BGuthrie Photos: VA -- Rosslyn -- Newseum's Freedom Park

VA -- Rosslyn -- Newseum's Freedom Park:

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Copyrights: All pictures were taken by amateur photographer Bruce Guthrie (me!) who retains copyright on them. Free for non-commercial use with attribution. See the [Creative Commons] definition of what this means. "Photos (c) Bruce Guthrie" is fine for attribution. (Commercial use folks including AI scrapers can of course contact me.) Feel free to use in publications and pages with attribution but you don't have permission to sell the photos themselves. A free copy of any printed publication using any photographs is requested. Descriptive text, if any, is from a mixture of sources, quite frequently from signs at the location or from official web sites; copyrights, if any, are retained by their original owners.

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. NEWSFP_070811_001.JPG: Freedom
2. NEWSFP_070811_011.JPG: Suffrage banners: United States of America, c. 1915 (replicas): "A voice in this government" Today, Americans take their right to vote for granted. But until 1920, it was a right granted only to men. At an 1848 convention in Seneca Falls, N.Y., American women began a long battle for an equal voice in their nation's destiny. In every session of Congress from 1878 to 1918, they introduced a constitutional amendment for women's suffrage -- for the right to vote. In every session, they were defeated. Women marched and paraded, held conventions, and hunger strikes. They were jeered and jailed. Suffragists by the thousands rallied under banner like these, demanding that women should be full, free citizens. Said women's-movement pioneer Susan B. Anthony: "The slaves who got their freedom had to take it over or under or through the unjust forms of the law... so now must women... to get their right to a voice in this government." The women's-suffrage amendment finally passed the House of Representatives in 1918 and the Senate in 1919. Three-fourths of the states had to ratify it. Tennessee provided the decisive 36th vote. On Aug. 26, 1920, the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution became law. Nearly 150 years after the nation's founders declared that "all men are created equal," women in the United States had the right to vote.
3. NEWSFP_070811_016.JPG: Martin Luther King Jr.'s jail cell door: Birmingham, Alabama, April 16, 1963 "The goal of America is freedom." Nearly two centuries after the Revolution, many Americans were still fighting for freedom. In 1963, Birmingham, Alabama, was a national symbol of the segregated South. African Americans were forced into inferior schools. Unfair laws barred them from voting. Even water fountains were segregated -- one for black people, another for white. African Americans who fought for their rights were arrested. Those who marched faced attack dogs, fire hoses and police beatings. Churches and houses were bombed. People were killed. On April 1, the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. arrived in Birmingham to lead nonviolent protests. On Good Friday, he was thrown into the Birmingham jail. The cell door here -- a casting of the original from the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute -- rests on a concrete pad the size of King's cell. When King was in jail, the city's white clergy called his protests illegal. With a smuggled pen, writing in the margins of "The Birmingham News" and on several sheets of toilet paper, King responded on April 16, 1963, with his classic "Letter from a Birmingham Jail." "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere," he wrote. "We will reach the goal of freedom in Birmingham and all over the nation, because the goal of America is freedom."
4. NEWSFP_070811_021.JPG: Martin Luther King Jr.'s jail cell door
5. NEWSFP_070811_024.JPG: Cuban boat
6. NEWSFP_070811_026.JPG: Cuban boat: Florida Keys, September 10, 1966: "I would do it again to be free." For the freedom to build better lives, people sometimes will risk everything. In the 1960s, Cuba's communist regime imprisoned critics and stripped property from citizens of the small island nation. People fled. Thousands of Cubans made the treacherous 90 mile crossing to Florida in boats and rafts. In his shop, mechanic Laureano Ricoy Iglesias secretly welded a seven-foot kayak of tin. He turned a lawn mower into a boat engine and a razor blade into a compass. On a moonless night, September 7, 1966, Ricoy and his wife, Consuelo Rivera Giz, launched the boat into the Atlantic and sailed toward freedom. They wore swimming suits and carried a gallon of water. The couple's story: The first night, Ricoy, asleep, fell into the ocean As he sank beneath the waves, he felt something: a dolphin lifted him to safety. The second night, huge waves tossed the boat. The couple lashed themselves to each other. "If we die," they said, "we'll die together." The third day, out of water and raw with sores, Ricoy became delirious. But on the afternoon of September 10, the U.S. Coast Guard rescued the couple from the tiny boat in the Florida Keys, just south of Alligator Reef. The two refugees moved to New York and raised a family. They were lucky. Others floated not to their dreams but to their deaths. For Rivera, the risk was worth it: "I would do it again to be free."
