BGuthrie Photos: PA -- Gettysburg Natl Battlefield -- Day 1 -- Misc battle sites

PA -- Gettysburg Natl Battlefield -- Day 1 -- Misc battle sites:

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. GET1A_121111_049.JPG: Major Gen. John F. Reynolds commanding left wing 1st 3rd & 11th Corps Army of the Potomac July 1st, 1863 Erected by the State of Pennsylvania July 1886
2. GET1A_121111_062.JPG: Monuments and Markers "The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here." -- President Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address To ensure that succeeding generations would remember and understand what happened at Gettysburg, veterans of the battle, federal and state governments, and interested organizations erected more than 1,300 monuments, memorials, and markers on the battlefield. Interest in monuments gained momentum in the 1880s, especially among Union veterans. Eventually, every Union regiment that fought here erected at least one monument. Gettysburg's monuments are noted for their elegant bronze and stone sculpture, and for their unique and varied designs. More valuable, perhaps, is the information they offer about the soldiers and their positions, actions, and casualties - information based on soldiers' personal experiences. Wayside Exhibits: Modern wayside exhibits describe historic features and events at tour stops. War Department Markers: By 1912, the United States War Department had placed more than 350 tablets and markers on the battlefield to explain the roles of specific military units. Accounts given are factual and non-judgmental. Among the War Department markers are the four distinctive types illustrated here. Headquarters Markers are distinguished by cannon tubes pointed skyward. They mark headquarters locations of Union and Confederate army commanders (Generals Meade and Lee) and their corps commanders. Battery Tablets describe the actions of artillery batteries. Union batteries normally contained six guns. Confederate Brigade Markers (round bases) describe the positions and actions of Confederate brigades. A brigade contained about 1,600 men, or 4-6 regiments. Union Brigade Markers (square bases) describe the positions and actions of Union brigades. A brigade contained about 1,500 men or 4-5 regiments. State Memorials: Confederate and Union state memorials commemorate all the soldiers from a particular state. Several of these memorials, like the Virginia Memorial shown here, feature bronze sculpture. Bronze Statues: Generals and other notable persons associated with the battle are commemorated with bronze sculptures. Regimental Monuments: Most numerous on the battlefield, regimental monuments commemorate state and U.S. Regular Army regiments (300-400 men) and batteries. These monuments are normally placed at the center of a regiment's line of battle. Pennsylvania and New York placed the most regimental monuments with 123 and 108 respectively. Confederate regiments erected few monuments at Gettysburg. Survivors of the 23rd Pennsylvania Infantry at the dedication of their monument on Culp's Hill, August 1886. Battle veterans assisted with the design, placement, and funding of monuments. Flank Marker Look to the left and right of regimental monuments for small stones marking the regiment's flanks or ends.
3. GET1A_121111_068.JPG: The Battle Opens July 1st, 1863 - The First Day "Forward, men, forward for God's sake, & drive those fellows out of those woods." -- Maj. Gen. John F. Reynolds, U.S.A. Commander, First Army Corps. On the morning of July 1, 1863, the bloodiest single battle of the Civil War began here on the outskirts of Gettysburg. About 8 a.m., 7,000 Confederate infantry attacking from the west and north (in front of you) clashed with 3,200 dismounted Union cavalry positioned along this ridge. The cavalry slowed the Confederate tide until the Union infantry arrived on the battlefield. By 10:30 a.m., the Union First Corps reached the field and drove the Confederate back in a bloody hour-long action here that left nearly 2,000 dead and wounded. Among the victims was Union Maj. Gen. John F. Reynolds, the first of many generals whose careers ended at Gettysburg. 1. Reynolds Woods: Scene of fierce struggle between Maj. Gen. Henry Heth's Confederate brigades and the famed "Iron Brigade." 2. Reynolds Marker: Marks the location where Maj. Gen. John F. Reynolds was killed. 3. McPherson Barn: The several farm buildings here in 1863 became a focal point for the opening of the battle. 4. Chambersburg Pike: One of ten major roads leading into Gettysburg in 1863. Confederates marches to battle along this route. From this point it is one mile to the center of town behind you. The heat, confusion, and violence of the opening struggle here are depicted in this painting by Peter Rothermel. Note McPherson's Barn (center) and Reynolds Woods (left center). The slain General Reynolds (bottom center) is carried from the field. Maj. Gen. John F. Reynolds (U.S.A.) an 1841 graduate of West Point, commanded the Union First Corps here on July 1. While exhorting his men to drive the Confederates from the woods in front of you he looked back (toward the Lutheran Seminary behind you) where more men were coming on. At that moment, a minie` ball struck him in the back of the head. He fell from his horse dead. The aide who carried him from the field said of him, "Wherever the fight raged the fieriest, there the General was sure to be found."
