BGuthrie Photos: DC -- Donald W. Reynolds Center -- Portraits

DC -- Donald W. Reynolds Center -- Portraits:

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Copyrights: All pictures were taken by amateur photographer Bruce Guthrie (me!) who retains copyright on them. Free for non-commercial use with attribution. See the [Creative Commons] definition of what this means. "Photos (c) Bruce Guthrie" is fine for attribution. (Commercial use folks including AI scrapers can of course contact me.) Feel free to use in publications and pages with attribution but you don't have permission to sell the photos themselves. A free copy of any printed publication using any photographs is requested. Descriptive text, if any, is from a mixture of sources, quite frequently from signs at the location or from official web sites; copyrights, if any, are retained by their original owners.

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$John Quincy Adams, 1767-1848 Son of the second president, to whom he owed his formidable intellectual training, John Quincy Adams was fated, like his father, to serve an undistinguished term as president (1828-32). Despite his long experience as an ambassador, senator, and secretary of state, Adams was unable to master the fractious sectional politics of the 1820s. The rigid and humorless New Englander was also out of step with the new popular political style pioneered by Andrew Jackson. Yet these so-called flaws contributed to Adams's success in his life's second act. Returning to Congress in 1831 (the only ex-president to take a lesser office after leaving the White House), Adams became known as "Old Man Eloquent" for his passionate opposition to slavery. In defending the African prisoners on the slave ship Amistad, he made the case in Congress that slavery was not just immoral but unconstitutional. William Hudson Jr., 1844$

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. SIPGPO_190619_001.JPG: The American Revolution was not just a political event, but a revolution in consciousness as the colonists created a distinctive sense of their difference and growing distance from England, and even continental Europe. Quietly, and then suddenly, as thought turned to action in the 1770s, America was forging a unique identity. The protean figure in this process of cultural definition was Benjamin Franklin, the original American self-made man, the one individual who embodied in his own biography the restless, striving character of the Revolutionary generation. His example was followed by others. When the aspiring portrait painter Charles Willson Peale returned from training as an artist in London, he recognized that the themes of European history were unsuited to his native land. Instead, he painted the men and women who were making America. In his painting of farmer and agricultural reformer John Dickinson, he deliberately added an American landscape, showing how character and purpose were derived from the settlement of this continent. Peale would go on to paint the scientists, intellectuals, and political figures who were defining what it meant to be an American.
2. SIPGPO_190619_006.JPG: Ralph Izard, 1742-1804 South Carolina planter Ralph Izard is seen here at the age of twelve, just before his departure for England to begin his formal education. He had recently inherited his family estate, the Elms, upon the death of both parents. In 1776, Izard and his wife, Alice DeLancey, moved to Paris, where he assisted in diplomatic efforts and in securing funding to build ships for the war against England. Returning to Charleston with his family after the Revolution, Izard was a member of the Continental Congress and served as one of South Carolina's first United States senators. A defender of the institution of slavery and an architect of the federal court system, Izard was also one of the founders of the College of Charleston. This rare full-length portrait by Jeremiah Theus shows how successfully the Swiss-born artist had mastered the poses and settings of English portraiture after settling in Charleston. by Jeremiah Theus, 1754
3. SIPGPO_190619_014.JPG: Charles Willson Peale, 1741-1827 Born Queen Anne's County, Maryland Charles Willson Peale is best remembered as an artist, but he was also the proprietor of the first important museum in America, the Philadelphia Museum of art and natural history. In his mid-forties, after painting hundreds of portraits of the powerful and elite, Peale began a lifelong undertaking: the creation of a new museum designed for a republic. While science museums in Europe placed their specimens in drawers, pinned flat to white cloth, Peale's museum, designed to involve large numbers of Americans in an educational experience, presented them to visitors in lifelike situations, labeled with their scientific names and ordered in the Linnaean classification. Anyone who could pay the twenty-five-cent admission fee could enter, unlike European institutions, which required special application. Peale also directed the first scientific expedition in America, which exhumed and assembled a mastodon skeleton, helping scientists prove the existence of prehistoric animals. Three years after completing this self-portrait, Peale gave up portrait painting as his profession to focus on his museum. Charles Willson Peale, c 1791
4. SIPGPO_190619_022.JPG: John Morgan, 1735-1789: Dr. John Morgan's noted student, Benjamin Rush, once remarked that Morgan's name should forever be linked with the birth of professionalism in American medicine. Having first worked on the western frontier as a military surgeon during the French and Indian War, Morgan pursued an advanced medical degree at Edinburgh University in Scotland. Upon returning home to Philadelphia in 1765, Morgan played a key role in the establishment of America's first medical school. During the Revolutionary War, he served two years as the director-general of the Hospital of the Army. In this position, Morgan confronted daunting medical challenges, including an outbreak of smallpox and also extraordinary infighting among army officials who were unaccustomed to a centralized medical service. This portrait was created by noted Swiss-born artist Angelica Kauffmann in Rome during Morgan's visit there in 1764. Angelica Kauffmann, 1764
5. SIPGPO_190619_029.JPG: Benjamin Lay, c 1681-1759: Although Benjamin Lay stood just four feet, seven inches tall, this Quaker reformer raised a forceful voice against slavery. Born in England, Lay arrived in Philadelphia by way of Barbados, where the treatment of salves horrified him. Vocal in his opposition, Lay described those who kept slaves as "proud, lazy, tyrannical, gluttonous, drunken, debauched ... the Scum of the Infernal Pit." In 1737, Lay publicly condemned Quaker slave owners in a book published by Benjamin Franklin. Late in life, Lay saw his views broadly adopted by other Quakers. This print by Henry Dawkins, based on the painting by William Williams on view in gallery E152, came, as physician and statesman Benjamin Rush noted, "to be seen in many houses in Philadelphia." In it, Lay appears in front of the grotto that served as his study, holding a tract by Thomas Tryon advocating healthful living. Henry Dawkins, after William Williams Sr., 1760
6. SIPGPO_190619_040.JPG: Benjamin Franklin, 1706-1790 David Martin, 1766 White House Collection
7. SIPGPO_190619_050.JPG: American Origins By the time a resolution for independence was put before Congress in June 1776, hostilities between Britain and its American colonies had gone on for more than a year, but some members still held out hope for reconciliation. On July 2, the vote was taken, and two days later the Declaration of Independence, penned by Thomas Jefferson, was adopted. Fifty-six men, mutually pledging "our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor," ultimately signed the document. "I am well aware of the Toil and Blood and Treasure, that it will cost Us to maintain this Declaration," John Adams wrote to his wife, Abigail. The war continued for seven more years, its outcome determined when the British army surrendered at Yorktown Virginia, in October 1781 while the British army band played "The World Turned Upside Down." Fighting continued, however, until the final peace treaty was signed in 1783.
8. SIPGPO_190619_054.JPG: Thomas Paine, 1737-1809: "For God's sake, let us come to a final separation," pleaded an anonymous author in a brief pamphlet called "Common Sense," published in Philadelphia on January 9, 1776. "You have it in your power to begin the world all over again." Written by Thomas Paine, a down-at-the-heels immigrant recently arrived from England, this call for an immediate declaration of independence had a stunning effect, rousing spirits within Congress and without. In December 1776, Paine was with the Continental army as it retreated across New Jersey, and George Washington confessed privately that the game was nearly up. "The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country," Paine wrote in an essay that Washington read to the troops, "but he that stands now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman." John Wesley Jarvis, c 1806-07
9. SIPGPO_190619_067.JPG: Benjamin Henry Latrobe, 1764-1820 Benjamin Latrobe was the most important architect of the early republic, transforming the discipline from an avocation for amateurs to a profession with standards and practices. Latrobe trained several of America's next generation of architects, including the designer of this building, Robert Mills. Born in England, Latrobe trained there and in Germany. He but we know little of Latrobe's early work because his records were lost at sea when he immigrated to America in 1795–96. His influential American buildings include the Philadelphia Water Works, New York City Hall, and redesigns of the Capitol and White House after they were burned in the War of 1812. Latrobe and artist Charles Frederick von Breda were at the beginning of their careers in London when this portrait was made. Von Breda created it to recall the lively and successful composition of a larger painting now in the collection of the Maryland Historical Society. Charles Frederick von Breda, c 1790
10. SIPGPO_190619_073.JPG: Yarrow Mamout, c 1736-1823 Yarrow Mamout's remarkable story testifies to the contradictory attitudes toward slavery, the African diaspora, and Islam in the early years of the American Republic. When he was approximately sixteen, Yarrow was forcibly taken from his educated family in 1752, working first on a plantation near present-day Takoma Park, Maryland and then in Georgetown, Washington DC. Gaining his freedom after forty-four years, Yarrow remained in Georgetown -- living among the approximately four hundred freed slaves there -- working at many different tasks: making brick and charcoal, loading ships, weaving baskets. With his earnings, Yarrow bought stock in the local bank and, in 1800, a log home (now demolished) on Dent Place, in the garden of which he would pray toward Mecca. James Alexander Simpson, Georgetown University's first art instructor, painted this portrait amid rumors that Yarrow was a centenarian, which had turned him into a local celebrity of sorts. Indeed, for this reason, Charles Wilson Peale, portraitist of George Washington and other luminaries, had made a special two-day visit to Georgetown to paint the "chearfull" Yarrow a few years earlier. Upon his death, Yarrow was remembered as a pious Muslim and for his industriousness and determination in the face of adversity. James Alexander Simpson, 1822 Lent by Peabody Room, Georgetown Branch, District of Columbia Public Library
11. SIPGPO_190619_089.JPG: "A Republic if you can keep it." -- Benjamin Franklin, September 18, 1787
12. SIPGPO_190619_103.JPG: American Origins The War for Independence brought political liberty, but it became increasingly obvious that the thirteen former colonies were held together, in George Washington's words, by "a half-starved, limping Government." To rectify the situation, delegates met in Philadelphia during the summer of 1787 and brought forth a Constitution calling for three branches of government -- executive, legislative, and judicial -- with powers to be balanced among them. The bold new experiment of representational democracy went into effect in the spring of 1789 with the convening of the First Federal Congress and the inauguration of President George Washington. America's rights as a sovereign nation were called into question as England persisted in confiscating American vessels and seizing American seamen for service in the British navy. On the frontier, the British were accused of provoking the Indians to harass western settlements. Congress declared war against England in June 1812. After peace was achieved in 1814, there would be no further challenges to the new nation's independence.
13. SIPGPO_190619_107.JPG: Thomas L. McKenney, 1785-1859 Thomas L. McKenney was one of the most important figures in setting and implementing early governmental policy toward American Indians. He was superintendent of Indian trade from 1816 to 1822 and later superintendent of Indian affairs (1824-30), a position created in the War Department. McKenney sought to integrate, or at least reconcile, Indians and American culture thorugh education. He helped secure the passage of the Indian Civilization Act of 1819 and, more ominously, the Indian Removal Act (1830), which confiscated Indian lands and forced tribes to relocate west of the Mississippi. McKenney claimed that the brutality of the "Trail of Tears" was due to the callousness of President Andrew Jackson, not his fault or that of the bureau. Jackson fired McKenney for insubordination. While in office, McKenney initiated a major ethnological project, collecting books, manuscripts, artifacts, and paintings to document the history of the North American Indians. by Charles Loring Elliot, 1856
14. SIPGPO_190619_116.JPG: John Marshall, 1755-1835 Born Prince William (now Fauquier) County, Virginia John Marshall, the fourth chief justice of the United States, established the concept of judicial review -- in which the Supreme Court could pronounce a law of Congress as unconstitutional -- and strengthened the idea of an independent federal judiciary. In cases brought to the Court between 1810 and 1824 -- years in which the Marshall Court enjoyed great stability and harmony -- Marshall used the Court's judicial review to nullify state laws violating constitutional restraints of state power. The effect of Marshall's long tenure as chief justice (1801–35) was to strengthen the Court, the Constitution, and the federal government. The Court became a preeminent interpreter of the Constitution, and the federal government's enumerated powers were given a broad interpretation, and made superior to those of the states. Cephas Thompson painted a portrait of Marshall from life in Richmond, as well as six replicas for admirers, two years after Marshall presided at the trial of Aaron Burr for treason. by Cephas Thompson, 1809-10
15. SIPGPO_190619_122.JPG: American Origins In the decades between 1820 and 1840, the United States was a country of energy and rapid change. This was the era of canals and steamboats, the beginning of the railroads. Americans sailed the seven seas; they pushed forward in commerce and industry. "No man in America is contented to be poor, or expected to continue so," was an oft-repeated sentiment. This zeal for improvement went beyond worldly goods, permeating education and contributing to the religious enthusiasm that was sweeping the nation. Among the white male populace, a new spirit of democracy and egalitarianism was engaging Americans everywhere, characterized by Andrew Jackson, the dominant figure of the age. He rode into office as a champion of the common man. Rewarding his friends and punishing his enemies, Jackson pushed back the Indians and demolished the Bank of the United States. In reaction, the Whig Party was born.
16. SIPGPO_190619_126.JPG: American Origins In the new nation, America's writers and thinkers felt compelled to live up to the political challenge of the Revolution by creating a democratic literature, one that celebrated the distinctiveness of the American experience. America would be their subject and they would have to create new methods -- even new vocabularies -- to depict the lives and characters of Americans. In confronting this challenge, writers such as Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, and Whitman found a theme commensurate with the promise of American life: the individual confronting both society and nature. Their writings were the literary re-enactment of the argument between America's two founding documents: the Declaration of Independence, which stated the case for almost unlimited personal potential, and the Constitution, which created the institutional framework within which that potential had to be fulfilled. In the inherent tension between these two impulses, America's artists declared their creative and intellectual independence from the Old World.
