LA -- New Orleans -- National World War II Museum (Louisiana Pavilion, special exhibit, overview):
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WW2OTH_070127_017.JPG: Why is the D-Day Museum in New Orleans?
Because as President Eisenhower stated to Dr. Stephen Ambrose, "Andrew Jackson Higgins is the man who won the war for us. Without Higgins-designed boats that could land over open beaches, the whole strategy of the war would have to be rethought."
Fact: In September 1943, the very middle of the war, the American Navy totaled 14,072 vessels. Of these boats, 12,964, or 92% of the entire U.S. Navy, were designed by Higgins Industries, 8,865 were built at Higgins plants in New Orleans. By war's end, 20,094 boats had been built by 30,000 New Orleanians at the seven Higgins plants in New Orleans.
This explains why the National D-Day Museum is located here!
WW2OTH_070127_031.JPG: War Clouds:
The generation of Americans who came to adulthood during the 1930s grew up in a world shadowed by extraordinary economic and military threats.
A financial depression gripped much of the globe, throwing millions out of work. In some countries, economic hardship contributed to the power and appeal of political extremists. These leaders offered simple solutions to their countries' problems, solutions that included extreme nationalism, military expansion, and doctrines of racial superiority.
In Germany, Adolf Hitler created a fascist state that threatened the peace of Europe. Hitler renounced treaty obligations, began a rapid arms buildup, and made territorial demands on Germany's neighbors. He and the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini joined their nations in a military union.
In Asia, another militarized state expanded its borders. Early in the 1930s Japan, hungry for land and raw materials, seized Manchuria. Soon it set its sights on further expansion in China and Southeast Asia.
Separated by two oceans from these troubles, Americans hoped to isolate themselves from war. Yet at the end of this troubled decade their lives were profoundly altered by events that unfolded far from home.
WW2OTH_070127_033.JPG: The Late 1930s: Imbalance of Power:
"... a democracy has a very hard time in a war, particularly at the start of a war. They can never get ready in advance. The conditions are such that they are very susceptible to surprise action, and the arbitrary government, like the Hitler government, has every advantage in those respects."
-- General George C. Marshall, Chief of Staff, US Army
The world of the 1930s was one of extremes.
In Japan, Germany, and Italy, violently nationalistic leaders were at work building formidable war machines. They used their military power to threaten other countries. Threats soon gave way to hostilities, and the people of Europe and Asia lived increasingly in the shadow of hatred and oppression.
A far different attitude towards war existed in the United States. Situated between Europe and Asia, America had a small peacetime army and a deep unwillingness to be drawn into another global conflict. Americans were content in their isolation. Many were coping with the harsh realities of the Depression. Few wanted to get involved in troubles overseas.
But it was impossible to ignore events taking place around the world. Some Americans harbored growing concerns that these events could pose a threat to the United States. Still, isolationist sentiment remained strong. Bowing to popular pressure, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Neutrality Acts, which kept the country in a passive position.
Meanwhile, the German, Japanese, and Italian armed forces continued to grow. By 1939 it was clear that the United States was at a grave military disadvantage. Should it be drawn into war, it would face a difficult situation.
WW2OTH_070127_056.JPG: The Road to War:
World War II began in Asia. During the 1930s Japan undertook a campaign of aggressive military expansion. It occupied Manchuria in 1931, and in 1937 began a long and brutal war in China. In 1940 it pushed into French Indo-China.
On the other side of the globe, two other nations pursued expansionist policies during the 1930s. In 1935 Italy invaded Ethiopia. In Europe, Adolf Hitler began intimidating neighboring states and expanding Germany's borders. In 1938 he annexed Austria. He then demanded German-speaking areas of Czechoslovakia. The democracies of Europe, anxious to avoid war, bowed to Hitler's wishes. But this only led to new demands on Czechoslovakia. Germany also forged a military union with Italy.
On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland. Britain and France, Poland's allies, declared war on Germany. At first the war went well for Germany and its Italian ally. Poland capitulated. France was defeated. British troops were driven from the Continent. There were military successes in Scandinavia and the Balkans. Then Hitler made a strategic error. In June 1941 he invaded the Soviet Union. His offensive soon bogged down. Germany now faced enemies on two fronts.
On December 7, 1941, the war took another dramatic turn. Japan attacked American, British, and Dutch territories in the Pacific. On December 11, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States. America now joined a conflict that mushroomed into a global war--the largest in world history.
WW2OTH_070127_070.JPG: New Orleans: Home of the Higgins Boats:
"If Higgins had not designed and built those LCVPs, we never could have landed over an open beach. The whole strategy of the war would have been different."