7. NEWSFP_070811_032.JPG: South African ballot box: Mamelodi Community Hall, Pretoria, April 27, 1994: "I don't have to carry a pass." In the spring of 1994, the lives of 43 million South Africans changed forever. For the first time, black citizens could vote. The country's black majority, seven out of 10 people, dismantled the policy of apartheid -- "apartness" -- that for decades had deemed them less than human. Under the last vestige of colonial rule, the white minority denied the black majority education, money and land -- and tortured those who resisted. Eventually, other countries protested apartheid. Pressure grew for change. In the April 1994 national election, 86 percent of South Africa's eligible voters placed colorful ballots, featuring candidates from 19 parties, into boxes like this one [a bronze casting of an actual one]. Some waited eight hours, in lines thousands of people long, to vote. Nelson Mandela, charismatic leader of the African National Congress, was elected president, the first nonwhite person to hold the office. Said Julius Molawa, a bricklayer who drove a dozen farm women to the polls: "I don't have to carry a pass. I can work anywhere in the country I want. I am free."
8. NEWSFP_070811_036.JPG: South African ballot box
9. NEWSFP_070811_040.JPG: Ghetto cobblestones
10. NEWSFP_070811_044.JPG: Ghetto cobblestones:, Warsaw, Poland, April 19, 1943: "The magnificent struggle". On the second night of Passover, 1943, a rebellion bloodied these cobblestones. A band of young Jewish men and women faced their Nazi oppressors with homemade bombs and smuggled guns in the first urban revolt in German-occupied Europe: the Warsaw ghetto uprising. Nazi dictator Adolf Hitler's plan for a "master" Aryan race called for millions of Jewish people to be moved into ghettos, then slaughtered in death camps. The largest ghetto, in Warsaw, dwindled from 500,000 to 60,000 in just three years, most of its residents forced into the Treblinka death camp's gas chambers. In April 1943, the Jews learned of an order to "clean out" the ghetto. A band of fighters rose up, at least 700 strong. For 28 days, outgunned, they stood their ground in a battle they couldn't win but had to fight. "I have been witness to the magnificent, heroic struggle of the Jewish fighters," said 24-year-old Mordecai Anielewicz, commander of the resistance. The Germans set the ghetto ablaze. When the uprising ended, 14,000 Jews were dead. Thousands more were trucked to death camps but nearly 8,000 had escape. The ghetto burned, but the spirit of its fighters endures.
11. NEWSFP_070811_045.JPG: Toppled Lenin: Leningrad (now St. Petersburg), 1990: "People were awakening" When the Soviet Union collapsed, the statues of communist heroes fell upon hard times. The Soviet system began to unravel in 1989 in Eastern Europe. by March 1991, millions voted to open Soviet society to new levels of freedom, overturning a government that for more than 70 years had stifled its people. Democracy-hungry crowds throughout the communist superpower defaced and destroyed state icons. Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, the architect of Soviet communism whose likeness was everywhere, was a favorite target. Graffiti-splashed Lenin torsos swung from cranes and rolled down city streets, graphic testimony to one of the 20th century's pivotal moments. "To see how people were awakening, beginning to respect themselves, almost made me cry," said machinist Alex Kondraskov. "They stopped being afraid." Some Lenin statues survived the "war against the monuments." This crude granite figure -- nine feet high, weighing three tons -- did not. In 1990, sculptor A.S. Charkin was finishing this Lenin when its intended home, the town of Tevriz, 1,300 miles from Moscow, rejected the statue. Like scores of others, it soon lost its head.