17. SIPGPO_190619_130.JPG: Noah Webster, 1758-1843: A new nation required a new language. Or so thought the editor and writer Noah Webster, who devoted his lifetime to the idea of a specifically American language, one "as independent in literature as in politics." Webster began his project to create a unified national culture with his "blue-backed spellers" that standardized American spelling. He supplemented the speller with a grammar that relied not on abstract rules but on the observation of actual American usage. The work was an example of the pragmatism and rejection of traditional precedents that characterized American antebellum thinking in fields ranging from law to manufacturing. Webster's great task was the completion of his American Dictionary of the English Language (1828), a reference book whose title announces its intentions to create a lexicographic declaration of independence. James Herring, 1833
18. SIPGPO_190619_139.JPG: Ralph Waldo Emerson, 1803-1882: In 1832, Harvard-educated minister Ralph Waldo Emerson resigned his post at Boston's Second Congregational Church in a crisis of faith. Having cast off doctrine, Emerson went on in his voluminous writings to create a uniquely American school of philosophy, which harkened back to Thomas Paine's revolutionary politics of "Common Sense" and anticipated William James's pragmatism. In Emerson's system, man approached God (embodied in nature) on his own, taking responsibility for his own salvation. Emerson preached self-reliance as Americans' core attribute; this empowered the individual in a way that led to dreams of perfectionism and supported the culture of American business. Daniel Chester French, 1901
19. SIPGPO_190619_147.JPG: John James Audubon, 1785-1851 Self-portrait, 1822-23 Lent by a private collector
20. SIPGPO_190619_152.JPG: Edgar Allan Poe, 1809-1849: Edgar Allan Poe is popularly known for his poem "The Raven" (1844), and like the raven itself, Poe was a dark presence amid the optimism of early American culture. Not for him was the glorification of the individual or the celebration of nature as life-giving. Poe peeled back the underside of America to sketch a world in which nothing, especially human motivation, was transparent, predictable, or even knowable. In their dark, hallucinatory imagery, Poe's writings profoundly influenced such European poets as Baudelaire and Rimbaud. In America, his voice is still singular for the strength with which it spoke against the spirit of the Romantic age in which he lived. Poe's great subject was death, and he seemed to court it in his life as well as art, dying early after proving himself unable to function in the society he dissected so remorselessly. Samuel Stillman Osgood, 1845
21. SIPGPO_190619_158.JPG: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, 1807-1882: As a poet, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow has suffered the fate of many popular writers: a voice of its time frequently lacks staying power. Thus this mild romantic whose life in Cambridge was placidly comfortable has been eclipsed by his "darker" contemporaries such as Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville. The jogging rhythms of "The Song of Hiawatha," "Paul Revere's Ride," and other Longfellow ballads are quaint artifacts of bygone New England. Longfellow frequently overstates his poems' moral points, perhaps because he sensed the pragmatic Americans wanted art they could use for self-improvement. Nonetheless, he was the country's first professional poet because he had the literary knowledge and craftsmanship necessary to write verse about America that was comparable in quality to that of his English contemporaries. Thomas Buchanan Read, 1869
22. SIPGPO_190619_168.JPG: Cornelius Vanderbilt, 1794-1877 "The Commodore," as he was dubbed for his domination of waterborne transportation, Cornelius Vanderbilt created one of the first great fortunes-and business dynasties-in American history. He began in the rough-and-tumble world of the New York port and by 1829 had parlayed several small shipping ventures into a stake in the lucrative Hudson River trade. He branched out to dominate the New England trade and seaborne travel to San Francisco. He next moved into railroads, eventually gaining control of the industry from New York to western Canada. Vanderbilt was a ruthless monopolist, driving out his competitors through rate wars, political muscle, and hostile takeovers. But in organizing America's fragmented transportation system, he facilitated national expansion and created the infrastructure on which an expanding economy could build. Nathaniel Jocelyn, 1846
23. SIPGPO_190619_174.JPG: Thomas Hart Benton, 1782-1858: Thomas Hart Benton was a major political figure in the antebellum period, serving as a Democratic senator from Missouri for thirty years. Politically, Benton helped implement "manifest destiny" with his wholehearted support of national expansion. He wrote in 1818: "In a few years the Rocky Mountains will be passed and the 'children of Adam' will have . . . [marched] west to . . . the Pacific." To fulfill this vision of America as a new Eden, Benton promoted homesteading, the western railroad, the Pony Express, annexation, and other measures. But his career foundered on the issue of slavery. A believer in the Union and an opponent of slavery, he voted against the Compromise of 1850, which deferred conflict on the slavery issue. Benton's intransigence outraged the Missouri legislature, and they replaced him with a pro-slavery Whig in 1850. Ferdinand Thomas Lee Boyle, c 1861
24. SIPGPO_190619_187.JPG: Black Hawk, 1767-1838: The push westward, led by scouts like Daniel Boone or Davy Crockett and followed by settlers moving across the Appalachians, ran up against organized Indian resistance. By 1804, the Sac people had ceded their land to the government, but Black Hawk stirred his tribe to reclaim its territory. He led a long resistance to the United States, from fighting in the War of 1812, when he sided with the British, to his instigation of what is known as the Black Hawk War in 1832. Black Hawk brought on the conflict as a last-ditch effort to resist President Jackson's aggressive policy of Indian removal. He said, the cause of our making war... is known to all white men. They ought to be ashamed of it." After a campaign of five months, Black Hawk was defeated at the Battle of Bad Axe. George Catlin, c 1835
25. SIPGPO_190619_194.JPG: "Go west young man, and grow up with the country." - Horace Greeley, 1850
26. SIPGPO_190619_201.JPG: Zachary Taylor, 1784-1850 Born Orange County, Virginia A career army officer, by the 1840s Zachary Taylor-"Old Rough and Ready"-was the commanding general of the southwestern territories. With the outbreak of the Mexican American War in 1846, Taylor led a small army that achieved victories against overwhelming odds at Palo Alto and Monterrey. With victory came public acclaim, which crested when Taylor won the Battle of Buena Vista in February 1847, ending the war. The Whig Party capitalized by nominating Taylor for the presidency, and he was elected in 1848. Ironically, Taylor, who had become a wealthy Louisiana planter, had opposed the annexation of Texas, knowing that expansion would reopen the slavery question. Taylor died during debate over the Compromise of 1850, the attempt to integrate the Mexican territories into the Union without disturbing the status quo on the slavery issue. James Walker, not dated
27. SIPGPO_190619_207.JPG: American Origins Americans in the antebellum period (1840-1860) constantly tested their limits, both as individuals and as a society, confronting the challenges of settling and governing the vast country that lay to the west of the original coastal states. This ongoing confrontation between the ambitions of man and the awesome power of nature contributed to an even more romantic and radical conception of American individualism. Yet these unfettered individuals also had to deal with the practical realities of creating states and territories from western lands. To justify western expansion, Americans evolved the idea that they had a "manifest destiny" to become a continental nation. Manifest destiny made it easier to justify Indian removal and the annexation of southwestern lands from Mexico. But dissenting voices began to be heard, as some Americans questioned whether or not the nation was losing its moral compass.
28. SIPGPO_190619_210.JPG: Davy Crockett, 1786-1836: Unlike his solitary predecessor Daniel Boone, Davy Crockett created the image of the frontiersman as a jocular, color "type" who lived tall tales, whisky, and cutting a caper. Crockett was a bad farmer and kicked around the Southeast, serving in the military and minor governmental offices. On a whim, he ran for Congress from Tennessee, serving two terms (1827-31, 1833-35). To capitalize on his political fame, he authored an autobiography containing a motto, "Be always sure you're right -- then go ahead," that had been the credo of the frontiersman, in reality and myth, to the present day. After Congress, Crockett created a road show in which he presented himself to civilized eastern audiences as the wild and woolly backwoodsman, "half man, half alligator." Still restless, however, Crockett joined the fight for Texas independence and was killed at the Alamo. Chester Harding, 1834
29. SIPGPO_190619_219.JPG: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, 1815-1902: Elizabeth Cady Stanton was a feminist from the start, refusing to include "obey" in her marriage vows to her husband; and when she spoke of God, she used the female pronoun. Stanton helped organize the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848, which was the founding moment of the American women's rights movement, and she was the longtime president of the National Woman Suffrage Association. Although Stanton's goal was to give women political power through the ballot, she also spearheaded other feminist goals, such as liberalizing divorce laws and reforming child-rearing methods. But unlike other early feminists, she always insisted on the primacy of women's right to vote over other reform objectives, including abolition. She wrote, "Our 'pathway' is straight to the ballot box with no variableness nor shadow of turning." Anna Elizabeth Klumpke, 1889
30. SIPGPO_190619_241.JPG: John Greenleaf Whittier, 1807-1892 The son of a Quaker farmer, John Greenleaf Whittier was a poetic prodigy. In 1826, one of his poems was noticed by the antislavery journalist William Lloyd Garrison, creating a lifelong bond between the two men. Garrison supported Whittier's career as a newspaper editor, and his polemics converted Whittier to abolitionism. Dedicating himself to the cause, Whittier worked tirelessly as an antislavery speaker and writer, and was one of the founders of the Republican Party. Whittier was ostracized for his stands: he was mobbed while speaking, and the offices of his newspaper, the Pennsylvania Freeman, were burned to the ground. His early verse was bucolic, but later he put his poetry into the service of abolitionism, collecting his antislavery poems in "Voices of Freedom" (1846). His reputation now rests on his poetic engagement with the issue of slavery. Robert Peckham, 1833
31. SIPGPO_190619_248.JPG: William Gilmore Simms, 1806-1870 Novelist and poet William Gilmore Simms was a founder of a distinctly southern literary perspective, one that is influential in history and literature to this day. Simms spent his life writing, turning out a series of colorful novels as well as a substantial body of verse. He invested his fiction with local color and details of southern history, especially from the Revolutionary War period. Like Washington Irving, he adapted the style of Sir Walter Scott's historical novels to American narratives. Simms' writings were a conscious defense of southern civilization (including slavery) as humane, patriotic, and chivalric, especially in contrast to the cold capitalism of the North. This contrast, minus the defense of slavery, remains a staple of southern writing. Unidentified artist, not dated
32. SIPGPO_190619_254.JPG: John Quincy Adams, 1767-1848 Son of the second president, to whom he owed his formidable intellectual training, John Quincy Adams was fated, like his father, to serve an undistinguished term as president (1828-32). Despite his long experience as an ambassador, senator, and secretary of state, Adams was unable to master the fractious sectional politics of the 1820s. The rigid and humorless New Englander was also out of step with the new popular political style pioneered by Andrew Jackson. Yet these so-called flaws contributed to Adams's success in his life's second act. Returning to Congress in 1831 (the only ex-president to take a lesser office after leaving the White House), Adams became known as "Old Man Eloquent" for his passionate opposition to slavery. In defending the African prisoners on the slave ship Amistad, he made the case in Congress that slavery was not just immoral but unconstitutional. William Hudson Jr., 1844
33. SIPGPO_190619_260.JPG: American Origins Before the Civil War, America became a vast laboratory of experimentation about how to attain a just society through individual and social reform. Inspired by a religion that preached salvation through good works, Americans discovered all kinds of ways -- from ecstatic religious revivals to temperance reform -- to give a larger moral purpose to their lives. Gradually, these reform movements coalesced over the question of slavery. In the North, evolving conceptions about individual rights made increasing numbers reject the idea that democratic society could permit slavery. Counterattacking, southern leaders argued that the federal government could not supersede the rights of individuals in the separate states. Politically, the period was one of increasingly desperate compromise to avoid the threat that slavery posed to the Union. By the mid-1850s, the situation was so inflamed that compromise was no longer possible, and the nation moved to a showdown on the issue it had long avoided.
34. SIPGPO_190619_262.JPG: Edith Wharton, 1862-1937: Before embarking on her celebrated writing career, Edith Newbold Jones Wharton led a privileged life as a member of New York society. Edward Harrison May, a British-born artist working in Paris, painted her portrait during an extensive family sojourn in Europe. Wharton, who would become famous for her critical depictions of the New York upper class, as in the Pulitzer Prize-winning Age of Innocence, was strongly influenced by these European trips of her youth. As an adult she chose to spend much of her life abroad, forming friendships with other American expatriates, such as Henry James. Despite Wharton's cheerful demeanor in this portrait, she would later chronicle the frustrations of her childhood. Yet it was during this time that she came to enjoy "making up," occupying the fictional worlds she would write about as an adult. Edward Harrison May, 1870
35. SIPGPO_190619_272.JPG: American Origins Navy captain Alfred Thayer Mahan's recognition that Americans "must now begin to look outward" to foreign lands reflected not only new dimensions of foreign policy in the late nineteenth century but also new cultural opportunities. As increasing numbers of Americans traveled abroad, expatriate author Henry James found himself "tempted to ask if the hotel-spirit may not just be the American spirit most seeking and most finding itself." The United States' increasingly global vision extended well beyond Europe as the Far East and other lands became increasingly accessible, opening new markets and raising new political concerns. The closing decades of the nineteenth century brought unprecedented opportunities and challenges for those born in the United States and for the hundreds of thousands of immigrants who arrived here. Gathered together in this room are individuals who both affected and reflected upon these sweeping transformations.
