BGuthrie Photos: VA -- Quantico -- Natl Museum of the Marine Corps -- Gallery: Global Expeditionary Force (1866-1916)

VA -- Quantico -- Natl Museum of the Marine Corps -- Gallery: Global Expeditionary Force (1866-1916):

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. MCMIMP_130210_024.JPG: Dan Daly and the Chinese "Boxer": "My god! Do you mean he's real? I thought Dan Daly was somebody the Marines made up -- like Paul Bunyan." -- Young Marine replacement Marines fought to protect civilians through the famous "55 Days at Peking" during the 1900 Boxer Rebellion. A Chinese cult called "Boxers" murdered many foreigners, and the survivors sought shelter in the city's Legation Quarter. Dan Daly, a 26-year-old New Yorker, manned a rampart on the Tartar Wall alone through one decisive night, piling up expended cartridges and prostrate Boxers around his position. He received a Medal of Honor for his performance, and a second one in 1915 in Haiti.
2. MCMIMP_130210_029.JPG: 1866-1916: A Global Expeditionary Force: "The Marines have landed and the situation is well in hand." -- Correspondent Richard Harding Davis, Panama, 1885 American settlers overcame the nation's last frontiers by 1890. Public leaders turned their focus in overseas expansion to compete with other world powers. In the Spanish-American War of 1898, the US liberated Cuba and acquired from Spain a virtual "overnight empire" consisting of the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico. Spurred by advocates of sea power like Theodore Roosevelt and Alfred Thayer Mahan, the US expanded its Navy and looked to the Marines to defend advance naval bases. The Marines in this period engaged in frequent expeditionary landings and sharp fighting. A series of dramatic events, well publicized by the press, raised public acclaim for the Leathernecks. These included the Marines' intervention in Panama, amphibious assaults at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba and Vera Cruz, Mexico, savage combat in the Philippines, and defense of the US Legation in Peking, China.
3. MCMIMP_130210_035.JPG: Salee River, Korea: "To Captain Tilton and his Marines belongs the honor of the first landing and last leaving the shore..." -- Commander Lewis A. Kimberly, USN, official report, 1871 Korean gunners opened fire from coastal forts near the Yellow Sea when Admiral John Rodgers' five US warships approach on 31 May 1871 to negotiate a treaty of friendly commerce. Rodgers, receiving no apology for the armed reception, launched a seaborne assault. A landing force of 105 Marines and 546 sailors, towed in 22 boats behind a naval vessel, went ashore on 10 June. They found a strong, determined Korean force occupying stone forts atop steep crests. Accurate gunfire support from the USS Monocacy aided the assault, which stormed up the slopes and overwhelmed the Korean positions in hand-to-hand fighting. Six enlisted Marines received the Medal of Honor for their bravery. US Marines would return to these same narrow channels and mudflats 79 years later to seize the port of Inchon in the Korean War.
4. MCMIMP_130210_047.JPG: A Global Expeditionary Force: 1866-1916
5. MCMIMP_130210_053.JPG: Technology: "It is a war of smokestacks as well as men." -- General George C. Marshall, US Army, 1941 The Industrial Revolution that swept the world in the late 19th and early 20th centuries produced dramatic changes in the efficiency and lethality of waging war. By 1914, most of the great powers possessed steam-propelled heavily armed ships, long-range submarines, tactical aircraft and seaplanes, primitive armored cars and troop-hauling trucks, automatic machine guns, rapid-firing heavy artillery, field radios, and mechanically-fused high-explosive anti-personnel mines.
6. MCMIMP_130210_060.JPG: Navalism: "Speak softly and carry a big stick." -- President Theodore Roosevelt, 1901 President Teddy Roosevelt, influenced by naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan, sought to demonstrate American power around the globe on the hulls of a modern navy -- his proverbial "Big Stick." In 1907, Roosevelt launched a powerful force of new battleships, "the Great White Fleet," on an epic 14-month voyage. The naval force, with Marines embarked, cruised 43,000 miles and visited six continents, mixing diplomacy with a show of America's new global reach.