4. GET1A_121111_126.JPG: The four cannon guarding the base of the statue belonged to Horse Battery "A" 2nd US Artillery. This piece was the opening gun of the battle fired from this spot under the personal direction of Gen. Buford. July First, 1863
5. GET1A_121111_138.JPG: Cast by Henry-Bonnard Bronze Co., New-York, 1895
6. GET1A_121111_178.JPG: Note the flies humping beneath the hoof
7. GET1A_121111_198.JPG: Born September 21, 1820 Died July 1, 1863 Cadet U.S.M.A. July 1, 1837; Brevet Second Lieut. 3d U.S. Artillery July 1, 1841; Second Lieut. October 23, 1841; First Lieut. June 18, 1846; Captain March 3, 1855; Lieut.-Colonel 14th Infantry May 14, 1861; Colonel 5th Infantry June 1, 1863. Brig. General U.S. Volunteers August 20, 1861; Major General November 29, 1862. Breveted Captain U.S. Army September 23, 1846 "for gallant and meritorious conduct at Monterey, Mexico; Major February 28, 1847 "for gallant and meritorious conduct at Buena Vista, Mexico.
8. GET1A_121111_226.JPG: From this crest was fired the opening gun of the battle one of the four cannon at the base of this memorial
9. GET1A_121111_237.JPG: Gettysburg Campaign The Battle of Gettysburg began here the morning of July 1, 1863, when Union cavalry scouts under Gen. Buford met Gen. Hill's army advancing from the west. Arrival of Gen. Ewell's army that afternoon drove Union troops to south of the town.
10. GET1A_121111_280.JPG: Trapped in the Cut: "Surrender, or I will fire." -- Lt. Col. Rufus R. Dawes, U.S.A. 6th Wisconsin Volunteers The railroad cut visible in front of you was the scene of a dramatic engagement on the first day of the battle. On the morning of July 1, a Confederate attack crushed the Union line here, sending the surviving Federals streaming back toward town (to your left). But shortly thereafter, Union units counterattacked, forcing a number of the Southerners to take cover in the railroad cut in front of you. Despite deadly Confederate fire from the cut, Union infantry led by Lt. Col. Rufus R. Dawes and Col. Edward B. Fowler crossed the turnpike in front of you, climbed the fence there, and charged the cut. Although many were shot in the attempt, the charging Federals reached the edge of the cut and shouted, "Throw down your muskets!" Trapped between the steep slopes, about 230 Confederates surrendered. The railroad cut about 1889, looking east toward Gettysburg. The photographer was standing on the opposite side of the track. At the time of the battle the cut was new, and track had not yet been laid. According to Colonel Dawes, the field in the photo "streamed with men who had been shot." Lt. Col. Rufus R. Dawes, U.S.A., who collected an armful of swords from surrendering Confederate officers in the railroad cut. He had ordered the daring charge in which 180 of the 420 men in his regiment were shot down.
11. GET1A_121111_359.JPG: The Cavalry Buys Time: "The First Brigade maintained this unequal contest until the leading division of General Reynolds' corps came up to its assistance, and then most reluctantly did it give up the front." -- Brig. Gen. John Buford, U.S.A. Cavalry Corps, 1st Division Cavalry soldiers traditionally fought on horseback, but by 1863 they were also fighting on foot. Although the infantryman's rifle-musket was more deadly at long range than the cavalryman's carbine, dismounted cavalry could effectively harass and delay foot soldiers. Along this ridge (to your left and right), the Union cavalry of Brig. Gen. John Buford's Division held off the attacking Confederate infantry of Brig. Gen. Joseph R. Davis on the morning of July 1. When the pressure became too great, the troopers fell back to the ridge in front of you. General Buford's cavalry slowed the attacking Confederates for two critical hours, time enough for the Union infantry to arrive on the battlefield. Brig. Gen. John Buford and his Union cavalry take a stand on this ridge against Confederate infantry attacking from the west (this is behind you when you are reading the marker). Every fourth trooper held horses behind the line. Painting by Dale Gallon. Troopers of the 3rd Indiana Cavalry about one year after the battle. Some of these men are survivors of the fight on this ridge. Typically, cavalry suffered fewer casualties than infantry.
12. GET1A_121111_451.JPG: With firmness in the right as god gives us to see the right. -- Lincoln
13. GET1A_121111_479.JPG: An enduring light to guide us in unity and fellowship
14. GET1A_121111_486.JPG: Eternal Light Peace Memorial: Dedicated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the observance of the 75th anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg, July 3, 1938
15. GET1B_121111_011.JPG: General Rodes Attacks: "Finding that the enemy was rash enough to come out of the woods to attack me. I determined to meet him…" -- Maj. Gen. Robert E. Rodes. C.S.A Rodes Division Second Corps. At midday on July 1, after a lull in the fighting, Maj. Gen. Robert E. Rodes took position on this hill north of Gettysburg with 8,000 Confederates. Other Confederate divisions were converging on the town from your right and left. The closest Union troops were on Oak Ridge about 1/3-mile in front of you. The thunder of Southern cannon positioned here signaled the beginning of the attack. Following the cannonade, Brig. Gen. Alfred Iverson's North Carolina Brigade advanced with other Confederates against Oak Ridge. As Iverson neared the ridge, Federals concealed behind a stone wall rose up and raked the North Carolinians with murderous fire. More than half then 1,470 Confederates engaged were killed, wounded, or captured. Rodes then regrouped and renewed the attack, brining more Confederate troops into battle. By 4:00 p.m., despite heavy losses, the Confederates had pushed the Federals back to the streets of Gettysburg.