36. SIPGPO_190619_274.JPG: James McNeill Whistler. 1834-1903: An innovative painter, designer, and printmaker, James McNeill Whistler frequently identified his landscapes and portraits as "symphonies," "nocturnes," and "arrangements," demonstrating his interest in atmosphere, color, and line. Though often neglected in his native United States, Whistler was lionized by the avant-garde of Europe, and his most productive years were spent in London and Paris. The artist's wit and self-fashioning further heightened his celebrity. Joseph Edgar Boehm sculpted this bust in 1872, the year in which Whistler exhibited his now-famous Arrangement in Grey and Black: Portrait of the Artist's Mother at the Royal Academy in London. Joseph Edgar Boehm, 1872
37. SIPGPO_190619_277.JPG: Leonard Wood, 1860-1927: During the Spanish-American War, military officer Leonard Wood, together with his friend Theodore Roosevelt, founded the First Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, popularly known as the Rough Riders. Their success in Cuba propelled Roosevelt toward the White House and led Wood to be appointed the provisional governor of Cuba. Although Wood ruled with an iron first, effectively disenfranchising the majority of Cuban citizens, he initiated a number of important projects, including a successful campaign to eradicate the deadly yellow fever epidemic. In 1902, he stepped down from his post, having presided over the adoption of a new constitution and the peaceful turnover of authority. He served a similar position in the Philippines before being selected army chief of staff in 1910. John Singer Sargent admired Wood and in 1903 sought out the opportunity to paint his portrait. John Singer Sargent, 1903
38. SIPGPO_190619_285.JPG: Peck Family Gallery "An now, four centuries from the discovery of America, ... the frontier has gone, and with its going has closed the first period of American history." -- Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," 1893
39. SIPGPO_190619_292.JPG: Henry Clay Frick, 1849-1919 Like fellow industrialist Andrew Carnegie, Henry Clay Frick grew up in a family of limited means. Yet by age thirty he had made his first million dollars and had positioned himself as a key player in America's industrial development. Believing that steel would be the principal building material of the future, Frick amassed his fortune first by supplying coke-fuel made from coal-to the steel industry and later by partnering with Carnegie to create the world's largest steel company. A cutthroat businessman who opposed labor unions, Frick was aggressive in making his operations more efficient. In 1892, during a violent confrontation with striking steelworkers in Homestead, Pennsylvania, he did not hesitate to call in guards from the Pinkerton Detective Agency and the state militia to break the union's resolve. This double portrait shows the industrialist with his daughter Helen. Edmund C. Tarbell, c 1910
40. SIPGPO_190619_298.JPG: Jay Gould, 1836-1892: Often depicted as the stereotypical "robber baron" of the Gilded Age, Jay Gould had a reputation for deceptive trading practices and aggressive business dealings. From his attempt to corner the gold market, leading to the 1869 financial panic known as Black Friday; to his hostile takeover of Western Union, giving him a monopoly of the nation's telegraph system; to his fierce machinations with various railroad lines, Gould earned many enemies. With his daring tactics, the self-made Gould helped revolutionize the nation's transportation and communications infrastructure by pushing tirelessly for its expansion. Unlike other industrialists, who used their fortunes to endow institutions that would outlive them, Gould left his estate entirely to his family. Commissioned to paint Gould's portrait four years after his death, the American artist Eastman Johnson, known for his genre scenes, based his likeness of photographs. Eastman Johnson, 1896 Lent by the Grey Art Gallery
41. SIPGPO_190619_307.JPG: American Origins Authors Samuel Clemens ("Mark Twain") and Charles Warner coined the term "Gilded Age" in 1873 to characterize contemporary society. Despite its appearance of promise and prosperity, the United States was, in Clemens and Warner's estimation, essentially materialistic and corrupt. Although political scandals and conspicuous consumption seemed to confirm their skepticism, the lives of the individuals represented in this gallery suggest that the nation was also in the process of moving rapidly beyond its past. Developments in science, technology, and industry -- not to mention the arts, literature, and consumer culture -- were transforming long-standing habits and beliefs throughout America. And although the Civil War had reaffirmed the union of the states, many conflicts still confronted the nation. The place of women in society, the rights of labor workers, and the status of African Americans and Native Americans were only some of the questions left unsettled during this period.
42. SIPGPO_190619_315.JPG: Henry George, 1839-1897 "The great American Republic must be a republic in fact as well as form," wrote economist Henry George. As American industry after the Civil War spawned undreamed-of wealth for some and a new and excruciating poverty for others, George became a leading voice in efforts to reform the nation's free-enterprise system. His stinging yet highly popular critique of American capitalism, Poverty and Progress (1879), described with great eloquence the inequities in modern society. According to George, poverty's root cause lay in ever-rising land values. Levying a heavy "single tax" on those values would, he asserted, undermine monopolies, distribute wealth more evenly, and eliminate poverty. Although George failed in his attempt to win elected office, his writings found widespread support, especially within the burgeoning labor movement. George de Forest Brush, c 1888
43. SIPGPO_190619_325.JPG: Andrew Carnegie, 1835-1919 The individual who amasses great wealth, declared Pittsburgh steelmaker Andrew Carnegie in his 1889 essay "Gospel of Wealth," must in the end apply his fortune for the benefit of all. Having built one of the world's largest fortunes, Carnegie took his mandate seriously. During his lifetime, he turned over a staggering $350 million, or nine-tenths of his total wealth, for benevolent purposes. Carnegie's unprecedented largesse was matched only by its social impact. His Teachers Pension Fund raised instructional standards in colleges; his many library endowments provided Americans with a national system of public libraries; and the Carnegie Corporation, established in 1911, became the prototype for the great philanthropic foundations of the modern day. During the last years of his life, Carnegie devoted his energies to world peace, encouraging the great powers to settle their conflicts through arbitration rather than war. Unidentified artist, c 1905
44. SIPGPO_190619_339.JPG: Erminnie A. Smith, 1836-1886 An anthropologist at the Smithsonian Institution, Erminnie Smith did pioneering research on American Indians. She studied mineralogy in Germany and branched out into ethnohistory, concentrating on the Iroquois. Observing and recording Iroquois rituals, she compiled a dictionary of their language and also published Myths of the Iroquois (1883). This bas-relief by nineteenth-century portrait sculptor William Rudolf O'Donovan was illustrated as the frontispiece of Echoes of the Aesthetic Society of Jersey City (1882), a compilation of literary and scientific texts that the Daughters of the Aesthetic Society of New Jersey published in honor of Smith, their founder. William Rudolf O'Donovan, 1881
45. SIPGPO_190619_341.JPG: Benjamin W. Arnett, 1838-1906 Unidentified artist, 1878
46. SIPGPO_190619_347.JPG: Chief Joseph, c 1840-1904 Chief Joseph came to embody for many the tragic plight of Native Americans during the second half of the nineteenth century. His resistance to government efforts to move the Nez Perc� people to a reservation drew anger from U.S. authorities, but also prompted widespread sympathy from many Americans. When troops were called in to speed the removal process in 1877, Joseph and 800 of his followers began a strategic retreat, seeking safety first among allied tribes in Montana and then heading toward Canada. Only thirty miles from the border, a command led by General Nelson Miles intercepted this band and forced Joseph to surrender. For the next eight years Joseph was imprisoned at several sites, including Fort Leavenworth in Kansas. It was there that artist Cyrenius Hall created this painting of the dispirited leader. Cyrenius Hall, 1878
47. SIPGPO_190619_351.JPG: Jane Addams, 1860-1935 Jane Addams was among the first of the college-educated women of the late nineteenth century to escape the social and cultural constraints limiting professional women to teaching and missionary work. As low wages, long hours, and wretched living conditions became the norm for America's urban industrial workers, many, including Addams, were disturbed by the specter of a permanently oppressed lower class ruled by a privileged elite. Having admired settlement houses (neighborhood social welfare centers) in London, Addams in 1889 established Hull-House in a Chicago slum, the second settlement house in the United States. Within a decade, it offered practical education and a myriad of opportunities to the poor. With the sponsorship of Chicago's wealthy women, Hull-House became the most influential and innovative of the 400 settlement houses in the United States before World War I. Addams later focused on international peace efforts, leading her to become the second woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. George de Forest Brush, 1906
48. SIPGPO_190619_361.JPG: Varina Anne Jefferson Davis, 1864-1898 Unidentified artist, 1889
49. SIPGPO_190619_369.JPG: Belva Ann Lockwood, 1830-1917 Armed with a law degree and a fierce commitment to women's physical education, Belva Ann Lockwood committed herself to the promotion of feminist ideals. She protested being denied the right to teach exercise science to women, and she lobbied for a congressional bill permitting women to argue before the Supreme Court. After its passage in 1879, she became the first woman admitted to practice in that tribunal. Lockwood would later realize that although she could not vote, she could seek public office. She was so well respected that the Equal Rights Party nominated her twice as its candidate for president. Although she was not elected, Lockwood maintained a successful career in law. Among her achievements was a victory for the Eastern Band of Cherokee in 1902, obtaining money that the United States government owed them for the sale of land in an agreement forged in 1838. Nellie Methes Horne, 1913
50. SIPGPO_190619_376.JPG: Two of the threads running through the United States before the Civil War were the principle of union and the reality of slavery. In the North, Americans insisted on union above all else; in the South, Americans insisted on slavery above all else; and in the great American West, pioneers and settlers were left to choose between the two. The Americans represented in this gallery felt strongly about these issues of liberty, union, and slavery. One of them, John Brown, did as much as any single person could do to push the divided nation to the brink of secession and civil war.
51. SIPGPO_190619_378.JPG: Salmon P. Chase, 1808-1873 Born Cornish, New Hampshire As a lawyer and antislavery leader in Ohio, Salmon P. Chase was known as the "attorney general" for runaway slaves. In 1855 he cast his lot with the new Republican Party and soon vied with William Henry Seward for its leadership. A candidate for the party's presidential nomination in 1860, Chase lost to Lincoln but was named secretary of the treasury in the new cabinet. Although he helped write the Emancipation Proclamation, his relations with Lincoln became strained. The personal antagonism between him and Secretary of State Seward weakened the cabinet, and that -- combined with Chase's insatiable desire to become president -- eventually led to his replacement. In 1864 Lincoln appointed him chief justice of the Supreme Court, where he showed political wisdom in handling constitutional problems created by the Civil War and Reconstruction. Francis Bicknell Carpenter, 1861
52. SIPGPO_190619_382.JPG: "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!" -- Daniel Webster, U.S. Senate, January 27, 1830
53. SIPGPO_190619_389.JPG: Daniel Webster, 1782-1852 If John C. Calhoun was the South's leading advocate of states' rights, New England's Daniel Webster was easily its most celebrated opponent. Endowed with an imposingly broad brow that seemed to underscore his eloquence in the Senate and courtroom, Webster was unmatched in his gift for speaking. In 1830 he held his audience enthralled as he turned an exchange with South Carolina senator Robert Hayne into a debate over states' rights. Ending his oration with "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable," he left his listeners spellbound, and it was many minutes before any dared to speak. From that moment, Webster was for many a living emblem of national unity. Francis Alexander painted this portrait in 1835 to commemorate Webster's role in an 1818 Supreme Court case that protected Dartmouth College's charter from being negated. Francis Alexander, 1835
54. SIPGPO_190619_399.JPG: Stephen A. Douglas The presidential election of 1860 was the second time that Stephen Douglas had faced Abraham Lincoln in a political contest. The first had occurred in 1858, when Lincoln unsuccessfully tried to take Douglas's seat in the U.S. Senate. This carving is thought to be a memento of that occasion, and its unknown maker probably intended it as a mate to a similar surviving carving of Lincoln. A contemporary once described Douglas as a "lively five-footer full of brains, bounce, and swagger." Despite its primitive aspect, the carving seems to bear out that description. Unidentified artist, c 1858
55. SIPGPO_190619_407.JPG: John J. Crittenden, 1787-1863 Born Versailles, Kentucky During the campaign of 1860, many southerners declared that Abraham Lincoln's election to the presidency would give them no choice but to secede from the Union. One notable exception was Kentucky senator John Crittenden. This passionate advocate of national unity undertook the task of reaching an accommodation designed to derail the secession movement of 1861. Central to his plan was a proposal that would have permanently guaranteed the rights of slaveholders below the nation's 36�30' parallel. By now, however, bitterness over the slavery question ran too deeply, and neither North nor South could accept this conciliating measure. Instead, Crittenden had to content himself with ensuring that his own Kentucky did not secede; it was largely through his exertions that this state remained loyal to the Union after most of the South had left. George Peter Alexander Healy, 1857
56. SIPGPO_190619_413.JPG: American Origins In the age of iron and steel, sculpture shared in the dynamism of American industry. Gilded Age sculpture turned from a backwards-looking neoclassicism to create an art form that fulfilled the ideals of making it new and making it real. Through the detail of modern metalwork, sculpture heightened the realism of a portrait. Sculpture was civic art. It ornamented the parks that were being built in the midst of cities and contributed to a new ideal of public improvement. Sculpture was both aesthetically pleasing and a celebration of notable men and their heroic deeds. Statues and busts of the founding generation were always popular, and there was a public demand to commemorate the heroes of the Civil War. This heroicizing of both the past and the present was symbolic of a country growing confident in its abilities and emerging as a world power.