7. MCMIMP_130210_065.JPG: Age of Expansion: "Diplomacy is utterly useless where there is no force behind it." -- Theodore Roosevelt, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, address to the Naval War Collect, 1897 As their west frontier disappeared, Americans looked with envy toward the overseas colonial empires possessed by European powers. The broadening of the national horizon spawned a new US Navy, enlarged and modernized. The smaller Marine Corps grew in proportion, surviving attempts by politicians and naval officers to curtail or abolish it. In time, the Marines developed new capabilities to help the fleet dominate the high seas. Traditional deployments as small shipboard detachments, often as few as a dozen men, gave way to larger Marine formations. The first Marine Corps regiments (typically 1,000 men) and brigades (1,500 or more) embarked for extended campaigns ashore in the Pacific and the Caribbean.
8. MCMIMP_130210_071.JPG: United States National Flag, 1867-1877: The 37-star flag, carried by Marines during the post-Civil War era, retained the eagle and shield design popular during the Mexican and Civil Wars. It was flown by Marines in Japan, Uruguay, Mexico, Korea, and Panama.
9. MCMIMP_130210_098.JPG: Hotchkiss Revolving Cannon: Invented by Benjamin Hotchkiss in 1871, this revolving-type machine cannon utilized a single fixed-breech lock and fired a 37mm bursting charge. While originally intended for naval use, the Hotchkiss was frequently mounted on any field carriage capable of handling its great weight. Hotchkiss guns were adopted and used by many, if not most, of the world's navies. This sample, serial number 568, was originally manufactured in 1880 by Hotchkiss & Company in St. Denis, France.
10. MCMIMP_130210_108.JPG: "Blasted Old Muzzle Fuzzles" "One man with a breech loader is equal to 12... armed as we are... with a blasted old Muzzle Fuzzle." -- Captain McLane Tilton, Asiatic Fleet Marine Officer, March, 1870 Captain TIlton complained that his men had to deploy to Asia armed with outdated, single-shot, muzzle-loading muskets ("muzzle fuzzles") against the breech-loading repeaters of their likely enemies. The luck of the severely under-funded Marines held. In their opposed landing against the Salee River forts in 1871, the Marines faced Koreans using truly ancient weapons -- matchlock rifles from the 16th century and a cannon dating from the 14th century.
11. MCMIMP_130210_118.JPG: The Marines' New Mission: "America was suddenly an imperial nation... and the Marines... had a lot of Uncle Sam's dirty work to do." -- Colonel Joseph H. Alexander America's new role as an imperial power required the marines to launch distant expeditions to protect friendly colonial governments against armed nationalists seeking independence. Competing imperial powers often heightened the risk to US troops by providing modern weapons to local insurgents to curry their loyalty. In 1914, President Woodrow Wilson based his decision to land Marines in Vera Cruz, Mexico, on the pending arrival in that port of a German steamer loaded with machine guns for anti-government Mexican rebels. For the Marines, "Uncle Sam's first work" often involved door-to-door combat in a heavily populated city like Vera Cruz or protracted counterinsurgency operations in Cuba or the Philippines. In 1907, the British Pulitzer Prize-winning author Rudyard Kipling described these unpopular deadly missions as "The Savage Wars of Peace." The Marines would later call them "Small Wars."
12. MCMIMP_130210_123.JPG: The Spanish-American War: "Remember the Maine!" -- American war slogan Cuba, part of the Spanish empire for almost 400 years, was fighting again for its independence in the late 1890s, a fight that many Americans supported. President William McKinley sent the battleship Maine to Cuban waters to protect American interests and offer assistance to some 8,000 American residents, where it exploded and sank on 15 February 1898, killing 260 Americans, including 28 Marines. Although never able to prove Spanish complicity, the US linked the events to Spanish atrocities in Cuba and declared war against Spain in April. Shipboard Marines manned batteries in naval victories that highlighted what a boastful American diplomat called "a splendid little war," which lasted only four months. A Marine battalion, embarked in a crowded troopship, gained national publicity as the first US fighting force ashore in Cuba, when it landed in Guantanamo Bay on 10 June 1898 and defeated Spanish regulars. The Marines then helped established a strategically located coaling station to support the US fleet, which needed fuel for its ships during the blockade of Cuba. Closer to Havana, future present Theodore Roosevelt led his Army "Rough Riders" to glory at San Juan Hill.
