has continued through the ages altering the lava rock to produce lovely colors which are largely due to varied iron compounds. Have you noticed that steam vents and geysers are still at work on the canyon walls?
37. YSTONE_060605_287.JPG: Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone River
38. YSTONE_060605_331.JPG: Yellowstone National Park
39. YSTONE_060605_344.JPG: You can see people on a platform above the lower falls. I didn't take that trail but it looked interesting. And steep.
40. YSTONE_060605_355.JPG: You can see people atop the platform at Lookout Point (I think)
41. YSTONE_060605_375.JPG: Bridging the Golden Gate: To reach Yellowstone Plateau from Mammoth Hot Springs, the Corps of Engineers in 1885 built a wooden trestle along the sheer wall of the "Golden Gate" (named for the light-colored volcanic rock). The alternative was the direct route through Snow Pass, scene of many carriage breakdowns. "So steep is the climb that if the tailboard of a wagon falls out... the whole load is promptly dumped out in the road." The route through Golden Gate saved a half-day's travel up the plateau. Since 1900, two different concrete trestles have replaced the rickety wooden structure.
42. YSTONE_060605_376.JPG: The modern road that "bridged the Golden Gate"
43. YSTONE_060605_384.JPG: The Burn Mosaic: On the fire-swept slopes of Bunsen Peak, blackened swaths alternate with green, seemingly untouched stands of conifers. Wildfires do not burn evenly. Wind, terrain, moisture, the amount of deadwood on the forest floor, affect how thoroughly a fire burns. Throughout Yellowstone's burned areas, you can see this hopscotch pattern or mosaic of completely charred, slightly singed, and untouched vegetation. The uneven burns are a boon to wildlife. After a fire, the varied habitat of young and old forest interspersed with meadows attracts a greater diversity of birds and mammals. Mountain bluebirds return to nest in dead snags. Elk thrive in the habitat mix, using meadows for forage and dense forest for shelter.
44. YSTONE_060605_393.JPG: The Burn Mosaic
45. YSTONE_060605_417.JPG: Roosevelt Arch
46. YSTONE_060605_422.JPG: Roosevelt Arch: Historic Gateway -- Symbol of an Idea: When Yellowstone was established in 1872 as the world's first national park, it was remote and nearly inaccessible. Few "tourists" had the time or the means to travel here from the major cities of the east and west coasts. However, by 1903 the North Entrance to Yellowstone had become a bustling tourist destination. Most visitors arrived here by train, then boarded stagecoaches to begin the Grand Tour of Yellowstone's wonders. Captain Hiram M. Chittenden, director of road construction, decided that the park's primary entrance deserved a formal structure to improve and dramatize the appearance of the dusty staging area. During the spring of 1903, a fifty foot high stone archway was built to face the train depot. From there, the arch's inscription, "For the Benefit and Enjoyment of the People,"welcomed visitors. Today, the Roosevelt Arch has become one of the great symbols of the national park idea. Throughout the United States and around the world, places of outstanding natural and cultural significance have been preserved for the benefit of humankind. This idea, first officially sanctioned with the creation of Yellowstone National Park, had been called "... the best idea America ever had."
47. YSTOOF_060605_047.JPG: Yellowstone National Park
48. YSTOWT_060605_017.JPG: West Thumb Geyser Basin
49. YSTOWT_060605_089.JPG: West Thumb Geyser Basin: An Exploded Bay: West Thumb's shoreline has suspiciously crater-like contours. Its underwater profile is dramatically deeper than the rest of Yellowstone Lake. Only a massive explosion could have formed West Thumb. Though the blowout occurred 125,000 years ago, West Thumb is still thermally active. Hot springs, mudpots, and geysers steam and percolate along the shore, and temperature gauges record high heat flow in lake bottom sediments.
50. YSTOWT_060605_201.JPG: Note the ducks in the lower left
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AAA "Gem": AAA considers this location to be a "must see" point of interest. To see pictures of other areas that AAA considers to be Gems, click here.