57. SIPGPO_190619_417.JPG: American Origins By the middle of the seventeenth century, the eastern seaboard of North America was a patchwork of empires. Florida, first settled in 1565, was subject to Spain. The Dutch held sway over New Amsterdam, which covered parts of present-day New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut. Swedes settled in Delaware in 1638. Simultaneously, the English were settling throughout the Carolinas, Maryland, and Virginia. Jamestown was established in 1607, and the first Africans in bondage were brought there in 1619. More English settlements lay to the north, including the Massachusetts Bay Colony and Rhode Island. Beyond this "New England" were territories claimed by France, including the city of Quebec, established in 1608. Native American nations interacted with the newcomers in numerous ways. Some formed strategic alliances with the Europeans; other resisted their increasing presence. Eventually, England would become the dominant power in this complex colonial tapestry. Such was the mix from which the United States of America would emerge.
58. SIPGPO_190619_421.JPG: "Thus in the beginning all the World was America." -- John Locke, Second Treatise of Civil Government, 1689
59. SIPGPO_190619_427.JPG: American Origins America's origins do not begin at a specific date, nor do they involve one particular group of people. When the United States became an independent nation in 1776, different peoples had lived in its lands for centuries. Following Christopher Columbus's arrival in the so-called "New World" in 1492, immigrants came to America in search of new riches, new freedoms, and new beginnings. As early as 1619, enslaved Africans also began arriving on America's shores. In subsequent centuries, as individuals from around the globe have settled here, the country's diversity has grown further. In many respects, the United States is always beginning anew. Here in this exhibition, you will meet those who shaped their times, from the colonial era through the Revolution and the Civil War to the end of the nineteenth century. Each contributed in extraordinary ways to the country's continuing reinvention.
60. SIPGPO_190730_001.JPG: Frances Wright, 1795-1852 Born Dundee, Scotland As a young girl in Scotland, Frances Wright developed an intense admiration for the Declaration of Independence. The document inspired her lifelong commitment to social reform and prompted her to encourage the United States to live up to its democratic ideals. Her book Views of Society and Manners in America (1821) praised the positive effects of liberty and freedom while denouncing the injustice of slavery. Nagel & Weingaertner Lithography Company, after Johan Gorbitz, c 1852
61. SIPGPO_190730_013.JPG: Alexander Calder, 1898-1976 Born Lawnton, Pennsylvania After working as an engineer in various capacities and places, Alexander Calder began painting New York City street scenes and portraits. These reflect the realist approach of his teachers at the Art Students League, notably John Sloan. In this work Calder pictures himself as a handsome young man still sporting the mustache he said he "raised . . . to look more like a seasoned engineer." Calder created this self-portrait at the moment when his career was beginning to take off with the wire sculptures he made. In it we see a contemplative view of a young man in the process of establishing his reputation as a professional artist. Self-portrait, 1925
62. SIPGPO_190730_017.JPG: Alice Dunbar-Nelson, 1875-1935 Born New Orleans, Louisiana This portrait represents the network of friendships established among prominent African American women in the wake of the black women's club movement, which grew in visibility with the founding of the National Association of Colored Women in 1896. Women, including Laura Wheeler Waring and Alice Dunbar-Nelson, came together from a variety of backgrounds to combat negative stereotypes and fight for basic rights. Waring, an established artist who had studied in France between the two world wars, painted Dunbar-Nelson's portrait in Philadelphia the year she married Walter E. Waring, a Lincoln University professor. By 1927 Dunbar-Nelson was a prominent political activist and journalist and was in demand as a public speaker. The portrait exudes the confidence and self-possession of two accomplished, intellectual women whose friendship helped advance the rights of both women and African Americans. Laura Wheeler Waring, 1927
63. SIPGPO_190730_023.JPG: You Are Wanted by U.S. Army John Joseph Pershing, 1860-1948 During World War I, posters seemed to promise a fast, efficient medium for communicating with the home front, and painters, cartoonists, and illustrators volunteered their artistic talents as a patriotic gesture. California artist K. M. Bara's You Are Wanted by U.S. Army recruiting poster depicted General John J. Pershing, the renowned commander of the American Expeditionary Force. Because of two famous advertising campaigns-Uncle Sam's "I Want You for the U.S. Army" and Lord Kitchener's "Your Country Needs You" in England-the pointing or outstretched hand became a frequent motif for poster propaganda during the war. In addition to that exhorting gesture, Bara used bold coloring and a lively composition of crossing diagonals with the upward-charging horse and the twisting figure. For those who missed the reference to a famous equestrian portrait-Napoleon Crossing the Alps by Jacques-Louis David-Pershing's recognizable figure was authoritative all on its own. K.M. Bara, c 1917
64. SIPGPO_190730_030.JPG: John J. Pershing, 1860-1948 Shortly after the United States entered World War I in 1917, General John J. "Black Jack" Pershing (a nickname derived from his command of black troops in the Tenth Cavalry) took command of the American Expeditionary Forces going to Europe. His background and temperament fit with this country's emergence as a world power. Within little more than a year, he transported America's first massive twentieth-century army to the European front, where it contributed substantially to the German defeat in November 1918. Pershing deftly commanded the army and successfully held his soldiers separate from the French and British, who saw them as little more than replacements for their own massive casualties. Upon his return home, Pershing was designated "general of the armies"-a title that no one had held since Ulysses Grant. Sir William Orpen, c 1919
65. SIPGPO_190730_043.JPG: The Roll Call Isadora Duncan, 1877-1927 Arnold Genthe, 1918
66. SIPGPO_190730_048.JPG: Pauline Morton Sabin, 1887-1955 In 1929, Pauline Morton Smith Sabin (later Davis) founded the Women's Organization for National Prohibition Reform. She was the powerhouse behind this energetic and effective organization, and her efforts on behalf of the repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment merited a Time magazine cover portrait on July 18, 1932, accompanied by a profile detailing her background and political savvy. Her career also included founding the New York-based Women's National Republican Club in 1921 and serving as its president until 1926; becoming the first female member of the Republican National Committee (1924-28); co-chairing Fiorello LaGuardia's 1933 mayoral campaign; and directing volunteer forces for the American Red Cross during World War II. Philip Alexius de L�szl� was on his third visit to the United States when the vivacious and charismatic Sabin sat for him, signing his sitter's book on April 2, 1926. Philip de Laszlo, 1926
67. SIPGPO_190730_054.JPG: Miguel Covarrubias, 1904-1957 by Edward Weston, 1926
68. SIPGPO_190730_059.JPG: The Honor of His House Sessue Hayakawa, 1889-1973 by James William Farrah, 1918
69. SIPGPO_190730_071.JPG: Adolph Ochs, 1858-1935 Born Cincinnati, Ohio Adolph Ochs began his career as a newspaper boy for the Knoxville Chronicle, rising at 3:00 a.m. to fold and deliver newspapers for $1.50 per week. His disciplined work habits led to rapid promotions on several newspapers, and by 1878 he was able to purchase the Chattanooga Times. In 1896 he acquired the failing New York Times. Ochs refused to run comics and made book reviews and letters to the editor prominent features. Despite the fierce competition from the "yellow press" during the Spanish-American War, Ochs succeeded in making the Times the "newspaper of record" for the English-speaking world. Philip de L�szl� was a society portraitist both in Europe and in America during the early decades of the twentieth century. This portrait was painted in April 1926, when the artist was in New York City. Philip de Laszlo, 1926
70. SIPGPO_190730_080.JPG: La Llamarada (The Drum) Sabu Dastagir, 1924-1963 by Osvaldo Mario Venturi, 1946
71. SIPGPO_190730_087.JPG: Cab Calloway, 1907-1994 Performing one night at Harlem's fabled Cotton Club in the early 1930s, singer, composer, and bandleader Cab Calloway was suddenly unable to remember the lyrics to his own song "Minnie the Moocher." To fill the void, he launched into improvisational scat, singing "hi-de-hi, hi-de-ho." His performance soon had the audience joining in, and his raucous finale, Calloway later recalled, "nearly brought the roof down." Forever after, "hi-de-ho" was an integral part of his identity as one of the Big Band era's most popular and respected figures. Much of Calloway's success was owing to his own rakishly vibrant style, which injected his band's performances with a festive exuberance. He also had a remarkable gift for recruiting and holding on to good musicians, and among his band members were such jazz greats as Dizzy Gillespie, Milt Hinton, and Cozy Cole. Carl Van Vechten, 1933
72. SIPGPO_190730_099.JPG: Jose Limon, 1908-1972 by Barbara Morgan, 1945
73. SIPGPO_190730_107.JPG: Truman Capote, 1924-1984 by David Attie, 1958
74. SIPGPO_190730_115.JPG: Pvt. Joe Louis Says... Joe Louis, 1914-1981 Heavyweight champion Joe Louis was so popular in the 1930s, according to reporter Earl Brown, that "his huge picture in fighting togs" adorned many African American community gathering spots. Different fighting togs but the same popular appeal made for an extremely effective government war poster, utilizing only the dramatically posed figure, an inspirational quote, and a vivid blue background. The poster does not attempt to recruit troops, sell war bonds, or encourage hard work in the factories. It is a general message to fellow black Americans to "do our part." Louis himself, who had turned down a commission when he enlisted in the army, helped to integrate athletic programs, boxed in exhibition matches to entertain the troops, and helped to raise money for military relief funds. At the end of the war, the army commended him for "exceptionally meritorious service." Unidentified artist, 1942
75. SIPGPO_190730_126.JPG: Richmond Barthe, 1901-1989 Born Bay St. Louis, Mississippi The Harmon Foundation, a philanthropic organization based in New York City and active from 1922 to 1967, included this portrait in its exhibition "Portraits of Outstanding Americans of Negro Origin." To demonstrate its goal of social equality and document noteworthy African Americans' contributions to the country, the foundation had sought portraits from an African American artist, Laura Wheeler Waring, and a Euro-American artist, Betsy Graves Reyneau. The exhibition toured the country for ten years. By 1946, sculptor Richmond Barth� was very well-known in New York City. Reyneau depicted him in his studio with a figure of Jesus Christ titled Come Unto Me. When he completed the work in 1947, Barth� donated it to St. Jude's Church in Montgomery, Alabama. The Harmon Foundation, a philanthropic organization based in New York City and active from (1922-1967) included this portrait in their exhibition "Portraits of Outstanding Americans of Negro Origins" which documented noteworthy African Americans' contributions to the country. Modeling their goal of social equality, the Harmon sought portraits from an African-American artist, Laura Wheeler Waring and Euro-American artist, Betsy Graves Reyneau. The two painters followed the conventional codes of academic portraiture, seeking to convey their sitters extraordinary accomplishments. This painting, along with a variety of educational materials, toured nation-wide for ten years serving as a visual rebuttal to racism. Betsy Graves Reyneau, 1946
76. SIPGPO_190730_134.JPG: Sayonara Marlon Brando, 1924-2004 Miiko Taka, born 1925 by Luigi Martinati, 1961
77. SIPGPO_190730_141.JPG: Eleanor Roosevelt, 1884-1962 by Charles Johnson Post, c 1940
78. SIPGPO_190730_148.JPG: Soichi Sakamoto with Swim Team Soichi Sakamoto, 1906-1997 by Paradise Studio, c 1939
79. SIPGPO_190730_160.JPG: Robert Capa, 1913-1954 by Kari Horna, 1933
80. SIPGPO_190730_168.JPG: William A. "Bud" Abbott, 1895-1974 Louis Francis "Lou" Costello, 1906-1959 Morgan Lithography Company, 1941
81. SIPGPO_190730_181.JPG: Artists in Exile Artist Herman Landshoff, 1905 - 1986 Front Row (left to right) Stanley William Hayter, 1901 - 1988 Leonora Carrington, 6 Apr 1917 - 25 May 2011 Frederick John Kiesler, 22 Sep 1890 - 27 Dec 1965 Kurt Seligmann, 1900 - 1962 Middle Row (left to right) Max Ernst, 1891 - 1976 Amedee Ozenfant, 1886 - 1966 Andre Breton, 1896 - 1966 Fernand L�ger, 1881 - 1955 Berenice Abbott, 17 Jul 1898 - 9 Dec 1991 Back Row (left to right) Jimmy Ernst, 1920 - 1984 Peggy Guggenheim, 26 Aug 1898 - 23 Dec 1979 John Ferren, 1905 - 1970 Marcel Duchamp, 28 Jul 1887 - 2 Oct 1968 Pieter Cornelis Mondrian, 1872 - 1944
82. SIPGPO_190730_191.JPG: Lauren Bacall, 1924-2014 by John Engstead, 1944
83. SIPGPO_190730_200.JPG: James Agee, 1909-1955 by Walker Evans, 1937
84. SIPGPO_190730_209.JPG: Twentieth-Century Americans: 1900-1930 "The world was never so young as it is today," noted Walter Lippmann early in the twentieth century, "so impatient with old and crusty things." The individuals in this room changed America, transforming an agrarian, continental power into an industrial, world power. Financiers and industrialists rationalized the market and provided consumers with mass-produced, affordable cars. Suffragettes won the vote; minorities began to voice their protests. Journalists and various reformers advocated for workers, immigrants, and the poor. The avant-garde reinvented literature, poetry, and painting, and the Harlem Renaissance introduced new voices. American jazz and cinema established the century's rhythms and themes and became popular worldwide. World War I marked the emergence of American power on a world stage. Meanwhile, flappers introduced new sexual mores, gangster violence fascinated the public, athletes became heroes, and "Lucky Lindy's" solo flight across the Atlantic defined this era's exuberance. Although not without serious problems, the century opened with a sense of dynamic change.