13. MCMIMP_130210_128.JPG: Dewey at Manila Bay: "If there had been 5,000 Marines under my command at Manila Bay, the city would have surrendered to me." -- Admiral George Dewey, 1909 On the other side of the world in another Spanish colony, the Philippines, Admiral George Dewey engaged and defeated the Spanish flotilla in Manila Bay on 1 May 1898. However, Dewey lacked a sufficient landing force to seize Manila immediately. The entire Corps numbered less than 5,000 in 1898, but his few Marines did secure Cavite naval base 8 miles from the city. America rallied Filipinos against the Spanish colonial government and captured the capital city in August, but the US prevented Filipino forces from entering Manila, an affront that sparked the protracted Philippine insurrection against the new American imperialists. It would take six months to deploy and establish sufficient Army forces to occupy the capital, a strategic delay that would be bemoaned by Dewey in his 1909 Congressional testimony. In December 1898, the Treaty of Paris gave the United States control of Cuba, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam.
14. MCMIMP_130210_138.JPG: Guantanamo Bay: "The enemy opened fire upon us and for an hour they kept it up.. They were scattered about the bush." -- Private Frank Keeler, letter home, 12 June 1898 In an early example of the value of sea-based expeditionary forces, a Marine battalion commanded by Civil War veteran Lieutenant Colonel Robert W. Huntington landed unopposed at Guantanamo Bay on 10 June 1898 to seize an advanced naval base in eastern Cuba. The 8,000 Spanish troops nearby rallied to resist American efforts to consolidate the position. Marines won a decisive fight on 14 June for control of Cuzco Well, the only reliable source of drinking water in the vicinity.
15. MCMIMP_130210_143.JPG: The Marines holding their Guantanamo beachhead acutely needed the fresh water at Cuzco Well, defended by the Spanish. The battle reprised the 1805 assault on Derna, Tripoli, with Marines attacking overland supported by offshore naval gunfire.
16. MCMIMP_130210_149.JPG: Cuzco Well: Two companies of Marines and about 60 Cuban guerrillas commanded by future commandant George Fielding Elliott fought Spanish regulars on 14 June 1898 for possession of Cuzco Well. The diorama captures the climax of the battle, with Sergeant John Quick signaling the naval gunfire ship Dolphin from an exposed ridge, as other Marines and their Cuban allies scrambled through thick underbrush in suffocating heat to renew their attack against the Spaniards.
17. MCMIMP_130210_163.JPG: Global Expeditions: "Where they are going isn't the Marines' concern. Their business is to be always ready to go." -- Harper's Weekly, 1912 In 1903, Captain GC Thorpe led his camel mounted Marines on a 300-mile journey through the Ethiopian wilderness in Africa to escort a diplomatic mission to Addis Ababa, the capital. The expedition succeeded in spite of its hazards, and it typified the variety of missions performed by Marines in the decades before World War I. In addition to their large scale operations in China and the Philippines, Marines suppressed a bloody uprising in Samoa in the South Pacific, arrested seal poachers in the Bering Sea, searched for survivors of a failed polar expedition in the Arctic Ocean, and provided the first troops on the ground at the catastrophic San Francisco earthquake of 1906. When small Caribbean nations like Panama, Cuba, Nicaragua, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic seemed unstable, the United States often ordered the Marines ashore to quell disorders and protect US citizens and interests.
18. MCMIMP_130210_168.JPG: 45-Star US National Color: This was the first flag raised at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, by the Marines of LtCol Huntington's Battalion on 10 June 1898, and it accompanied them on their famous patrol to capture Cuzco Well on 14 June 1898.
19. MCMIMP_130210_179.JPG: Marine Life: Philippines, 1901: "Down mountain all day, find no trail. Cut our way with bayonets and balos. Rations running short." -- Diary of Pvt. Charles J. King, USMC, Samar, 31 December 1901 Morale plummeted among the Marines fighting Philippine guerrillas on Samar in the insurrection's fourth year. As the American public protested the brutal war, the marines struggled with Samar's incessant rain, jungle mountains, and implacable enemies. Enlisted Marines, paid about $15 per month, took comfort in small pleasures -- a dry tent, a mosquito net, a mug of coffee and chow -- after yet another exhausting patrol.