12. NEWSFP_070811_048.JPG: Toppled Lenin
13. NEWSFP_070811_057.JPG: Goddess of Democracy: Tiananmen Square, China, May 30, 1989: "A hundred more will rise": The Goddess of Democracy of Tiananmen Square symbolized both loss and hope. University students and artisans built the original goddess out of plaster, plastic, foam and cloth in May 1989 in the historic square in Beijing, capital of the most populous country on earth. China's young people were trying to recharge the weeks-old democracy movement that had electrified the world. Their 40-foot-tall Statue of Liberty look-alike stood for the freedom sough by the thousands of students -- many of them children of the ruling elite -- demonstrating in the square. Defiant, the goddess faced Communist Party Chairman Mao Zedong's portrait on the Imperial Palace wall. On June 4, the People's Liberation Army moved in with tanks and automatic weapons, firing into crowds and unarmed students and others, killing hundreds. The goddess was destroyed. This bronze replica was designed and sculpted by Thomas Marsh and cast by Rolf Kriken. The mold was made by Steve Krochman at the Academy of Art College in San Francisco. It copies a goddess found in San Francisco's Chinatown. The goddess you see here stands 9.5 feet high and weighs 600 pounds. Chinese-American students also built replicas in memory and hope. Said Baichum Xiao, a Chinese student at a demonstration in Philadelphia: "One person is killed by a bullet, a hundred more will rise."
14. NEWSFP_070811_070.JPG: Note that the guard tower, which used to be in the middle, is gone. It's being moved to the new Newseum location downtown.
15. NEWSFP_070811_078.JPG: Before the Berlin Wall: The story of the Berlin Wall begins with the end of World War II. In 1945, Berlin was a ruined city. When the Nazis surrendered, the war's victors -- the United States, Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union -- divided the conquered capital into four zones. By 1948, disagreements arose between the capitalist Allies and the communist Soviet Union over how to govern Berlin. On April 1, the Soviet Union blocked routes in and our of East Germany, trapping 2 million West Berliners without food or fuel. The Western Allies countered with the Berlin airlift. Hundreds of twin-engine planes kept the city alive, delivering supplies every day for 462 days. The Soviets lifted their foiled blockade in 1949. In the 1950s, the chasm widened between life in West and East Berlin. In the West, the Allies poured in money for rebuilding; in the East, basics like food and housing were scarce. People began "voting with their feet" -- fleeing to the West. "I no longer had any reason to stay on in what I had considered my homeland," said Walter Kocher, whose family business had been seized. After World War II, more than 3 million people left East Germany for a better life in the West. By 1961, the communist government knew it had to stop the exodus.
16. NEWSFP_070811_080.JPG: Building the Wall: At 2am on Aug. 13, 1961, while the city slept, a low barbed-wire barrier was strung between East and West Berlin. The Iron Curtain had descended on Berlin. Within days, workers cemented concrete blocks into a low wall through the city. Moscow called it a barrier to Western imperialism. "It pleases me tremendously," said Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev. "The working class of Germany has erected a wall so that no wolf can break into the German Democratic Republic again." The West Germans called it Schandmauer, the "Wall of Shame." There were four generations of the Berlin Wall, each one bigger, stronger and more repressive. Hand-mortared bricks gave way to pre-cast concrete blocks, then finally to concrete slabs so heavy over large cranes could move them. Towers, guards and dogs stood watch over a barren no man's land. A large pipe, too thick for a climber to grip, ran along the top of the wall. "Forbidden zones," some miles wide, were created behind the wall. The East German government saw the Berlin Wall as a symbol of its superior technology. But as strong as the wall was, it would never be strong enough.
17. NEWSFP_070811_083.JPG: Trying to Escape: The Berlin Wall didn't stop all East Germans. An estimated 10,000 tried to escape to the West; 5,000 made it. Some escapes were ingenious. One woman hid under the hood of a car. Two families floated over the border in a hot-air balloon as big as four-story house. Other escapes were just plain hard work. One group took six months in 1964 to dig a 145-yard tunnel, from the cellar of a former West Berlin bakery to an outhouse on the eastern side. They freed 57 East Berliners. The escape ended when East German soldiers sprayed the tunnel with machine-gun fire. Even soldiers escaped. On Aug. 15, 1961, the first member of the People's Army leaped to freedom. After him, about 2,000 soldiers fled to the West. Of all those who died at the wall, perhaps the best known was 18-year-old bricklayer Peter Fechter. On Aug. 17, 1962, he tried to jump the barbed wire near Checkpoint Charlie, a key border crossing between the American and Soviet sectors of Berlin. East German soldiers fired. Fechter fell at the foot of the wall. The East Germans would not allow anyone to help him. He bled to death. "Murderers!" yelled West Berliners. Fechter, the wall's 50th casualty, became a symbol of all those slain at the Berlin Wall, his death memorialized with wreaths and crosses.