85. SIPGPO_190730_213.JPG: Twentieth-Century Americans: 1930-1960 Americans shifted from standing in breadlines to eating TV dinners in the years between 1930 and 1960. The Great Depression of the 1930s, with its shantytowns and millions of unemployed people, tarnished the country's image as the land of opportunity and plenty. In the process, the catastrophe inspired Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal, which gave government a larger role in the nation's economic life. Global conflict marked the 1940s, but because of the mobilization of soldiers and industry, the country emerged with greater power to shape the international order. The economy flourished in the 1950s as the United States increased its exports of both consumer goods and culture. Soon thereafter, the country became engaged in the Cold War, which sparked panic over the possibility of nuclear attacks and fears over the spread of communism, both at home and abroad. All the while, most Americans were grappling with the effects of racial segregation, and many dedicated themselves to bringing about civil rights reforms.
86. SIPGPO_190730_218.JPG: Twentieth-Century Americans: 1960-2000 The closing decades of the twentieth century were marked by social and political upheaval. During the 1960s, amidst the diverse war raging in Vietnam and multiple assassinations at home, the United States witnessed great strides in civil rights, the flourishing of Pop art, the introduction of hard rock, and a Cold War victory in the space race. With the 1970s came the Watergate scandal, a critical energy shortage, and an end to the Vietnam War. We celebrated the nation's bicentennial, danced to disco, and watched as Americans were taken hostage in Iran. The 1980s brought the rise of Reagan conservatism, fallout from the Iran Contra affair, and the onset of the AIDS crisis. The first Apple computer was introduced; hip-hop gained popularity; and a new focus on multiculturalism emerged. In the twentieth century's final decade, the global landscape changed dramatically with the collapse of the Soviet Union. Americans served in the first Gulf War; the president survived impeachment, and we prepared for Y2K.
87. SIPGPO_190730_226.JPG: Apollo 11 Crew by Ronald Anderson, 1969
88. SIPGPO_190730_257.JPG: New York, New York, 1979 (Statue of Liberty) Tseng Kwong Chi, 1950-1990 Self-portrait, 1979
89. SIPGPO_190730_263.JPG: Merle Haggard, 1937-2016 by Burton Philip Silverman, 1990
90. SIPGPO_190730_274.JPG: Michael Mansfield, 1903-2001 by Aaron Shikler, 1977
91. SIPGPO_190730_289.JPG: Steve Jobs, 1955-2011 by David Levine, 1994
92. SIPGPO_190730_318.JPG: Jean-Michel Basquiat, 1960-1988 by David Levine, 1985
93. SIPGPO_190730_320.JPG: Bette Midler, born 1945 "She's 5'1" . . . absolutely dizzy, and rarer than a homemade honeybun" raved an awed reporter in 1972 about the singer-comedienne Bette Midler, then performing at New York City's Continental Baths. "Her hair is "red as a Pomegranate. . . . Her bosom is formidable. . . . She moves fiercely on tiny feet strapped into the highest platform wedgies since Carmen Miranda." Richard Amsel, an emerging talent who had recently won a nationwide contest to design the poster for Hello, Dolly!, caught her energy and flair in his 1973 poster. Midler's accompanist, Barry Manilow, who produced her first and second albums, admired Amsel's work, and Midler agreed he should design the cover and advertising art. His stylized strutting figure graced Midler's second album, promoted a national tour, and here announced her appearance to sold-out audiences at New York's Palace Theater in December 1973. A similar image was reused for later albums and tours. Richard Amsel, 1973
94. SIPGPO_190730_328.JPG: Jonas Salk, 1914-1995 Born New York City Jonas Salk built his career on developing vaccines against influenza and polio. In the 1940s he helped revolutionize immunology by developing vaccines that did not expose recipients to the disease itself. In 1947, as America confronted a polio epidemic, Salk turned to finding a vaccine for the disease, reporting successful results by 1953; by 1955 the Salk vaccine was in widespread use and dramatically diminished the impact of polio, especially among children. Salk never claimed a patent for the vaccine, asking "Could you patent the sun?" Edmond Romulus Amateis, 1966 cast after 1958 original
95. SIPGPO_190730_334.JPG: Jimmy Connors, born 1952 by David Levine, 1975
96. SIPGPO_190730_347.JPG: Jerry Seinfeld, born 1954 by David Levine, 1997
97. SIPGPO_190730_353.JPG: Eleanor Steber, 1914-1990 by Richard Ely, 1980
98. SIPGPO_190730_367.JPG: John Artis, 1935-2016 Rubin Carter, 1937-2014 by Ida Libby Dengrove, 1976
99. SIPGPO_190730_374.JPG: Fab 5 Freddy Fred Brathwaite, born 1959 Between the late 1970s and the early 2000s, hip-hop developed from a New York City urban subculture of African American and Puerto Rican youth into a powerful industry that had become the most widely listened-to music genre internationally. Fred Brathwaite, aka Fab 5 Freddy, was instrumental to this process. Coming out of the street art scene during the 1970s, which included luminaries like Jean-Michel Basquiat and Keith Haring, Brathwaite derived his nickname from his association with the Fabulous 5 graffiti group that painted the sides of the city's subways. Through graffiti exhibitions that he curated in the galleries and rock clubs of downtown Manhattan, Fab 5 Freddy helped connect street culture with the city's art scene. In 1988 he became the host of MTV's first foray into rap: Yo! MTV Raps. Jane Dickson painted this portrait in 1982, the same year she co-produced the hip-hop cult movie Wild Style with Fab 5 Freddy and Charlie Ahearn. Jane Dickson, 1982
100. SIPGPO_190730_383.JPG: Michael DeBakey, 1908-2008 Born Lake Charles, Louisiana An innovative leader in the treatment of heart disease, surgeon Michael DeBakey helped inaugurate a new era in cardiovascular surgery. The pump he designed for use in blood transfusions proved critical to the development of heart-lung machines that made open-heart surgery possible. DeBakey also pioneered the use of Dacron fabric for vascular grafts and tubing. In the 1960s he led efforts to develop a mechanical pump -- known as a ventricular assist device -- to support patients with failing heart function. Among the first to perform coronary bypasses, DeBakey made history in 1968 when he and his team transplanted four organs from a single donor to four different recipients. Peter Shapiro, 1998 cast of 1997 original
101. SIPGPO_190730_390.JPG: Arthur Miller, 1915-2005 Born New York City Arthur Miller was one of the most influential playwrights of the twentieth century, celebrated for his dramas of social conscience. He is best known for his Pulitzer Prize-winning Death of a Salesman (1949) and The Crucible (1953), a play about the Salem witch trials inspired by Miller's hatred of McCarthyism. He continued to write dramatic works, short stories, and essays for the rest of life, and his masterpieces are still staged frequently. Miller and sculptor Philip Grausman were friends and neighbors in rural Connecticut. Critic Hilton Kramer found Grausman's refined portraits fascinating, noting that "their surfaces have an astonishing clarity and finish, and they have a haunting physical presence." Philip Grausman, 1972
102. SIPGPO_190730_393.JPG: Contemporary Americans: 2000-Present Although the millennium began with great promise, the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, triggered seismic shifts in both American culture and international politics. People came to realize the degree to which the nation had been operating in isolation. The Great Recession of 2008 and 2009 burst the housing bubble, and the government was forced to support bail-outs and other guarantees in the face of bleak unemployment rates. Over the past two decades, the United States has become embroiled in unpopular and controversial wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Issues of immigration continue to divide the nation, and weather-related crises have made it impossible to ignore country's failing infrastructure. Though no single figure characterizes the contemporary era, American-led activism and such movements as Black Lives Matter, #MeToo, and March for Our Lives, have created worldwide protest. Increasingly sophisticated forms of social media continue to fuel grassroots efforts, contributing to the development of a global democracy. An era of radical change perhaps best characterizes the contemporary moment.
103. SIPGPO_190730_397.JPG: Antonia Hernandez, born 1948 Born Torreon, Mexico At age eight, Antonia Hernandez moved from Torreon, Mexico, to Los Angeles, California, where she experienced the inequities of life as an immigrant. Childhood memories of injustice inspired her to promote Latino agency as a student activist at UCLA and as a staff attorney at the Los Angeles Center for Law and Justice. In 1979, Hernandez became the first Latina counsel to the U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, soon joining the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF). Rising to MALDEF president and general counsel, Hernandez championed a constituency of 29 million Latinos through legal and political initiatives. Since 2004, she has led the California Community Foundation, as a supporter of local nonprofits focused on increasing public access to health services, housing, education, and the arts. This print, by distinguished Chicana artist Barbara Carrasco, celebrates Hernandez's legacy as a leading legal and cultural advocate for Latinos and other underserved populations in the United States. Barbara Carrasco, 2005
104. SIPGPO_190730_405.JPG: Rudolfo Anaya, born 1937 Born Pastura, New Mexico The author Rudolfo Anaya once remarked, "What I've wanted to do is compose the Chicano worldview -- the synthesis that shows our true mestizo identity -- and clarify it for my community and myself." His semi-autobiographical novel, Bless Me, Ultima (1972), tells the story of a child growing up during World War II who, with the guidance of a healer, begins to understand the mysteries of nature, morality, and spirituality. Bless Me, Ultima, which is now considered a fundamental text of Chicano literature, was acclaimed for its lyricism, its alternation of English and Spanish, and its fresh way of relaying the Mexican American experience of the Southwest. Anaya's other books include the award-winning Tortuga (1979) and Alburquerque (1992), whose title references the original spelling of the city's name. The El Paso artist Gaspar Enr�quez, who created this depiction of Anaya, is celebrated for his portraits that enhance our understanding of Chicano identity on the local, regional, and national stage. Gaspar Enriquez, 2016
105. SIPGPO_190824_001.JPG: Esperanza Spalding, 1984- Born Portland, Oregon Jazz bassist and singer Esperanza Spalding electrified the Grammy Awards in 2011 when she won honors as Best New Artist. Having been inspired by Yo-Yo Ma as a child, she played several different stringed instruments before settling on the bass when she was in high school. She released her first album, Junjo, in 2006. Her sixth release, Exposure, was created over seventy-seven consecutive hours, a process that she livestreamed on Facebook in September 2017. Spalding's musical roots reflect her rich cultural heritage: Her father is African American; her mother is Welsh, Native American, and Hispanic; and she herself sings in English, Spanish, and Portuguese. Sandrine Lee's photograph shows the musician in an old railroad station in Connecticut. In interviews, Spalding has emphasized that music does not only happen in recording studios and concert halls, but also in more intimate, everyday spaces, like the one shown here. Sandrine Lee, 2010, printed 2012
106. SIPGPO_190824_012.JPG: Lou Young, 1952- Born New York City This photograph of the New York City television reporter Lou Young was taken after the attacks on the World Trade Center (WTC) buildings. Young stands at an intersection adjacent to the WTC site where the media congregated for their stand-up reports from the scene. Young, who worked for the CBS affiliate in the city, is gathering himself as he prepares to go back on the air. His pose evokes a sense of resolution as well as the fatigue and incomprehension that encapsulated the national mood in the direct aftermath of the 9/11 attacks. Frank Schramm, 2001
107. SIPGPO_190824_018.JPG: Marta Moreno Vega, 1952- Born New York City Marta Morena Vega is a Nuyorican (a New Yorker of Puerto Rican descent), who grew up in the historically Puerto Rican neighborhood of East Harlem, also known as El Barrio. As a visual artist, Afro-Latina activist, scholar, author, educator, and Yoruba priestess, Vega has dedicated her life's work to shedding light on the experiences and contributions of people of African descent. As the second director of El Museo del Barrio (1972–1976), she described her vision for the museum as "challenging inequality, providing a creative thought process and creative expressions that would lead to solutions with the brilliant eyes of our artists." Then, in 1976, she founded the Caribbean Cultural Center African Diaspora Institute, which advocates for and connects Afro-descendent communities. This work led her to co-found the Global Afro Latino and Caribbean Initiative through Hunter College in 2000. In this photograph, Timothy Greenfield-Sanders elegantly captures Vega's strength, determination, and wisdom. This photograph is part of Timothy Greenfield-Sanders's series The Latino List, which explores what it means to be Latino in the twenty-first century. Timothy Greenfield-Sanders, 2011
108. SIPGPO_190824_025.JPG: Sandra Cisneros, 1954- Born Chicago, Illinois Sandra Cisneros is the most prominent Latina voice in American literature. She drew upon her experience as the daughter of a working-class Mexican American family in Chicago in her first published work, The House on Mango Street (1984), which earned her the coveted American Book Award and became required reading in public schools and universities across the country. Cisneros was the first Latina to become a MacArthur Fellow (1995), and in 2002 the New York Times and other national newspapers selected her novel Caramelo as a notable book of the year. Cisneros projects herself in different ways in her many existing portraits, as if alluding to her free mind as a writer -- wearing pink wigs or animal print coats, or with her Virgin of Guadalupe tattoo exposed. Here we see her with her dog on the porch of her former residence in San Antonio, smiling at the viewer and wearing native Mexican attire. Timothy Greenfield-Sanders, 2011
109. SIPGPO_190824_035.JPG: Maria Hinojosa, 1961- Timothy Greenfield-Sanders, 2011
110. SIPGPO_190824_046.JPG: Russell Means, 1939-2012 Born Porcupine, South Dakota Born on the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota, Russell Means was Oglala Lakota Sioux. In 1968, he joined the American Indian Movement (AIM), a militant activist organization. When AIM occupied Wounded Knee, site of the infamous nineteenth-Century massacre of the Sioux, in 1973, Means was the organization's spokesperson. The siege grew into a seventy-one day confrontation between armed AIM members and the federal authorities. Means left the group in 1988. Artist Bob Coronato wanted to honor Means, who agreed to sit for him as long as the portrait conveyed that "Indians are not the idea of old Hollywood westerns or to be thought of as ‘in the past' but a people very much of today, and with a rich history." The artist and Means decided to include the upside-down flag, a sign used by the Navy as a symbol of distress and that AIM often displayed during protests. Bob Coronato, 2012