20. MCMIMP_130210_189.JPG: Philippine Insurrection: "When I came to the Philippines in 1899, I didn't think they'd keep me here till the sun had ceased to shine." -- Anonymous Marine Americans celebrated their acquisition of the Philippines in 1898 as a rightful prize for their victory over Spain, but the Filipinos saw only the exchange of one foreign imperialist to another. Soon, Filipino General Emilio Aguinaldo led a widespread insurrection for Philippine independence. Surprised and embarrassed, the United States sent soldiers and Marines to crush the rebellion. The war dragged on for years, becoming increasingly brutal in the islands and unpopular back home. The darkest hours occurred in mountainous Samar, where impatient Marines sought to avenge the insurgents' slaughter of the 9th Infantry by burning native ... [villages ???] ... declared the insurrection over when General Aguinaldo was captured in March 1902, but violence continued for many years.
21. MCMIMP_130210_194.JPG: Expeditionary Warfare: "If you want to fight! Join the Marines." -- Recruiting Poster, circa 1900 In 1900, the Corps still assigned Marine detachments to each cruiser and battleship of the fleet. Marine sea duty increasingly involved well-armed tactical units sailing to expeditionary wars. Since warships lacked space to embark larger units, the Marines asked the Navy to build troop transports with billeting spaces, deck booms, and cargo holds. The first transport designed for the Marines, the USS Henderson, was commissioned in 1916.
22. MCMIMP_130210_200.JPG: Evolution of the .45 Caliber Pistol: As a direct result of the Spanish-American War, American forces were stationed around the globe at the turn of the century, armed with their .38 caliber pistols. In the Philippines, they faced the Moros, Muslim warriors who inhabited the islands. Ferocious adversaries, the Moros continued their centuries-long struggle against Christianity by taking a holy oath against those they saw as infidels and invaders. A young woman, the wife of an American officers stationed in the Moro Province, told this story about what it meant to confront one of these warriors: "Last December, Moro attacked a captain, who fired six .38 caliber shots into him. The Moro didn't stop running for a second; he came right on, and cut the captain to pieces with his bolo and started on his way rejoicing, when a guard finally finished him with a .45 caliber bullet." The development of the .45 caliber pistol provided American forces with increased stopping power. Developed by John Browning in 1905 and adopted by the United States Ordnance Department in conjunction with the Colt-Browning automatic pistol of 1911, the .45 ACP pistol went on to serve faithfully through two world wars, Korea and Vietnam until finally replaced by the Beretta M9 pistol in 9mm caliber. Proven in combat all over the world and renowned for its lethality, the .45 caliber ACP is still used today by elite special operations forces and many law enforcement agencies.
23. MCMIMP_130210_216.JPG: The Boxer Rebellion: "The entire city [is] in the possession of a rioting, murdering mob." -- E.H. Conger, American Minister in Peking, report to U.S. Secretary of State, 15 June 1900 Marines landed in China in May 1900 to help protect western diplomats and their families from a deadly anti-foreign and anti-Christian uprising by the "Society of the Righteous Harmonious Fists," also known as the "Boxers." The international legations in Peking (Beijing) endured a harrowing 55-day siege, defended courageously by Marines and others. A large multinational relief columns battered its way into the city of Tientsin in July and then marched through hostile swarms of Chinese in a race to break the siege of Peking. Marines joined in scaling the walls of the diplomatic compound to ... beleaguered comrades. American newspapers highlighted Marine heroics during the epic siege and its relief. Built over many centuries to protect the northern Chinese city of Peking from invaders, the imposing "Tartar Wall" was 60 feet high, 40 feet wide, and provided a 25-mile barrier around the central governmental offices, including the foreign legations.
24. MCMIMP_130210_228.JPG: Defending the Peking Legation: "The excitement in the Chinese city was intense, and the shouting and cries of 'Kill! Kill!' continued until early morning." -- Captain John Twiggs Myers, USMC, Peking, China, 14 June 1900 The Boxer Rebellion culminated in Peking, where for eight weeks screaming throngs of Chinese besieged the international diplomatic community, which was confined in a hastily fortified walled compound known as the Legation Quarter. Among the foreigners, mostly Western, were 300 women and children. Alongside troops from 7 nations defending the walls of the Quarter, Captain John "Handsome Jack" Myers led US Marines at one crucial post, "the peg which holds the whole thing together," the British ambassador wrote. Said Medal of Honor recipient Private William C. Horton, "we stayed on top of that wall fighting off attacks."