--General Dwight D. Eisenhower
The city of New Orleans made a unique and crucial contribution to America's war effort. This was the home of Higgins Industries, a small boat company owned by a flamboyant entrepreneur named Andrew Jackson Higgins. The story of Higgins' role in the war is little known today, but his contribution to the Allied victory was immeasurable.
World War II presented Allied war planners with a tactical dilemma--how to make large amphibious landings of armies against defended coasts. For America this was a particularly thorny problem, since its armed forces had to mount amphibious invasions at sites ranging from Pacific atolls to North Africa to the coast of France.
Higgins' contribution was to design and mass-produce boats that could ferry soldiers, jeeps, and even tanks from a ship at sea directly onto beaches. Such craft gave Allied planners greater flexibility. They no longer needed to attack heavily defended ports before landing an assault force. Higgins' boats were used in every major American amphibious operation of World War II. His achievements earned him many accolades. The greatest came from General Dwight D. Eisenhower, who called Higgins "the man who won the war for us."
WW2OTH_070127_076.JPG: From the Bayou to the Battlefront:
Before World War II Andrew Higgins operated a small boatyard, building workboats designed to operate in the shallow waters of Louisiana's bayous. During the 1920s and 1930s America's military began exploring ways to make amphibious landings. Higgins became involved in this effort, adapting designs for shallow-draft boats he had developed for peacetime uses. His company created amphibious assault craft capable of shuttling men and equipment quickly and safely from ship to shore. When the war came, business boomed. Higgins built new factories with mass production lines and employed thousands of workers. He even opened a training school for boat operators.
New Orleans Naval Giant During World War II Higgins Industries grew from a small business operating a single boatyard into the largest private employer in Louisiana. The company turned out astounding numbers of boats and ships. In September 1943 the US Navy had 14,072 vessels. Of these, 8,865 had been designed and built by Higgins Industries.
WW2OTH_070127_084.JPG: Salvage for Victory:
Canteens are a standard part of military equipment. Millions were produced during the war. Most were made of steel or aluminum, metals which were also used to make everything from ammunition to ships. At times, both metals were in short supply.
To meet America's metal needs, scrap was salvaged from basements, backyards, and attics. Old cars, bed frames, radiators, pots, and pipes were just some of the items gathered at metal "scrap drives" around the nation. Americans also collected rubber, tin, nylon, and paper at salvage drives.
WW2OTH_070127_109.JPG: At War with Jim Crow:
During World War II, America's armed forces were stained by the Jim Crow segregation laws that pervaded American society. The world's greatest democracy fought the world's greatest racist with a segregated military. African Americans who entered military service were placed in segregated units. Most served in supply and support jobs, because the military maintained they couldn't perform well in combat. Protests by black newspapers and civil rights groups -- and the demands of war -- led eventually to the use of black troops in combat. African Americans distinguished themselves in battle in Europe and the Pacific. Yet, with few exceptions, segregation remained the rule in America's military. Even the blood in Red Cross blood banks was segregated by race.
WW2OTH_070127_114.JPG: The Draft:
By late 1942, all men aged 18 to 64 were required to register for the draft, though in practice the system concentrated on men under 38. Eventually, 36 million men registered. Individuals were selected from this manpower pool for examination by one of over 6,000 local draft boards. These boards, comprised of citizens from individual communities, determined if a man was fit to enter the military. They considered factors like the importance of a man's occupation to the war effort, his health, and his family situation. Many men volunteered rather than wait to be drafted. That way, they could choose their branch of service.
Major Selective Service Draft Classifications:
1-A Available for Military Service
1A-O Conscientious Objector. Available for noncombant military service only.
2-A Occupational Deferment. Deferred from military service became civilian job essential to war effort.
3-A Hardship Deferment. Deferred from military service because of family hardship (men with wives/families, family financial difficulty, etc.)
4-F Not Qualified for Any Military Service. Physical or mental deficiency.
WW2OTH_070127_117.JPG: Citizen Soldiers:
"... I was sent to Camp Fann in Texas outside the city of Tyler, where I received my infantry basic training. The early weeks of training on the dusty Texas plains in 100-degree temperatures were hell, but realizing that my life would be on the line one day, I adapted, accepted my duties, toughened up, and became a good infantry man."
-- Pfc. Harry Parley; 116th Infantry Regiment, US 29th Division
The primary task facing America in 1941 was raising and training a credible military force. Concern over the threat of war had spurred President Roosevelt and Congress to approve the nation's first peacetime military draft in September 1940. By December 1941 America's military had grown to nearly 2.2 million soldiers, sailors, airmen, and marines.
Now that number had to increase dramatically. The army, which numbered 1,657,157 at the time of Pearl Harbor, expanded to over 8 million by 1945. Naval and Coast Guard personnel jumped from 364,124 to almost 7.5 million. And the Marine Corps grew from a force of just 28,364 to 485,333. At its wartime peak, the United States military included 16 million men and women.