111. SIPGPO_190824_060.JPG: Joy Cho, 1979- Born Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Joy Cho was listed among Time magazine's thirty "most influential people on the internet" in 2015 and 2016. The graphic design blog she began in 2005 was the start of what Cho has turned into an entrepreneurial wonder. It is now a lifestyle website offering advice and ideas on a variety of subjects, including home decor, entertaining and party planning, and baby and nursery needs. In addition to publishing books on starting a successful blog and the basics of creative design, Cho is also a design consultant for brands such as Target, Johnson & Johnson, and Petco. This portrait is from a group of photographs Rachel Thurston took of Joy Cho and her family at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in October 2013. For Thurston, the setting was a perfect way to depict Cho's "joy," which she conveys through her immensely popular colorful designs. Rachel Thurston, 2013 (printed 2016)
112. SIPGPO_190824_065.JPG: For Love Robert Creeley, 1926-2005 Born Arlington, Massachusetts Robert Creeley was a transformative figure in postwar American poetry. His affiliation with the experimental Black Mountain College in North Carolina placed him at the center of a group of progressive poets who originated "projective verse" -- a mode of composition that abandoned the structured rhyme and metric schemes of traditional poetry in favor of a more improvisational, free-form approach that Creeley likened to jazz and Abstract Expressionism. He explored such synergies through frequent collaboration with prominent visual artists. This portrait by R. B. Kitaj was inspired by Creeley's first major collection, For Love: Poems 1950–1960 (1962), which examines the collapse of the author's first marriage and the beginning of his second. The book hallmarked Creeley's radically concise, minimalist style and his focus on private, everyday emotions and experiences rather than epic themes. The author of several dozen volumes of verse, Creeley received the Bollingen Prize for Poetry in 1999. R.B. Kataj, 1966
113. SIPGPO_190824_071.JPG: John Young, born 1930 The only astronaut to have piloted four types of spacecraft -- the Gemini, the Apollo Command Module, the Apollo Lunar Module, and the space shuttle -- John Young enjoyed a long and productive career with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). In addition to walking on the moon as commander of Apollo 16, Young helped inaugurate the nation's space shuttle program, which featured a reusable spacecraft, and served as commander of the shuttle Columbia in April 1981. This life study of Young by portraitist Henry Casselli, a participant in NASA's art program, features the astronaut in his "snoopy cap," just prior to donning his helmet for Columbia's maiden voyage. Shortly after the flight, Young was recognized for his service with the Congressional Space Medal of Honor, the nation's highest spaceflight award. Henry C. Casselli Jr., 1981
114. SIPGPO_190824_079.JPG: Bobby Seale, 1936- Born Liberty, Texas Inspired by Malcolm X's message of black empowerment, Bobby Seale and his friend Huey Newton co-founded the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense in Oakland, California, in 1966. In addition to providing assistance programs for the city's poor, the Black Panthers adopted a militant approach to social justice, challenging police brutality, racism, and economic exploitation through aggressive action. This portrait was made during Seale's trial as one of the "Chicago Eight," who were charged with conspiracy to incite riots at the 1968 Democratic National Convention. In response to Seale's vehement demands for his constitutional rights, the judge ordered him bound and gagged, and sentenced him to four years in prison for contempt. Those charges were dismissed, and his trial for murder the following year ended with a hung jury. Seale subsequently renounced violence as a means to an end and now devotes his time to advising students on community organizing and social change. Anthony Salvatore Accurso, 1969
115. SIPGPO_190824_095.JPG: The Supremes Diana Ross (born 1944) achieved international stardom as the lead singer of the Supremes. The group's breakout single, "Where Did Our Love Go," reached #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in August 1964, followed shortly thereafter by "Baby Love," "Come See about Me," "Stop in the Name of Love," and "Back in My Arms Again." The trio crowned their success in October 1965 by becoming the first pop group to play Lincoln Center. This poster advertises that historic concert, with Ross standing at far right beside Mary Wilson (born 1944; center) and Florence Ballard (1943–1976; left). In 1970, Ross left the Supremes to pursue a highly acclaimed and influential solo career. She also appeared in five films, beginning with Lady Sings the Blues in 1972. Ross was a Kennedy Center honoree in 2007 and received the nation's highest civilian honor, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, in 2016. Joseph Eula, 1965
116. SIPGPO_190824_100.JPG: Cornell Capa, 1918-2008 Born Budapest, Hungary In his thirty years as a photojournalist, Cornell Capa aspired "to make images that educate and change the world, not just document it." Following wartime service as a photographer, he joined the staff of Life magazine in 1946, moving on to Magnum Photos in 1954. Focusing his lens on politics, he covered the Per�n regime in Argentina, the Six-Day War in Israel, and the electoral campaigns of John and Robert Kennedy, Adlai Stevenson, and Nelson Rockefeller. He also explored wide-ranging social issues, such as the destruction of indigenous Amazon cultures and Wall Street's ruthless young renegades. This portrait shows Capa with photographs he made of Bolshoi Ballet dancers in Moscow and an impoverished father and daughter in El Salvador. On the wall behind him hangs a photograph of his beloved older brother, the war photographer Robert Capa, in whose honor Capa founded the International Center of Photography in 1974. Miriam Troop, 1999
117. SIPGPO_190824_116.JPG: John Updike, 1932-2009 Born Reading, Pennsylvania Throughout his prolific writing career, John Updike explored "the three great secret things" in human experience: sex, religion, and art. His award-winning novels and short stories are as remarkable for their stylistic perfection as for the messy human relationships they portray in middle-class suburban communities. His first important novel, Rabbit, Run (1960), details the sexual adventures of aging former athlete Harry "Rabbit" Angstrom. Despite his publisher's fears of an obscenity prosecution, the novel garnered acclaim, and Updike continued Angstrom's story in three subsequent novels -- two of them Pulitzer Prize winners. Updike created a national sensation in 1968 with his novel Couples, set in "the post-pill paradise" of an Eastern seaboard town, where spouse-swapping and the hedonistic pursuit of sexual liberation create spiritual and psychological turmoil. The book's notoriety inspired Time magazine to put this portrait of the author on its cover, along with a banner heralding "The Adulterous Society." Robert Vickrey, 1968 Time cover, April 26, 1968
118. SIPGPO_190824_120.JPG: Lily Tomlin, 1939- Born Detroit, Michigan This star-studded portrait appeared on the cover of Time magazine in 1977 with a caption declaring Lily Tomlin the "New Queen of Comedy." Tomlin had rocketed to fame impersonating eccentric characters (ranging from the snooty telephone operator Ernestine to the lisping kindergarten-age philosopher Edith Ann) on the popular television show Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In. Her uncanny insights into character led to a string of movies, beginning with her Oscar-nominated performance in Robert Altman's Nashville (1975), and including The Late Show (1977), 9 to 5 (1980), and All of Me (1984). Eight years after debuting the first one-woman show on Broadway, Tomlin returned to the stage in 1985 with her Tony Award-winning solo performance in The Search for Signs of Intelligent Life in the Universe, written by her longtime partner (now wife) Jane Wagner. Today, Tomlin stars alongside Jane Fonda in the hit Netflix series Grace and Frankie. Richard Amsel, 1977 Time cover, March 28, 1977
119. SIPGPO_190824_140.JPG: Gregory Hines, 1946-2003 Born New York City Widely acknowledged as the greatest tap dancer of his day, Gregory Hines revitalized the genre and inspired a new generation of performers, including Savion Glover. Hines's dancing career began when he was a child, performing with his brother and his father in an act billed as Hines, Hines, and Dad. He later recalled, "I don't remember not dancing. When I realized I was alive . . . and I could walk and talk, I could dance." Beginning in the late 1970s, Hines found success on Broadway, headlining shows such as Eubie! (1978), Sophisticated Ladies (1981), and Jelly's Last Jam, for which he received the 1992 Tony Award for best actor in a musical. His onscreen performances included leading roles in The Cotton Club (1984) and White Nights (1985), with Mikhail Baryshnikov. Proudly asserting, "Tap is the American dance," Hines embraced the genre's historic roots even though he was always "search[ing] for the new step." Robert Mapplethrope, 1985
120. SIPGPO_190824_148.JPG: Keye Luke, 1904-1991 Born Guangzhou, China In the early 1930s, Keye Luke sidelined his promising artistic career to become one of Hollywood's few Asian American actors. Through widely viewed film performances, he hoped to "clear up the debris of misunderstanding and misconception of the Chinese which Americans may have, and vice versa." Although he resented ethnic stereotyping, Luke benefited from the popularity of movies featuring exotic, pseudo-Asian detectives played by white actors in "yellowface." Between 1935 and 1949, he appeared in ten films as Lee Chan, "Number One Son" of detective Charlie Chan. In 1940, Luke starred in Phantom of Chinatown (advertised by this poster), becoming the first Asian actor to play an Asian detective in a lead role. Dogged by ethnic typecasting, he went on to originate several iconic roles, including Kato in the Green Hornet serials (1940–41), Mr. Wang in the Broadway musical Flower Drum Song (1958), and Master Po in the television series Kung Fu (1972–75). Unidentified artist, 1940
121. SIPGPO_190824_165.JPG: Joan Crawford, 1904-1977 Born San Antonio, Texas Destined to become one of the screen's most glamorous and enduring stars, Joan Crawford was dancing in the chorus of a Broadway revue when an MGM talent scout discovered her in 1924. Following appearances in a number of minor silent films, she soared to stardom in 1928 with her tabletop performance of an exuberant Charleston in Our Dancing Daughters. Crawford successfully navigated the changeover to talking pictures and starred throughout the 1930s with many of Hollywood's top leading men, including Fred Astaire and Clark Gable. Initially cast as a glamour girl by MGM, she moved to Warner Brothers in 1943, where she fought successfully for more serious and challenging parts. Crawford soon gained respect as an accomplished actress and was honored with the Academy Award in 1946 for her portrayal of the title character in the popular melodrama Mildred Pierce. Edward Steichen, 1931
122. SIPGPO_190824_171.JPG: Hannah Arendt, 1906-1975 Born Linden-Limmer, Hanover, Germany Hannah Arendt came to the United States via France in 1941 as a refugee from Adolf Hitler's Third Reich. Having earned a doctorate in philosophy at the University of Heidelberg, she spent the next several years working as a freelance journalist and research director for the Conference on Jewish Relations in New York City. By the late 1940s, Arendt had begun writing a book on the conditions that had fostered the dictatorships of Hitler in Germany and Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union. The result was The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951), which established Arendt as a leading political theorist and historian. Following the appearance of a collection of her essays, Between Past and Future, in 1961, an admirer declared her "one of the most brilliant . . . of living political philosophers." In 2013, the award-winning German film Hannah Arendt fascinated audiences in the United States. Fred Stein, 1944 (printed 1987)
123. SIPGPO_190824_181.JPG: Ethel Rosenberg, 1915-1953 Born New York City For artist Elizabeth Catlett, the evidence against convicted (and eventually executed) spy Ethel Rosenberg during her controversial trial seemed far weaker than the case against her husband, Julius. Catlett made this drawing of Rosenberg for a protest poster published by the Taller de Gr�fica Popular, a Mexican printmaking collective dedicated to social causes. The role of women as mothers, leaders, and survivors had been a potent theme for Catlett throughout her career, and her forceful portrait of Rosenberg was intended to be a confrontational feminist statement. Copying the likeness from a newspaper photograph, Catlett straightened the head, turned it slightly for a more frontal pose, and singled out the face alone. By transforming the news photo into an iconic image, she universalized Rosenberg's sacrifices. "Art," Catlett once wrote, "can provoke thought and prepare us for change." Elizabeth Catlett, 1952
124. SIPGPO_190824_194.JPG: Rocky Marciano, 1923-1969 Born Brockton, Massachusetts Playing professional baseball had been Rocky Marciano's (born Rocco Francis Marchegiano) dream, before his failed 1947 tryout with the Chicago Cubs. He soon turned to boxing and quickly developed into one of the ring's most formidable talents. Marciano's drive to win and compassion endeared him to fans and ring opponents alike. At the age of twenty-nine, he claimed the world heavyweight championship. Over the next several years, he successfully defended his title six times. In 1956, he became the only heavyweight champion in boxing history to retire undefeated, with forty-nine wins, a record that stood until 2017, when it was broken by Floyd Mayweather Jr. Richard Avedon took this photograph in 1953, shortly after Marciano had defeated Jersey Joe Walcott in a return bout for the heavyweight title. Richard Avedon, 1953
125. SIPGPO_190824_201.JPG: Eartha Kitt, 1927-2008 Born North, South Carolina With a voice like a sultry purr, entertainer Eartha Kitt claimed countless fans, including Orson Welles, who called her "the most exciting woman in the world." Kitt debuted as a featured dancer and vocalist with Katherine Dunham's dance troupe in 1945, before embarking on an international career as a cabaret singer and actor. Her singing style and provocative stage persona made her a top nightclub attraction, and her early 1950s recordings of "C'est si bon" and "Santa Baby" remain popular standards. Kitt's career has included performances on Broadway, in films, and on television, where she scored a hit as the villainous Catwoman on Batman (1967). She is also remembered for voicing her opposition to the Vietnam War during a 1968 White House luncheon hosted by Lady Bird Johnson -- an action that caused Kitt to be blacklisted professionally for some time. Philippe Halsman, 1954