25. MCMIMP_130210_233.JPG: Breaking the 55-day Siege: "Crack! A stream of blood trickled down his face. The sergeant pulled his hat down over the wound and walked right on." -- Lieutenant Smedley D. Butler, USMC, 1900 While the fleet Marines and other legation guards in Peking held on desperately against the Boxers, several nations dispatched troops to break the siege. The walled city of Tientsin blocked their advance. A Marine battalion helped storm Tientsin on 13-14 July. Another Marine battalion joined the column for the final march to Peking, enduring stifling heat and diehard Boxers all the way. Finally, on 15 August 1900, the multinational force rescued the Peking legations.
26. MCMIMP_130210_238.JPG: Well-armed, violently anti-foreigner Chinese nationals, organized as "The Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists" (thus, the nickname "Boxers"), besieged the Marine-defended foreign legations within Peking's Tartar Wall for 55 days in 1900.
27. MCMIMP_130210_244.JPG: This Marine, a veteran of the Boxer Rebellion, was photographed sitting on a captured Chinese cannon. The Chinese attempted to keep the Marines manning the Tartar Wall under continuous artillery and rifle fire.
28. MCMIMP_130210_252.JPG: The Ordeal of Samar: "Stand, gentlemen, he served on Samar!" -- Traditional Marine toast whenever a Samar veteran entered the room The Marines on Samar defeated the insurgents in early 1902, but calamity occurred when a patrol exploring the interior became lost, an ordeal that took more lives than the battle. The 55-man patrol, bushwhacking through the wilderness, found its way blocked by sheer cliffs and torrential rivers. Native guides became mutinous, food ran out, and men began to straggle. Three weeks passed before the last survivors were rescued. By then, 10 Marines had died of starvation and exposure.
29. MCMIMP_130210_256.JPG: The Marines outflanked Moro insurgents from their cliff side fortress on the Sohoton River, but their subsequent march across mountainous Samar from Llorente to Basey left 10 men dead in the wilderness.
30. MCMIMP_130210_261.JPG: Maj. Littleton WT Waller: "I ordered the eleven men shot. I thought I was right... I believe the whole world knows that I am not a murderer." -- Major LWT Waller, during argument in his court-martial in the Philippines, 1902 Virginian "Tony" Waller was the classic Marine expeditionary warrior, a commander beloved by his troops, renowned for his bantam size and bristling moustache. In 40 years of service, Waller led exceptional campaigns in China, Panama, Cuba, Haiti, and Mexico -- a record marred only by his court-martial for executing 11 Filipinos in Samar on 20 January 1902. Waller believed that the Filipinos had conspired to murder his Marines. The court acquitted Waller, but the controversy prevented his selection for commandant of the Marine Corps in 1910.
31. MCMIMP_130210_271.JPG: Colt M1895 Machine Gun: Designed by John M Browning, the Model 1895 was the first "true" machine gun procured by the United States military. When fired, the operating lever of the weapon moved back and forth under the gun in a vertical arch. When mounted too close to the ground, the lever dug into the dirt, thus giving it the nickname, "potato digger." LtCol Robert Huntington's battalion of Marines used the Model 1895 during the Spanish American War. The battalion was in continuous action against Spanish forces at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, from 11-14 June 1898. Originally chambered in either .30-40 or 6mm caliber, M1895 machine guns were rechambered in 1904 for the then standard M1903 ("30-03") cartridge. The weapon was then redesignated as the "Model of 1902." This example, serial number 345, bears all US Navy and arsenal "rework" markings.
32. MCMIMP_130210_277.JPG: Latin American Interventions: "At a critical moment a [guerrilla] could quickly shift his allegiance by turning his hatband inside out." -- Lieutenant Smedley Butler, Honduras, 1903 Political turmoil threatened several Latin American countries in the early years of the 20th century. The US government, unable to maintain regional stability by diplomacy, resorted to armed interventions by Marine landing parties to protect American interests, disarm insurgents, and train national police forces. Although usually short and one-sided, the campaigns proved frustrating for the Marines. Finding and identifying elusive guerrillas was often more difficult than fighting them. Military success rarely led to long-term political reform ... Marines would face the same trials at the same sites in future years.