America's armed forces consisted largely of "citizen soldiers" -- men and women drawn from civilian life. They came from every state in the nation and all economic and social strata. Many were volunteers, but the majority,roughly 10 million,entered the military through the draft. Most draftees were assigned to the army. The other services attracted enough volunteers at first, but eventually their ranks also included draftees.
WW2OTH_070127_121.JPG: The Home Front:
"I need not repeat the figures. The facts speak for themselves.... These men could not have been armed and equipped as they are had it not been for the miracle of production here at home. The production which has flowed from the country to all the battlefronts of the world has been due to the efforts of American business, American labor, and American farmers, working together as a patriotic team." --President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Navy Day speech, October 27, 1944
Raising an armed force was just part of America's war effort. That force had to be supplied with the uniforms, guns, tanks, ships, warplanes, and other weapons and equipment needed to fight. With its vast human and material resources, the United States had the potential to supply both itself and its allies. But first the American economy had to be converted to war production.
The war production effort brought immense changes to American life. As millions of men and women entered the service and production boomed, unemployment virtually disappeared. The need for labor opened up new opportunities for women and African Americans and other minorities. Millions of Americans left home to take jobs in war plants that sprang up around the nation. Economic output skyrocketed.
The war effort on the "Home Front" required sacrifices and cooperation. "Don't you know there's a war on?" was a common expression. Rationing became part of everyday life. Americans learned to conserve vital resources. They lived with price controls, dealt with shortages of everything from nylons to housing, and volunteered for jobs ranging from air raid warden to Red Cross worker.
WW2OTH_070127_135.JPG: "Make It Do or Do Without":
War production created shortages of critical supplies. To overcome these shortages, war planners searched for substitutes. One key metal in limited supply was copper. It was used in many war-related products, including assault wire. The military needed millions of miles of this wire to communicate on battlefields.
To satisfy the military's demands, copper substitutes had to be found to use in products less important to the nation's defense. The US Mint helped solve the copper shortage. During 1943 it made pennies out of steel. The Mint also conserved nickel, another important metal, by removing it from 5-cent coins. Substitutions like these helped win the production battle.
Wartime Substitutes ... Original Items
Saccharin, corn syrup, honey, molasses ... Sugar
Wooden buttons ... Zippers
Margarine ... Butter
Cardboard license plates ... Metal license plates
WW2OTH_070127_147.JPG: Production Miracles:
In industry after industry Americans performed production miracles. One story helps capture the scale of the defense effort. In 1940 President Roosevelt shocked Congress when he proposed building 50,000 aircraft a year. In 1944 the nation made almost double that number. Ford's massive Willow Run bomber factory alone produced nearly one plane an hour by March 1944.
To achieve increases like this, defense spending jumped from $1.5 billion in 1940 to $81.5 billion in 1945. By 1944 America led the world in arms production, making more than enough to fill its military needs. At the same time, the United States was providing its allies in Great Britain and the Soviet Union with critically needed supplies.
WW2OTH_070127_154.JPG: Mobilizing the Economy:
America's economy performed astonishing feats during World War II. Manufacturers retooled their plants to produce war goods. But this alone was not enough. Soon huge new factories, built with government and private funds, appeared around the nation. Millions of new jobs were created and millions of Americans moved to new communities to fill them. Annual economic production, as measured by the Gross National Product (GNP), more than doubled, rising from $99.7 billion in 1940 to nearly $212 billion in 1945.
War production was fueled by government contracts. During the war federal spending soared and powerful new government agencies were created to direct the allocation of the nation's resources.
Government Spending Soars:
Federal military spending rose dramatically after 1941. Higher taxes and bond sales helped pay for war production, but the government still ran huge budget deficits. The national debt increased 500 percent, jumping from $48.9 billion in 1941 to $258 billion by 1945.
Below: Civilian employment in the federal government more than tripled during the war. In Washington, DC, temporary federal offices were built on the Mall.
WW2OTH_070127_166.JPG: Higgins Boats:
Higgins Industries designed and built two basic classes of military craft.
The first was landing craft, constructed of wood and steel and used to transport fully armed troops, light tanks, field artillery, and other mechanized equipment and supplies to shore. These boats helped make the amphibious landings of World War II possible.
Higgins also designed and manufactured supply vessels and specialized patrol craft, including high-speed PT boats, antisubmarine boats, and dispatch boats.
These models depict some of the more important ships and boats the firm designed and built during World War II.
LCVP (Landing Craft, Vehicle, Personnel):
The LCVP was the most famous landing craft designed and produced by Higgins Industries. It could land soldiers, and even jeeps, on a beach. LCVPs were used in North Africa, Europe, and the Pacific during the war.