126. SIPGPO_190824_215.JPG: Percy Julian, 1899-1975 Born Montgomery, Alabama A renowned research chemist and a strong advocate for civil rights, Percy Julian encountered and overcame prejudice throughout most of his life. After graduating from DePauw University in 1920 and receiving a master's degree in chemistry from Harvard in 1923, Julian went to Europe to obtain a doctorate in organic chemistry from the University of Vienna. After teaching at Howard and DePauw, Julian joined the Glidden Company in Chicago, working to create chemical compounds from soybeans. He is best known for developing a method for synthesizing cortisone, which made that scarce drug, important for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, widely available. In 1950, when Julian and his family moved to the all-white community of Oak Park, Illinois, his home was set on fire and later firebombed. The artist, a fellow resident of Oak Park, created this painting just after those events. Richard Epperly, 1952
127. SIPGPO_190824_227.JPG: Combat America Clarke Gable, 1901-1960 Born Cadiz, Ohio U.S. Treasury Department posters often featured prominent faces to promote war bond drives. In 1942, devastated by the death of his wife, actor Carole Lombard, in a plane crash, film star Clark Gable joined the U.S. Army Air Forces. Attached to a heavy bombardment group and assigned to procure footage for recruitment films, Gable flew on numerous bombing missions. His tolerance for risk was so high that some equated his actions with a death wish. Having earned a Distinguished Flying Cross and other honors, Gable and his crew were sent home after six months. Their extensive combat footage resulted in four short films and one major feature, Combat America, which was used for trainings and also shown in clubs and factories during World War II. Although Gable was determined to do more than entertain, he understood the value of using his fame to support the war effort at home. Unidentified artist for the US Treasury Department, 1944
128. SIPGPO_190824_237.JPG: Lillian Moller Gilbreth, 1878-1972 Born Oakland, California Lillian Gilbreth had twelve children during the course of her marriage. That did not prevent her, however, from obtaining a doctorate in industrial psychology. Nor did it stop her from taking an active part in the consulting business started by her husband Frank, a pioneer in efficiency engineering. With Frank's death in 1924, Lillian took over the business, and by the 1930s she was the country's leading authority in applying workplace efficiency to home management. Among Gilbreth's most lasting achievements were her efforts to devise ways for the physically handicapped to lead more independent lives. Gilbreth posed for this portrait around 1930. Later her daughter Ernestine purchased the picture with royalties from Cheaper by the Dozen, the best-selling memoir that she and her brother had written about their life. Frank Herring, 1929-30
129. SIPGPO_190824_252.JPG: Jessie Redmon Fauset, 1882-1961 Born Camden County, New Jersey Jessie Redmon Fauset was the first African American woman to be accepted into the chapter of Phi Beta Kappa at Cornell University, where she graduated with honors in 1905. Fauset taught high school at M Street High School (now Dunbar High School) in Washington, D.C., until 1919, when she moved to New York City to serve as the literary editor of the NAACP's official magazine, The Crisis. In that role, she worked alongside W. E. B. Du Bois to help usher in the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s. Indeed, the poet Langston Hughes acknowledged that she was among those who "midwifed the . . . New Negro literature into being." Fauset also published four novels, including Plum Bun (1929). Laura Wheeler Waring made this portrait for the Harmon Foundation's exhibition Portraits of Outstanding Americans of Negro Origin. During the 1940s and 1950s, the show traveled the nation, serving as a visual rebuttal to racism. Laura Wheeler Waring, 1945
130. SIPGPO_190824_265.JPG: Helen Hayes, 1900-1993 Born Washington, D.C. As the "First Lady of the American Theater," Helen Hayes won international esteem for a career that spanned eight decades on stage and in films, radio, and television. She won an Academy Award for best actress for her first film, The Sin of Madelon Claudet (1931), and went on to appear in such major pictures as A Farewell to Arms (1932) and Anastasia (1956). Yet she always considered the stage her real home: after debuting on Broadway at the age of nine in Old Dutch (1909), she starred in hit productions of Caesar and Cleopatra (1925) and Mary of Scotland (1933). Victoria Regina (1935), which ran for 969 performances, was probably her most famous role. The Sunday Herald Tribune published this likeness of Hayes by Eric Pape when she appeared in the Irish drama Mr. Gilhooley (1930). The Helen Hayes Award for theater in Washington, D.C., is named in her honor. Eric Pape, 1930
131. SIPGPO_190824_272.JPG: Paul Robeson, 1898-1976 Born Princeton, New Jersey The all-American athlete and world-renowned theater and film actor, singer, and human rights activist Paul Robeson held a commanding presence in multiple arenas. Acutely aware of injustices imposed on African Americans and other populations worldwide, Robeson condemned racism at home and abroad. McCarthyists targeted him during the early 1950s because he supported left-wing causes. Despite the revocation of his passport and the boycott of his performances, he continued his work as a singer and activist until his death in 1976. Robeson played the lead role in Eugene O'Neill's The Emperor Jones beginning in 1925. That year, Mabel Dwight painted him in character as Brutus Jones, a former Pullman porter who became the ruler of a West Indian island. This lithograph references that earlier work. Mabel Dwight, 1930
132. SIPGPO_190824_284.JPG: Mary Pickford, 1892-1979 Born Toronto, Canada In the early twentieth century, Mary Pickford was arguably the most famous woman in the world. Known as "America's sweetheart," she starred in popular films like Tess of the Storm Country (1914) and Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm (1917). Yet Pickford was also a shrewd businessperson who cofounded United Artists in 1919 and the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences in 1927. Born Gladys Smith in Toronto, Pickford came to the United States with her family in 1901. Before she began appearing in movies, she worked with Broadway impresario David Belasco, who recommended she change her name to Mary Pickford. From 1913 to 1919, she was the leading female silent film star. Pickford led the Hollywood war effort during World War I, selling bonds and making such films as Johanna Enlists (1918). An honorary colonel, her character exhorted departing troops: "And don't you come back ‘til you've taken the germ out of Germany!" Sven Brasch, 1921
133. SIPGPO_190824_298.JPG: Patria Irene Foote Castle, 1893-1969 Born New Rochelle, New York One of the most popular dancers of the early twentieth century, Irene Foote Castle entered motion pictures as the star of the World War I drama Patria (1917). Prior to her acclaim as a screen actor, she and her husband Vernon Castle were widely known for their performance in Irving Berlin's musical Watch Your Step, which appeared at the height of a dance craze in the United States. The couple popularized African American music among their well-heeled white followers, as their dances were often set to jazz and ragtime. Irene was also an iconic fashion figure, introducing the "bob" haircut worn by flappers in the 1920s. Vernon, who was a military flying instructor, died in an airplane accident in 1918, just before the end of World War I. Irene married three more times, continuing to make a name for herself in film. She spent her later years advocating for animal rights. Unidentified artist, 1917
134. SIPGPO_190824_305.JPG: Isabel Bishop, 1902-1988 Born Cincinnati, Ohio Isabel Bishop moved to New York City in 1918 to work as an illustrator and was immediately captivated by the population's energy. From her studio in Union Square, she observed the everyday comings and goings of shop girls and laborers on Fourteenth Street and recorded her subjects in a style that is at once starkly realistic and sympathetic. Her career spanned several decades, and her paintings cover such historic events as the Great Depression and the student war protests. Bishop was the first woman to hold a full-time teaching position at the Art Students League (1936– 1937) and the first to be appointed to an executive position at the National Institute of Arts and Letters (1946). This portrait is one of several caricatures of artists by Isabella Howland, who often crossed paths with Bishop. Both studied at the Art Students League, and both exhibited at some of the same places, such as the Whitney Studio Club. Isabella Howland, c 1945-50
135. SIPGPO_190824_315.JPG: Berenice Abbott, 1898-1991 Born Springfield, Ohio Berenice Abbott came east in 1918, where the avant-garde circles in New York's East Village introduced her to art. In 1921 she moved to Paris, and her talents as a photographer emerged. Moreover, she championed Eug�ne Atget, a photographer known for his haunting images of the city, and purchased his collection after his death in 1928. Atget's influence can be seen on Abbott's chronicling "the spirit of the metropolis" upon her return to New York City in 1929. In 1939 Abbott published her work in an important volume, Changing New York. Isamu Noguchi, 1929
136. SIPGPO_190824_321.JPG: Pauline Morton Sabin, 1887-1955 In 1929, Pauline Morton Smith Sabin (later Davis) founded the Women's Organization for National Prohibition Reform. She was the powerhouse behind this energetic and effective organization, and her efforts on behalf of the repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment merited a Time magazine cover portrait on July 18, 1932, accompanied by a profile detailing her background and political savvy. Her career also included founding the New York-based Women's National Republican Club in 1921 and serving as its president until 1926; becoming the first female member of the Republican National Committee (1924-28); co-chairing Fiorello LaGuardia's 1933 mayoral campaign; and directing volunteer forces for the American Red Cross during World War II. Philip Alexius de L�szl� was on his third visit to the United States when the vivacious and charismatic Sabin sat for him, signing his sitter's book on April 2, 1926. Philip de Laszlo, 1926
137. SIPGPO_190824_336.JPG: Lee Miller, 1907-1977 Born Poughkeepsie, New York Lee Miller spent much of her so-called "melodramatic" life as a photographer. She moved to New York City in 1926 to study at the Art Students League and soon started modeling for Vogue magazine. In 1929, Miller went to Paris, where she studied photography with and assisted the artist Man Ray. Their experiments resulted in a style that soon became a hallmark of Surrealist photography, and they often collaborated so closely that neither could recall who had made a particular work. They also became lovers, and before they parted ways in 1932, Miller often posed for Man Ray. Miller returned to New York but soon found herself back in Europe, where she worked as a fashion and war photographer. One of the few women photographers on the front lines of World War II, she produced a compelling and expansive documentation of everything from women's involvement in the war to the liberation of the Buchenwald and Dachau concentration camps. Man Ray, c 1930
138. SIPGPO_190824_342.JPG: Madam C.J. Walker, 1867-1919 Born Delta, Louisiana One of the most successful African American entrepreneurs of the early twentieth century, Madam C. J. Walker created a line of phenomenally popular hair care and beauty products that fueled a business empire. In 1905, after devising a restorative formula that was used in combination with her improved steel hot comb to treat thinning and damaged hair, she began marketing her products and beauty regimen to the black community. During a troubled period in the history of race relations in America, Walker built a lucrative enterprise that employed thousands in the manufacture and sale of her beauty aids. By the time of her death, she was reputed to be the first female African American millionaire. This portrait, by famed African American photographer Addison N. Scurlock, became Walker's trademark image. It was featured on her product packaging and used extensively in her advertising. Addison N. Scurlock, c 1914
139. SIPGPO_190824_350.JPG: Lillian Wald Lillian Wald grew up in an affluent German-Jewish community, attending private schools and destined for a life of ease. A chance meeting with a nurse opened "a window on a new world" and a lifelong career. While teaching home-nursing to immigrants in lower Manhattan, she underwent another life-changing experience after visiting a student's home and seeing the poverty and filth of the tenements firsthand. In 1895 Wald established the "Nurse's Settlement House" and then a visiting nurse service, both becoming nationally known. During the first decades of the twentieth century, Wald became a spokesperson for reform, including women's issues and race relations. She joined pacifists to keep America out of World War I, thus incurring the wrath of patriot groups, but continued her work, serving with the Red Cross and as chairman of an emergency council for curbing the 1918 influenza epidemic. According to friends, this portrait captured Wald with remarkable accuracy. William Valentine Schevill, 1919
140. SIPGPO_190824_366.JPG: Angna Enters, 1907-1989 Born New York City The multi-talented Angna Enters earned distinction as a painter, sculptor, and writer. She won her greatest acclaim, however, as a dancer-mime. Following her New York stage debut in 1923, she went on to found her own dance company and to perform in more than 150 compositions of her own devising. Once seen, a critic declared in 1926, Enters was "never to be forgotten." At the heart of her talent, wrote another observer, lay a power to make "the most trivial and ordinary events and characters significant." Artist John Sloan first encountered Enters as a pupil in one of his classes at New York's Art Students League. In his portrait of her, the expressiveness of the posture and arms were clearly intended to evoke his subject's gift for mime. The black dress that Enters wears was typical of her somber offstage garb. She reserved bright colors, she said, for her performances. John Sloan, 1924 and 1945