18. NEWSFP_070811_084.JPG: Living With The Wall: "The wall must go," said West Berlin Mayor Willy Brandy. "But until it goes, the city must live." And so it did. West Germans held their babies up over the wall for relatives to see. They painted scenes and slogans on the wall, staged political rallies and concerts in front of it, walked hand in hand through its shadow. Despite the wall, East Germans learned about the West by listening to newscasts from Radio Free Europe, Radio In The American Sector, the British Broadcasting Corporation and West German stations. There were cracks in the Iron Curtain, tacit signs that Soviet-style society, was not working in East Germany. "As schoolchildren, and later as young adults, we were taught that capitalism exploits," said Thassilo Borchart, a journalist whose work was banned during the communist years. "But the thrust is... communism is a religion that glorifies its goals, promising the unpromisable."
19. NEWSFP_070811_086.JPG: Fighting the Wall: By the 1980s, communism was bankrupt. In East Germany, wages were low. Homes bombed our during World War II were still unrepaired. Many citizens lived in squalor while communist leaders lived in luxury, industrial pollution poisoned the air, water and soil. The Berlin Wall, said East German General Secretary Erich Honecker, "will still exist in 50 and in 100 years, unless the reasons for its existence are eliminated." But the end was near. The Soviet Union could no longer afford the Cold War -- decades of military, political and economic rivalry with the United States. U.S. resolve was reflected in the remarks of two presidents who visited the wall. In 1962, John F. Kennedy declared: "Ich bin ein Berliner (I am a Berliner)." In 1987, Ronald Reagan demanded: "Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!" Earlier in the 1980s, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev had introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (democratic reform). Slowly, Eastern Europeans began to test their new freedoms. By the end of the decade, mass protests in Dresden, Leipzig, Potsdam, and other East German cities demanded freedom of expression, freedom of the press, freedom to travel, and the fall of the wall. "We are the people," they proclaimed. On Friday, Nov. 9, 1989, the people won. That weekend, the East German government opened its borders, allowing its citizens to visit the West. The world watched the euphoria on television. After 28 years, the Berlin Wall had fallen.
20. NEWSFP_070811_088.JPG: "The World's Longest Canvas": It was angry. It was ugly. It was beautiful. Artists transformed the Berlin Wall -- a bleak reminder of a nation locked away -- into a world of politics and street art. Most of the wall pieces displayed here were painted by Theirry Noir and Jergen Grosse, who signed his work "Indiano." Noir's pieces are, from left, numbers 1, 6, 7 and 8. Grosse painted pieces 2, 3, and 4. The artist who painted the fifth piece is unknown. Noir, a French artist, painted 2-1/2 miles of the wall in all. He was living on Berlin's Mariannenplatz, 16 feet from the wall, when he "felt the need to do something about this boring wall." He began to paint, he said, as "a sort of physical reaction against the pressure of daily life near the Berlin Wall." The wall pieces displayed here stood near the corner of Bethaniendamm and Leuschnerdamm in Berlin's Kreuzberg district, south of the Brandenburg Gate. Much of the work on these pieces was chipped away or repainted by others. But some of the graffiti artists' work on "the world's longest canvas" remains, alive in Berlin's "East Gallery" -- a section of wall that was left intact -- and here, in Freedom Park.
21. NEWSFP_070811_090.JPG: The Rise and Fall of the Berlin Wall: Snaking through Berlin like a concrete python, it was the only wall in history built to keep a nation's people locked inside. The Berlin Wall stood as a 27-mile-long testament to the eternal struggle between open and closed societies. The wall -- die Muaer -- went up because more than 3 million people fled communist East Germany after World War II. In 1961, the German Democratic Republic decided to act. At 2am on Aug. 13, East German police and soldiers stopped the exodus to West Berlin with a barbed-wire fence. "Berliners awoke this morning to find that an iron curtain had dropped across the middle of the city," reported the New York Herald Tribune. Within days, concrete had replaced the wire. For the next 28 years, Berlin was a city divided not only be ideology but by stone, barbed wire and deadly force. The west side of the wall became a stage for politicians and a canvas for artists. The east side grew grimmer, as social and economic problems worsened. In the end, people rose in protest. When the wall crumbled in November 1989, there was dancing and celebrating. But the wall's toll could not be forgotten: In all, 246 people trying to escape; more than 30,000 political prisoners were jailed. Today, the fallen wall is a memorial to their sacrifice, one of the world's great symbols of the victory of freedom over oppression. About this exhibit: These wall pieces stand 12 feet high; each weighs nearly 3,000 pounds. They are 4 feet across and 8 inches thick at the base. The "footprint" that carries each piece is 8 feet wide.
