BGuthrie Photos: PA -- Fort Necessity Natl Battlefield -- Jumonville Glen

PA -- Fort Necessity Natl Battlefield -- Jumonville Glen:

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Description of Pictures: I hadn't been to Jumonville Glen, the place where George Washington started the French-Indian War, since 2001. When I'd visited Fort Necessity several times recently, the glen had been closed because of snow and such.

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Copyrights: All pictures were taken by amateur photographer Bruce Guthrie (me!) who retains copyright on them. Free for non-commercial use with attribution. See the [Creative Commons] definition of what this means. "Photos (c) Bruce Guthrie" is fine for attribution. (Commercial use folks including AI scrapers can of course contact me.) Feel free to use in publications and pages with attribution but you don't have permission to sell the photos themselves. A free copy of any printed publication using any photographs is requested. Descriptive text, if any, is from a mixture of sources, quite frequently from signs at the location or from official web sites; copyrights, if any, are retained by their original owners.

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. FTNECG_130817_012.JPG: Jumonville Glen: The 1/2-mile trail ahead leads to a secluded ravine, thick with trees and boulders. Considered serene today, this wilderness landscape covered most of North America in the mid-1700s. At that time, France and England both claimed the Upper Ohio Valley as theirs -- and were about to clash. Through the rainy night of May 27, 1754, George Washington -- an ambitious, 22-year-old lieutenant colonel in the Virginia militia -- and 40 soldiers followed an Indian scout 7 miles from the main British camp in Great Meadows to this area. Camped nearby, 31 French soldiers under Ensign Joseph Coulon de Velliers, Sieur de Jumonville, were unaware of the approaching British. The events that followed would eventually lead to a world war between the two most powerful nations of that era. April 1754: Washington marches northwest from Alexandria, Virgina to the frontier with 132 Virginia troops under orders from Virginia Lieutenant Governor Robert Dinwiddie. Washington's mission is to occupy and defend the Upper Ohio Valley against a French force advancing south from Canada. May 28, 1754: Jumonville and 31 French troops skirmish with 40 Virginia militia under Washington and about 12 Indians. Ten French were killed, including Jumonville, 21 are captured, including one wounded. One man escapes and reports the attack, which became known as the "Jumonville Affair." July 3, 1754: About 600 French and 100 Indians under Captain Louis Coulon de Villiers -- Jumonville's brother -- surround Washington's command of almost 400 British at Fort Necessity. After a day fighting, the British surrender and are allowed to march away the French burn Fort Necessity on July 4. 1755: Maj. General Edward Braddock leads about 2,400 British troops, including 400 colonials, to expel the French from Fort Duquesne. His troops improve Washington's road of 1754 and extend it to the Monongahela River near present-day Pittsburgh. July 9, 1755: Braddock's army is defeated by the French and their Indian allies at the Battle of the Monongahela near Fort Duquesne. Braddock is mortally wounded and dies on July 13 during the British retreat. He is buried in the middle of "Braddock's Road" about one mile west of Fort Necessity.
2. FTNECG_130817_017.JPG: From Jumonville to a World War: The 15-minute skirmish fought here on May 28, 1754, had long-term consequences. One month later, 600 French soldiers and 100 Indians under Captain Louis de Villiers -- Jumonville's brother -- left Fort Duquesne "to avenge ourselves..." On July 3, the French and Indian force surrounded almost 400 British troops at nearby Fort Necessity and forced a surrender. In 1755, the French and Indians defeated Maj. Gen. Edward Braddock's larger British army at the Battle of the Monongahela. Tensions between the two powers increased and, in 1756, they officially declared war on each other. The "French and Indian War," also called the "Seven Years War" in Europe, was fought on four continents and three oceans before it ended in 1763.
3. FTNECG_130817_030.JPG: Washington's first battlefield, prelude of the French and Indian War *** Lieutenant Colonel George Washington in command of a company of Virginia militia, forty in number assisted by the half king Tenacharisson and a company of Indians, surprised, killed, wounded or captured the entire engaged French force under the command of Ensign Coulon de Jumonville hidden below this ledge of rocks since known as "Washington's Rocks," May 28, 1754 "this obscure skirmish began the war that set the world on fire." Francis Parkman Marked by the Westmoreland – Fayette branch of the Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania The below is from http://www.hscl.cr.nps.gov/insidenps/report.asp?STATE=PA&PARK=&STRUCTURE=&SORT=3&RECORDNO=1246 The Jumonville Glenn Battlefield Monument, erected 1932, by Sons of the American Revolution to commemorate the Battle of Jumonville Glen and Washington's 200th birthday. The tablet is sig under Criterion A, for its association with efforts to commemorate Washington's bicentennial. On July 3, 1754, at a small encampment named Fort Necessity, a contingent of 400 British and Colonial troops under the command of Colonel George Washington, were attacked by a force of 600 French and 100 Indians under the command of Captain Louis Coulon de Villiers. The attack was prompted by an incident which occurred five weeks earlier just over 5 miles north-west of Fort Necessity in an area now called Jumonville Glen. On May 28, Lt. Colonel George Washington with a group of 40 Virginia frontiersmen and Seneca Indians marched to Jumonville