141. SIPGPO_190824_372.JPG: Henry Ford, 1863-1947 In the 1926 edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica, Henry Ford coined the term "mass production" to characterize the manufacture of the Model T automobile. Ford's efficiency reduced car prices from around $900 in 1908 to $290 in 1927, when the last of 15 million units rolled of the assembly line. Although Ford's mass production doubled industrial workers' pay rates and shortened their work day by two hours, he bitterly opposed labor unions, spied on his employees, and even investigated their personal lives. Ford's anti-Semitism was a major stain on a man who many believed could have been president of the United States. Hans Wollner, 1963 after 1937 original
142. SIPGPO_190824_386.JPG: Ernest Hemingway, 1899-1961 Henry Strater, 1930
143. SIPGPO_190824_392.JPG: Alice Dunbar-Nelson, 1875-1935 Born New Orleans, Louisiana This portrait represents the network of friendships established among prominent African American women in the wake of black women's club movement, which grew in visibility with the founding of the National Association of Colored Women in 1896. Women, including Laura Wheeler Waring and Alice Dunbar-Nelson, came together from a variety of backgrounds to combat negative stereotypes and fight for basic rights. Waring, an established artist who had studied in France between the two world wars, painted Dunbar-Nelson's portrait in Philadelphia the year she married Walter E. Waring, a Lincoln University professor. By 1927 Dunbar-Nelson was a prominent political activist and journalist and was in demand as a public speaker. The portrait exudes the confidence and self-possession of two accomplished, intellectual women whose friendship helped advance the rights of both women and African Americans. Laura Wheeler Waring, 1927
144. SIPGPO_190824_411.JPG: Margaret Sanger, 1879-1966 As a visiting nurse among the immigrants of New York City's Lower East Side in the early 1900s, Margaret Sanger was profoundly affected by the physical and mental toll exacted by frequent childbirth, miscarriage, and self-induced abortion. Sanger declared that "no woman can call herself free who does not own and control her body. No woman can call herself free until she can choose consciously whether she will or will not be a mother." She spent the rest of her life promoting the availability and use of birth control and is recognized nationally and internationally as a leader in the field. Joy Buba, 1972 cast after 1964 original
145. SIPGPO_190824_415.JPG: Charles Lindbergh, 1902-1974 On May 20, 1927, Charles Lindbergh took off from New York in his single-engine Spirit of St. Louis. He landed thirty-six hours later at Paris's Le Bourget Aerodrome, greeted by 100,000 cheering Frenchmen. His instant fame in Europe was echoed by millions in the United States, and he was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. Later, before World War II, Lindbergh's admiration for German efficiency and industry, his campaign against America's entry into the war, and his anti-Semitism could not fully dim the luster. The battle of the "lone eagle" against the elements and the machine struck a chord in America's psyche that reverberates today. Jo Davidson, 1967 cast after 1939 original
146. SIPGPO_190824_438.JPG: Alla Nazimova, 1878-1945 Born Yalta, Russian Crimea Having studied with the famous actor and teacher Constantin Stanislavsky in Russia, Alla Nazimova came to New York City with a Russian troupe of actors and decided to stay. Like her teacher, she worked hard to "become" her characters, rather than to seek recognition for her own stage personality. In 1906 and 1907, she demonstrated this gift by playing the leads in productions of Henrik Ibsen's dramas A Doll's House (1879) and Hedda Gabler (1890). Critics marveled at the totality of her shift from one character to another. Edward Simmons captured Nazimova's dramatic flair and beauty in this painting, which was made at the height of her reputation. In later years, she alternated between the stage and roles in early Hollywood motion pictures. Edward Emerson Simmons, 1910
147. SIPGPO_190824_444.JPG: Lynn Fontanne, 1887-1983: Lynn Fontanne studied with Ellen Terry, then England's most revered actress, and was just beginning her own distinguished career when she posted for Wilfred de Glehn in 1912 to earn extra money as an artist's model. It would be another decade before she and Alfred Lunt met and formed the most critically acclaimed theatrical partnership of their generation. Married in 1922, Lunt and Fontanne brought a naturalism to acting that transformed American theater: one critic wrote, "they play together... with a fluency that is matchless." From 1928 until they retired in 1960, they excelled in urbane comedy and starred in twenty-seven productions, including "Pygmalion," "Design for Living," "Taming of the Shrew," and "The Guardsman". As for their box-office appeal, writer Ring Lardner notes, "You want to pack 'em out in front? / Hire Lynn Fontanne and Alfred Lunt." Wilfred de Glehn, 1912
148. SIPGPO_191011_02.JPG: Frances Wright, 1795-1852 Born Dundee, Scotland As a young girl in Scotland, Frances Wright developed an intense admiration for the Declaration of Independence. The document inspired her lifelong commitment to social reform and prompted her to encourage the United States to live up to its democratic ideals. Her book Views of Society and Manners in America (1821) praised the positive effects of liberty and freedom while denouncing the injustice of slavery. Nagel & Weingaertner Lithography Company, after Johan Gorbitz, c 1852
149. SIPGPO_191017_001.JPG: Walter Reuther, 1907-1970 Born Wheeling, West Virginia One of the nation's most influential labor leaders, Walter Reuther was also a staunch civil rights advocate. Only sixteen when he began working in a West Virginia steel plant, Reuther moved to Detroit in 1927, where he found a job with the Ford Motor Company. In 1933, at the height of the Great Depression, Reuther left Ford to study manufacturing practices abroad. Immersing himself in the labor movement after returning to the U.S., he began organizing auto workers into the United Auto Workers (UAW) in 1936. Reuther believed strongly in aligning the labor movement with the broader struggle for civil rights. Under his leadership, the UAW challenged "Jim Crow" segregation and championed the integration of the nation's factories. After Reuther galvanized union support for the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, Time magazine observed, "Of all prominent labor leaders, [Reuther] maintained the closest ties to the poor, the black and the young." Boris Chapliapon, 1945 Time cover, December 3, 1945
150. SIPGPO_191017_011.JPG: Dolores Huerta, born 1930 by Timothy Greenfield-Sanders, 2012
151. SIPGPO_191017_018.JPG: Struggle gives you energy. -- Dolores Huerta
152. SIPGPO_191017_039.JPG: Antonio Orendain, 1930-2016 Alan Pogue, 1979
153. SIPGPO_191017_046.JPG: Harvey Milk, 1930-1978 Born Woodmere, Long Island, New York Having run for office in 1973, Harvey Milk became the first openly gay elected official in a major American city with his 1977 election to the Board of Supervisors in San Francisco, California. Milk had remained closeted when serving in the Navy during the Korean War and while working in the financial industry in New York City. He publically embraced his homosexuality after settling in San Francisco in 1972 and opening a camera shop in the Castro District -- the city's growing gay enclave. Outspoken and determined, Milk soon emerged as a leading activist in California's gay rights movement. In 1978, he spearheaded the successful drive to defeat Proposition 6 -- a statewide initiative that would have banned gays and lesbians from working in California's public schools. On November 27, 1978, a gay rights opponent assassinated Harvey Milk and San Francisco mayor George Moscone in their City Hall offices. Crawford W. Barton, 1973
154. SIPGPO_191017_055.JPG: Roy Wilkins (1901–1981), Born St. Louis, Missouri Medgar Evers (1925–1963), Born Decatur, Mississippi Medgar Evers (center right) played a critical role in organizing and sustaining the Jackson Movement--a multifaceted campaign to end segregation in Mississippi's most populous city. In the spring of 1963, Evers launched a boycott of stores in Jackson's main shopping district after the mayor rejected an NAACP-sponsored resolution calling for fair hiring practices in municipal jobs, desegregation of public facilities and accommodations, an end to discriminatory business practices, and the establishment of a biracial committee to combat injustice and promote reform. When NAACP national secretary Roy Wilkins (center left) joined Evers in picketing the F. W. Woolworth store in downtown Jackson, local police brandishing electric cattle prods swiftly arrested both men. This press photograph documenting the arrest appeared in the New York Times on June 2, 1963--just ten days before a white supremacist assassinated Evers. Unidentified photographer, 1963
155. SIPGPO_191017_066.JPG: Martin Luther King Jr., 1929-1968 Born Atlanta, Georgia In the 1950s and 1960s, Martin Luther King personified the struggle for African American equality and justice. King's synthesis of Christian theology and its message of a supporting and loving God, together with Mahatma Gandhi's tactics of nonviolent protest, became the defining features of the civil rights movement. In 1963, King focused the nation's attention on the African American struggle by leading a massive civil rights protest in Birmingham, Alabama, and helping to organize the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28, 1963, for which he delivered his historic "I Have a Dream" speech. Joseph Stein, 1969
156. SIPGPO_191017_073.JPG: John Lewis, born 1940 Born near Troy, Alabama Advocating nonviolence "not just as a technique, but as a way of life," activist John Lewis (now a longstanding member of Congress) endured repeated beatings and arrests while leading civil rights protests during the 1960s. A founder of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) when he was just nineteen, Lewis took the lead in organizing the freedom rides, sit-ins, marches, and other demonstrations that were part of the SNCC's drive to end racial segregation and secure voting rights for millions of disenfranchised African Americans. In the summer of 1962, he initiated a direct-action campaign challenging segregation in the community of Cairo, Illinois. As Lewis (far left) and other demonstrators knelt in prayer during a vigil outside the city's "whites only" swimming pool, Danny Lyon captured this compelling image. A University of Chicago student, Lyon soon became SNCC's official photographer and documented the organization's civil rights efforts for several years. Danny Lyon, 1962
157. SIPGPO_191017_078.JPG: Come Let Us Build a New World Together In 1963, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) issued this poster featuring Danny Lyon's evocative photograph, along with the appeal to "Come Let Us Build a New World Together." Priced at a dollar, it was the first in a series of such posters designed to raise funds for SNCC's civil rights initiatives and to carry the organization's message to a wide and largely youthful audience. Offered for sale at rallies and through SNCC's newspaper, The Student Voice, the print run of 10,000 posters sold out quickly. Rather than depicting the action of a single individual, the poster's image celebrates group-centered leadership in which everyone works and struggles together, side by side. Mark Suckle, after Danny Lyon, 1963
158. SIPGPO_191017_087.JPG: Daniel Inouye, 1924-2012 Born Honolulu, Hawaii During World War II, after the U.S. Army lifted its ban on Japanese Americans, Daniel Inouye joined the first all-Nisei volunteer unit, winning a Distinguished Service Cross, Bronze Star, and Purple Heart with Cluster after losing his right arm. He later received a Medal of Honor. Upon returning to his native Hawaii, he helped lead a movement that brought political power to the region's ethnic minorities. When Hawaii was admitted to the union in 1959, Inouye was elected to the House of Representatives, becoming the first Japanese American member of Congress. Having won a seat in the U.S. Senate in 1962, he became the Senate's senior member in 2010, placing him third in the line of presidential succession and making him the highest-ranking public official of Asian descent in American history. Inouye gained national attention in 1974, when he served on the Senate Watergate Committee. In 1976, he was appointed to chair the Senate Committee on Intelligence. George Tarnes, 1960
159. SIPGPO_191017_098.JPG: Eleanor Roosevelt, 1884-1962 Bernard Tadeusz Frydrysiak, 1946
160. SIPGPO_191017_117.JPG: Jane Cocking Glover, 1789-1876 Born Lincolnshire, England Growing up in a provincial English town, Jane Cocking turned to publishing to expand her horizons and sidestep social strictures against women in the public eye. At fifteen, she began submitting poems anonymously to the Lady's Magazine, a popular journal reaching thousands of readers nationwide. In 1805, Cocking immigrated to the United States, and eventually settled in Washington, D.C. She married the prominent Maryland attorney Charles Carroll Glover (1780–1827) there in 1813. The 1820 federal census recorded that in addition to three children, the Glovers's household included two female slaves -- indicating Jane's assimilation of the most reprehensible of her adoptive country's practices. In this portrait by Pietro Bonanni, an Italian artist who worked on the U.S. Capitol's mural decorations, neoclassical columns and a distant river view allude to Jane Cocking Glover's new life in Washington. Pietro Bonanni, 1821
161. SIPGPO_191017_128.JPG: "A Republic if you can keep it." -- Benjamin Franklin, September 18, 1787
162. SIPGPO_191017_138.JPG: Benjamin Henry Latrobe, 1764-1820 Born Yorkshire, England Benjamin Latrobe was the most important architect of the early republic, transforming the discipline from an avocation for amateurs to a profession with standards and practices. Latrobe trained several of America's next generation of architects, including the designer of this building, Robert Mills. Born in England, Latrobe trained there and in Germany. He but we know little of Latrobe's early work because his records were lost at sea when he immigrated to America in 1795–96. His influential American buildings include the Philadelphia Water Works, New York City Hall, and redesigns of the Capitol and White House after they were burned in the War of 1812. Latrobe and artist Charles Frederick von Breda were at the beginning of their careers in London when this portrait was made. Von Breda created it to recall the lively and successful composition of a larger painting now in the collection of the Maryland Historical Society. Charles Frederick von Breda, c 1790
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2019 photos: Overnight trips this year: (May, August, October, December) Four trips to New York City (including the United Nations, Flushing, and the New York Comic-Con), (July) My 14th consecutive San Diego Comic-Con (including sites in Utah). (August) Massachusetts (Boston, Stockbridge, and Springfield) to experie/nce rain in another state, and (August) Asheville, NC to visit Dad and his wife Dixie. Equipment this year: I continued to use my Fuji XS-1 cameras but, depending on the event, I also used a Nikon D7000. Number of photos taken this year: about 582,000.
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