22. NEWSFP_070811_093.JPG: How East Germans Stopped Escapes: For a year after the Berlin Wall was built, escape to the West was as simple as jumping out a second-story window. Then it got dangerous. East Germans bricked up the windows. They demolished house and apartment buildings to make a no man's land of barren earth and barbed wire. They called it the Todesstreifen -- the death strip. Guards watched from 300 watchtowers, including this one, which was located near the East-West crossing called Checkpoint Charlie. Two guards watched the 110-yard-wide death strip day and night through large windows three stories about the ground. Their orders: Shoot on sight. Searchlights scanned no man's land. Antitank barriers, including the one here, blocked it. Dogs guarded the fences. The wall did not discourage Dieter Wohlfahrt. On Dec. 9, 1961, he decided to help his fiancee's mother make it to the West. The 20-year-old had to cut through three barred-wired barriers. Wohlfahrt cut easily through the first. Then the guards fired. He never made it to the second. In all, 246 people died trying to escape from East Germany by crossing the Berlin Wall.
23. NEWSFP_070811_094.JPG: "Free, for the First Time in My Life": At 7pm on Nov. 9, 1989, Politburo member Gunther Schabowski shocked Germany and the world. Starting at midnight, he said, East Germans would be free to leave the country and travel to the West. They could stay for a few hours, or forever. Within minutes, the news spread to people on both sides of the Berlin Wall. After a generation of being locked up in their own country, East Germans were reunited with their western neighbors. Crowds flowed through the wall near the Brandenburg Gate. Champagne flowed, too. Easterners crowded onto the Kurfurstendamm, Berlin's main shopping and dining street. Jubilant Germans literally chipped away at one of the world's largest symbols of tyranny. Within a week, the wall and the German Democratic Republic had crumbled. "When we came home at dawn," said Kritina Matschat, an East German homemaker and former chemist, "I felt free, for the first time in my life."
24. NEWSFP_070811_133.JPG: Freedom,: Washington DC, Dec. 2, 1863: "And she is each of us": Freedom stands atop the Capitol dome. From the outset, Freedom -- the sculpture -- was controversial. Thomas Crawford, commissioned to design the statue in 1855, suggested an allegorical figure wearing a liberty cap on her head to symbolize "Freedom triumphant in War and Peace." But Secretary of War Jefferson Davis, later president of the Confederacy, objected. The liberty cap was the symbol of freed slaves. Davis would have none of it. So Crawford replaced the cap with a Roman helmet. Crawford died in 1857, one year before a plaster model of Freedom left his Rome studio for America. The final bronze casting -- 19.6 feet high and 15,000 pounds -- was completed by 1862. The statue you see here was cast in bronze by sculptor Michael Maiden of Sandy, Oregon. It stands 7.5 feet high and weighs 700 pounds. The Civil War delayed Freedom's installation. On December 2, 1863, the final sections were hoisted atop the Capitol by pulley and assembled, 288 feed above the ground. A 35-gun salute accompanied the installation. The cost: $23,800. On May 9, 1993, Freedom was removed from the Capitol by helicopter. Five months later, she returned to her cast iron pedestal. Total restoration cost: $780,000, all of it private funds. When Freedom again ascended to the Capitol dome on October 23, 1993, poet Rita Dove read her poem, "Lady Freedom Among Us." Said Dove: "don't think you can ever forget her! don't even try! she's not going to budge! no choice but to grant her space! crown her with sky! for she is one of the many! and she is each of us!" Freedom was cast in five main sections by Clark Mills, whose foundry was located on the outskirts of Washington. Ten bronze lightning points tipped with platinum are affixed to Freedom's head, shoulders, and shield to protect her from lightning strikes. The points are not reproduced in the Freedom Park version. In 1993, Freedom was removed from the Capitol's East Front Plaza for conservation. More than 700 bronze plugs were inserted to cover pits. Layers of acrylic lacquer and wax now protect the statue. Freedom wears the glowing robes of a classical figure. Stars circle her helmet, which features an eagle's head, feathers and talons, and is intended to be reminiscent of American Indian dress.