16. GET1B_121111_028.JPG: Eternal Peace Light Memorial "Lincoln was Commander-in-Chief in this old battle; he wanted above all things to be Commander-in-Cheif of the new peace." -- President Franklin D. Roosevelt Memorial Dedication, July 3, 1938 Veterans of the Union and Confederate armies from across the nation converged on Gettysburg in 1938 - 75 years after the battle - for their last great reunion. All Civil War veterans were invited with expenses paid, and nearly 2,000 attended. The majority were in their 90s, and many were over 100. On the warm evening of Sunday, July 3, they gathered here with others to dedicate a monument to peace and national unity. President Franklin D. Roosevelt delivered the dedication speech to a crowd estimated at 200,000. The monument, designed by Paul Philipe Cret, is built of Alabama limestone and Maine granite, topped by a natural gas torch to be lit eternally to symbolize the unity of the United States. Landmark Years: 1909 Peace memorial first proposed by Pennsylvania commission planning Gettysburg 50th anniversary. 1935 New commission preparing for the 75th anniversary begins planning a peace memorial. 1936 Virginia becomes the first state to appropriate funds for the memorial. 1938 Memorial dedicated on the 75th anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg. 1988 Memorial re-dedicated on the 125th anniversary. Dedication of the Eternal Light Peace Memorial here on July 3, 1938. At President Roosevelt's signal, the flag shrouding the monument was lowered into the arms of a Union veteran and a Confederate veteran. It was the last great "hurrah" for the old soldiers. President Roosevelt delivering the dedication. Here, on the eve of World War II, President Franklin D. Roosevelt recalled Abraham Lincoln's desire for a nation united "with malice toward none, with charity toward all." At the 1938 reunion, veterans of the Blue and Gray extended warm greetings across a once bloodstained wall on Cemetery Ridge. Said one Confederate veteran to his former enemy, "Sir, we couldn't hold anything against each other. Now we belong to the same fellowship."
17. GET1B_121111_142.JPG: End of the First Day: "The enemy gave way on all sides, and was driven through Gettysburg with great loss." -- Gen. Robert E. Lee, C.S.A. Commander, Army of Northern Virginia Infantry and artillery of the Union Eleventh Corps formed in the valley below you on the afternoon of July 1 to defend against Rodes' and Early's Confederate divisions which were attacking them from your left and rear. By 4:00 p.m. the Confederate tide swept through this area, scooping up 3,000 Union prisoners on the way. 9,000 Union soldiers and 6,800 Confederate soldiers were killed, wounded, or missing on July 1. Both sides paid a heavy price, but the Southerners had won the day. Gen. Robert E. Lee, the Confederate commander, believed his gains here gave hope for victory. The Federals retreated through the streets of Gettysburg to Cemetery Hill and Culp's Hill just south and east of town. Despite their defeat the first day, they held a strong defensive position from which to renew the fight the following day. (1) Barlow Knoll: Maj. Gen. Jubal Early's Confederates smashed Union defenders here on the afternoon of July 1, leading to the collapse of the Union line. (2) Carlisle Road (3) Mummasburg Road (4) Culp's Hill: Retreating Federals occupied this strategic high ground on the evening of July 1. (5) Gettysburg College: Known as Pennsylvania College in 1863, it served as a hospital during and after the battle. Both armies posted lookouts in the cupola on the roof of the main building. (6) Cemetery Hill: Union troops who survived the route north of town rallied here on the evening of July 1 with the reserve troops of Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard This 1880s photo taken from this ridge shows how Gettysburg may have looked to an attacking Confederate. The large building at center is Pennsylvania College (now Gettysburg College), and behind it to the left, Culp's Hill. Below the photo is a drawing of Pennsylvania College (Gettysburg College).
18. GET1B_121111_190.JPG: Note the repaired notch on the lower right
19. GET1B_121111_445.JPG: Francis Channing Barlow. Major-General U.S. Vols. 1834 - 1896 In command of First Division Eleventh Army Corps at Gettysburg July 1, 1863. Private Twelfth New York Militia April 29, 1861; First Lieut. May 2, 1861; honorably mustered out August 5, 1861. Lieut.-Colonel Sixty-First New York Infantry November 9, 1861; Colonel April 14, 1862; Brigadier-General U.S. Vols. Sept. 19, 1862; Major-General U.S. Vols. May 26, 1865. Resigned November 16, 1865. Commanding Sixty-First New York Infantry at Yorktown, Fair Oaks and the Seven Days Battles; Sixty-First and Sixty-Fourth at Antietam; Second Brigade, Second Division, Howard's Corps at Chancellorsville; First Division, Hancock's Corps, at the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, Cold Harbor and Petersburg, and Second Division, Hancock's Corps, at Appomattox. Wounded severely at Antietam and Gettysburg. Brevetted Major-General Volunteers August 1, 1864 "for highly meritorious conduct throughout the campaign, and particularly for gallant and good conduct while leading his division in the assault on the enemy's works at Spotsylvania, May 12, 1864."
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