Glen to investigate and determine the intentions of a force of French soldiers camping in the region. It is unsure who fired the first shot but within 15 minutes Washington's troops overwhelmed the smaller French force killing ten, wounding one and taking 21 prisoners. One man also escaped bringing news of the attack to Fort Duquesne. The French commander Joseph Coulon de Villiers, Sieur de Jumonville, brother to Captain Louis Coulon de Villiers, was one of the men killed in the attack, it is believed that he was only wounded in the original assault but was later killed by the Indians accompanying Washington. In Washington's later surrender of Fort Necessity in the Battle of Great Meadows, Washington signed the terms of surrender which included a clause that he admits responsibility for the assassination of Jumonville. This admission which the French used as propaganda to discredit the British was denied by Washington who stated that the translation was "death of" or "killing", not assassination. The attack at Jumonville Glen and then the Battle at Great Meadows (Fort Necessity) had wide reaching consequences on world events. The two skirmishes marked the beginnings of the French and Indian War, as known in America, and the Seven Years' War, as known elsewhere. The two battles were also the beginning of the military career of George Washington and marked the only time George Washington ever surrendered to an enemy. The Jumonville Glen Battlefield Monument was installed in 1932 by the Sons of the American Revolution to commemorate the 200th anniversary of Washington's Birthday. The tablet is sig under Criterion A, for its association with efforts to commemorate Washington's bicentennial.
4. FTNECG_130817_051.JPG: Washington's force that approached the French camp in this glen were not disciplined British regulars; they were Virginia militia wearing a mixture of uniforms and civilian clothes. For most of them, including Washington, this would be their first military encounter. However, the dozen or so Iroquois with them were probably skilled warriors.
5. FTNECG_130817_055.JPG: Diplomats or Spies? At Lt. Col. George Washington approached this glen on May 28, 1754, he knew the French position and numbers -- but he did not known their intentions. Were the French troops here "diplomats," proclaiming the French desire for friendship? Or, were they "spies," gathering information on British troops? Unknown to Washington, the French carried papers supporting both positions. At daybreak, Washington and his officers met nearby with Iroquois allies Monacatootha and Tanacharison (also called his Half King). As the officers and Indian leaders planned their strategy, 40 untested, soaked soldiers ate their rations and dried their flintlocks. Soon, two Iroquois scouts led Washington's troops to this point overlooking the unsuspecting French camp.
6. FTNECG_130817_083.JPG: Surprise Attack: About 7:00am, most of the 32 French troops camped here were preparing breakfast or just arising. Suddenly, the French saw enemy soldiers at the edge of their camp, called out on alarm, and ran for their muskets stacked nearby. Lt. Col. George Washington ordered his men to fire, and their volley was echoed by Captain Adam Stephen's men above the glen. Confusion reigned. The French soldiers fired to escape down the glen. But when they encountered the Indians with tomahawks, they ran back toward the British with their hands in the air. As Washington accepted the French surrender, some Indians continued to scalp the dead and wounded. They wanted to take the prisoners, too, but Washington refused to release them. When the attack ended, the British had suffered one dead soldier and two wounded. Ten French soldiers lay dead, including their leader Ensign Joseph Coulon de Jumonville. Although 21 were captured, one man escaped barefooted and walked 60 miles to Fort Duquesne (present-day Pittsburgh) to report this incident that became known worldwide as the "Jumonville Affair."
7. FTNECG_130817_090.JPG: Of the 32 French soldiers engaged here on May 28, 1754, 10 were killed, 21 were captured, and one escaped. The British casualties were 1 killed and 2 wounded. The following day Washington wrote, "I can with truth assure you I heard Bulletts whistle and believe me there was something charming in the sound."
8. FTNECG_130817_149.JPG: Washington's Spring This spring lies in the direct path of what was known as Nemacolin's Trail, afterwards Braddock Road, was a favorite camping spot in early days. George Washington visited here first in November 1753, and again in May, 1754. On the night of June 26, 1755, he camped here with General Braddock and his army, on their memorable advance toward Fort Duquesne.
9. FTNECG_130817_156.JPG: Washington - Braddock Road 1754-1756 Remnant of the Great Rock or the Half King's Rock mentioned by early cartographers. The famous Washington-Braddock Road emerging from Laurel Hill Mountain one hundred yards eastward turned northward at this point. Rock Fort Camp, where Braddock's army encamped June 28, 1755, was situated one hundred fifty yards to the northward. Two miles beyond are Washington's first battlefield, 1754, Jumonville's grave and Dunbar's camp 1765.
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Wikipedia Description: Battle of Jumonville Glen
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Battle of Jumonville Glen, also known as the Jumonville affair, was the opening battle of the French and Indian War fought on May 28, 1754 near what is present-day Uniontown in Fayette County, Pennsylvania. A company of colonial militia from Virginia under the command of Lieutenant Colonel George Washington, and a small number of Mingo warriors led by Tanacharison (also known as "Half King"), ambushed a force of 35 Canadiens under the command of Joseph Coulon de Villiers de Jumonville.