25. NEWSFP_070811_164.JPG: Artist: Karen Singer Title: Spectrum of Freedom (1996-97) Material: ceramic tiles mounted in metal frames attached to a wall with bolts 270 student apprentices assisted in the creation of this work Lead artist Karen Singer and workshop instructor Evelyn Stanley worked with 270 young artists between the ages of nine and fourteen to create this seven part ceramic tile mural. Each part is dedicated to one of seven freedoms: freedom of speech, freedom of expression, freedom to learn, freedom to grow, freedom to live in a clean environment, freedom of religion, and freedom from fear. Each section is composed of 42 tiles that students hand-sculpted and glazed at the Lee Arts Center. Color plays a vital role in the symbolism of this piece. Each of the panels is dominated by a color of the spectrum. Singer makes an analogy between light and freedom, "Just as light is composed of an array of colors, freedom is made up of many components." The 28 foot mural is appropriately displayed in Rosslyn's Freedom Park. Funded by Westfield Realty, Inc. and Hyatt Arlington
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AAA "Gem": AAA considers this location to be a "must see" point of interest. To see pictures of other areas that AAA considers to be Gems, click here.
Wikipedia Description: Freedom Park
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Freedom Park is an outdoor museum in Arlington, Virginia. It was founded in 1996 to celebrate the spirit of freedom and the struggle to preserve it. The Freedom Park is a joint-venture with the Newseum and Freedom Forum Journalists Memorial, both operated by the Freedom Forum.

Exhibits include stones from the Warsaw Ghetto, a headless statue of Vladimir Lenin (one of many that were beheaded when the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991), and a bronze cast of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Birmingham jail-cell door. In addition, the park features a bronze casting of a boat used by Cuban refugees, as well as a casting of a South African ballot box from the apartheid era. The park includes pieces of the Berlin Wall — the largest display of the wall outside of Germany. A reproduction of "Freedom," the statue that caps the dome of the United States Capitol, is also on display.
Bigger photos? To save server space, the full-sized versions of these images have either not been loaded to the server or have been removed from the server. (Only some pages are loaded with full-sized images and those usually get removed after three months.) I still have them though. If you want me to email them to you, please send an email to guthrie.bruce@gmail.com and I can email them to you, or, depending on the number of images, just repost the page again will the full-sized images.
Directly Related Pages: Other pages with content (VA -- Rosslyn -- Newseum's Freedom Park) directly related to this one: [Display ALL photos on one page]:
- 2020_VA_NewseumVA_FPark: VA -- Rosslyn -- Newseum's Freedom Park (19 photos from 2020)
- 2011_VA_NewseumVA_FPark: VA -- Rosslyn -- Newseum's Freedom Park (15 photos from 2011)
- 2010_VA_NewseumVA_FPark: VA -- Rosslyn -- Newseum's Freedom Park (3 photos from 2010)
- 2006_VA_NewseumVA_FPark: VA -- Rosslyn -- Newseum's Freedom Park (28 photos from 2006)
- 2001_VA_NewseumVA_FPark: VA -- Rosslyn -- Newseum's Freedom Park (10 photos from 2001)
- 1999_VA_NewseumVA_FPark: VA -- Rosslyn -- Newseum's Freedom Park (38 photos from 1999)
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2007 photos: Trips this year: Two weeks down south (including Graceland, Shiloh, VIcksburg, and New Orleans), a week at a time share in Costa Rica over my 50th birthday, a week off for a family reunion in the Wisconsin Dells (with sidetrips to Dayton, Springfield, and Madison), a week in San Diego for the Comic-Con with a side trip to Michigan for two family reunions, a drive up to Niagara Falls, a couple of weekend jaunts including the Civil War Preservation Trust Grand Review in Vicksburg, and a December journey to three state capitols (Richmond, Raleigh, and Columbia). I saw sites in 18 states and 3 other countries this year -- the first year I'd been to more than two other countries since we lived in Venezuela when I was a little toddler. Ego strokes: A photo that I took at the National Archives was used as the author photo on the book jacket for David A. Nichols' "A Matter of Justice: Eisenhower and the Beginning of the Civil Rights Revolution." I became a volunteer photographer at both Sixth and I Historic Synagogue and the Civil War Preservation Trust (later renamed "Civil War Trust").. Equipment this year: I used the Fuji S9000 almost exclusively except for the period when it broke and I had to send it back for repairs. In August, I bought a Canon Rebel Xti, my first digital SLR (vs regular digital) which I tried as well but I wasn't that excited by it. Number of photos taken this year: 225,000.
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Photo Contact: [Email Bruce Guthrie].