WW2OTH_070127_175.JPG: From the Eureka...
The LCVP (Landing Craft, Vehicle, Personnel), the best-known landing craft designed by Andrew Higgins, evolved from a boat he created before the war for use in the swamps and marshes of Louisiana. Trappers and oil companies needed a rugged, shallow-bottomed craft that could navigate these waters, run aground, and retract itself without damaging its hull. Higgins developed a boat that could perform all these tasks: a spoonbill-bowed craft he called the Eureka. Over time he modified and improved his craft and found markets for it in the United States and abroad.
WW2OTH_070127_178.JPG: ... to the LCVP
The LVCP (Landing Craft, Vehicle, Personnel) was developed because the U.S. Marines needed a boat capable of transporting vehicles to shore. Higgins adapted the LCP(L) to meet this requirement. He replaced the LCP(L)'s rounded bow with a retractable ramp. The new craft was tested for the first time on May 26, 1941, on Lake Pontchartrain. It carried a truck and 36 Higgins employees safely to shore. The LCVP became the military's standard vehicle and personnel landing craft. Thousands were in service during the war.
WW2OTH_070127_182.JPG: ... to the LCP(L)
During the 1930s Higgins tried to interest the U.S. Navy in adapting his shallow-draft Eureka for use as an amphibious landing craft. The navy showed little interest, but Higgins persisted. After a long struggle, he finally secured a government contract to build modified Eurekas for military use. The new boat was called the LCP (Landing Craft, Personnel) and, later, the LCP(L) (Landing Craft, Personnel, Large). In its most advanced form the LCP(L) measured 36 feet in length. It could transport men from ships offshore directly onto a beach, then retract itself, turn, and head back to sea.
WW2OTH_070127_234.JPG: Facsimile of the diary that Anne Frank maintained
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Wikipedia Description: National World War II Museum
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The National World War II Museum, formerly known as the National D-Day Museum, is a museum located in the Central Business District of New Orleans, Louisiana, at the corner of Andrew Higgins and Magazine Street. It focuses on the United States contribution to victory in World War II, and the Battle of Normandy in particular. It has been designated by the U.S. Congress as "America's National World War II Museum".
Museum Description:
The museum opened its doors to the public on June 6, 2000, the 56th anniversary of D-Day. The museum has a large lobby where aircraft and other items are suspended from the ceiling. Visitors pay admission fees at the desk in the center of the lobby and then visitors' tickets are separated from the ticket stub by veterans of D-Day. Admission prices during the summer of 2005 were marked at $14, with discounts offered to children, students, military members and their families, veterans, and senior citizens. The building is several stories high; elevators are available but the stairs are more accessible and are quicker. Visitors begin their self-guided tour of the museum on the top floor and work their way down toward the ground floor. The museum goes in chronological order; that is, the top floor assesses the political, social, and economic conditions that led up to World War II and D-Day. For example, the museum compares the relative military strengths of major nations entering the war. Later visitors see a model of the beaches of Normandy with the relative positions of the number of aircraft and amphibious vehicles. However, the museum does not solely discuss the invasion; visitors may also view an electronic map of the Pacific Ocean that lights up to illustrate the Allied strategy of island hopping, culminating with nuclear attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945.
Visitors to the museum are encouraged to allocate roughly 2 1/2 to 3 hours to tour the m ...More...
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2007 photos: Equipment this year: I used the Fuji S9000 almost exclusively except for the period when it broke and I had to send it back for repairs. In August, I bought a Canon Rebel Xti, my first digital SLR (vs regular digital) which I tried as well but I wasn't that excited by it.
Trips this year: Two weeks down south (including Graceland, Shiloh, VIcksburg, and New Orleans), a week at a time share in Costa Rica over my 50th birthday, a week off for a family reunion in the Wisconsin Dells (with sidetrips to Dayton, Springfield, and Madison), a week in San Diego for the Comic-Con with a side trip to Michigan for two family reunions, a drive up to Niagara Falls, a couple of weekend jaunts including the Civil War Preservation Trust Grand Review in Vicksburg, and a December journey to three state capitols (Richmond, Raleigh, and Columbia). I saw sites in 18 states and 3 other countries this year -- the first year I'd been to more than two other countries since we lived in Venezuela when I was a little toddler.
Ego strokes: A photo that I took at the National Archives was used as the author photo on the book jacket for David A. Nichols' "A Matter of Justice: Eisenhower and the Beginning of the Civil Rights Revolution." I became a volunteer photographer at both Sixth and I Historic Synagogue and the Civil War Preservation Trust (later renamed "Civil War Trust")..
Number of photos taken this year: 225,000.
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