The British colonial force had been sent to protect a fort under construction under the auspices of the Ohio Company at the location of present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. A larger Canadien force had driven off the small construction crew, and sent Jumonville to warn Washington about encroaching on French-claimed territory. Washington was alerted to Jumonville's presence by Tanacharison, and they joined forces to surround the Canadian camp. Some of the Canadians were killed in the ambush, and most of the others were captured. Jumonville was among the slain, although the exact circumstances of his death are a subject of historical controversy and debate.

Since Britain and France were not then at war, the event had international repercussions, and was a contributing factor in the start of the Seven Years' War in 1756. After the action, Washington retreated to Fort Necessity, where Canadian forces from Fort Duquesne compelled his surrender. The terms of Washington's surrender included a statement (written in French, a language Washington did not read) admitting that Jumonville was assassinated. This document and others were used by the French and Canadiens to level accusations that Washington had ordered Jumonville's slaying.
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Same Subject: Click on this link to see coverage of items having the same subject: [French-Indian Wars] [Display ALL French-Indian Wars photos] [Park (National Park Service)]
2013 photos: Trips this year: three Civil War Trust conferences (Memphis, TN, Jackson, MS [to which I added a week to to visit sites in Mississippi, Louisiana, and Tennessee], and Richmond, VA), and my 8th consecutive San Diego Comic-Con trip (including sites in Nevada and California). Ego Strokes: Aviva Kempner used my photo of her as her author photo in Larry Ruttman's "American Jews & America's Game: Voices of a Growing Legacy in Baseball" book. Equipment this year: I mostly used my Fuji XS-1 camera but, depending on the event, I also used a Nikon D7000 and Nikon D600. Number of photos taken this year: just over 570,000.
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