33. MCMIMP_130210_282.JPG: Panama: "I took the Canal Zone and let Congress debate, and while the debate goes on, the Canal does also." -- President Theodore Roosevelt, 23 March 1911 America's strategic need for a canal across the narrow waist of Central America became evident during the Spanish-American War when the battleship Oregon took 66 days to steam 13,000 miles from California around Cape Horn to Key West, Florida. Roosevelt ordered the Marines ashore in late 1903 to support Panama's revolt against Colombia -- and to strengthen his bald-faced demand for a 6-mile-wide US swath across the isthmus. The US-built Panama Canal opened in 1914.
34. MCMIMP_130210_287.JPG: Cuba: "We will send ships and Marines as soon as possible for the protection of American life and property." -- President Theodore Roosevelt, 12 September 1906 The 1901 Platt Amendment authorized the President to intervene in Cuba as needed to preserve "stability." Cuba's constitutional government suffered the usual trials of a new democracy, including civil uprisings by armed and aggrieved rebels. When American mediation efforts failed in 1906, President Roosevelt sent 3,000 Marines ashore to keep peace, disarm the rebels, and supervise elections. The intervention was bloodless, but it lasted 16 years.
35. MCMIMP_130210_302.JPG: Nicaragua: "We aren't making war on you people. We don't even want to pick a quarrel... We are simply opening the railroad." -- Lieutenant EH Conger, to a bastile Managua crowd, August 1912 Marine detachments had landed in Nicaragua seven times before 1910. A revolution in 1912 sent them back ashore in greater strength, marking the beginning of extended involvement in Nicaraguan affairs. Operations centered on the rail line from Corinto to Managua and Granada. Marines used their light artillery and a spirited infantry charge to rout an 800-man rebel force fortified above the railroad on Coyotepe Hill on 4 October.
36. MCMIMP_130210_308.JPG: The fleet landed U.S. Marines on both coasts of Nicaragua during political upheavals in 1909-12 to protect American interests and safeguard the railroad line between Corinto and Granada.
37. MCMIMP_130210_312.JPG: Mexico: "It was a hot fight while it lasted." -- Major Albertus W. Catlin, Vera Cruz, 1914 Marines enhanced their "First to Fight" credo in 1914 when President Wilson ordered landings in Vera Cruz, Mexico, to punish insults against the American flag and to block German arms shipments. A brigade of Marines and sailors swarmed ashore on 21 April. Mexican irregulars and naval academy staff and cadets resisted fiercely, and many died. The President, shocked by the casualties, halted the American advance and invited mediation by Argentina, Brazil, and Chile.
38. MCMIMP_130210_317.JPG: Although the Marines landed unopposed at Vera Cruz, the bloody door-to-door fighting that ensued was an omen of future urban horrors the Marines would face at Bouresches (1918), Seoul (1950), Hue City (1968), and Fallujah (2004).
39. MCMIMP_130210_329.JPG: Haiti: "One hundred and twenty Marines were detailed to officer a force of twenty-six hundred Haitians." -- Major Smedley D. Butler, Haiti, 1915 When bloody revolutions brought Haiti to the verge of collapse in 1914, President Wilson sent Marines to restore order. Major Smedley Butler's men won a decisive victory by storming the thick walls of Fort Riviere, the rebel stronghold, in November 1915. The locally recruited Gendarmerie d'Haiti, trained and led by Marines, helped stabilize the strife-torn country, although incurring the wrath of those opposing the regime in power.
40. MCMIMP_130210_334.JPG: The Marines landed in Haiti and the Dominican Republic during 1914-16 to protect American interests, train national police forces, and fight pitched battles against insurgents at Fort Riviere, Las Trencheras, and Guayacanas.
41. MCMIMP_130210_340.JPG: Dominican Republic: "House by house, block by block, we combed Santo Domingo City clear to the beach. Not a shot was fired." -- Captain Frederick M. Wise, 4th Marine Regiment, 1916 Civil war in the Dominican Republic in 1916 prompted US intervention. Marines landed on 5 May and fought their way inland, transporting their supplies by mule carts and a commandeered railroad train. Colonel Joseph Pendleton's 5th Marine Regiment converged on the deserted capital, then captured Santiago, ending the rebellion for the moment. Recurring uprising kept the Marines on hand for the next decade, primarily training a national security force, the Guardia Nacional.
42. MCMIMP_130210_345.JPG: This 1916 illustration by Donald Dickson depicts Marines landing under fire at Santo Domingo. Marines would remain in the Dominican Republic until September 1924.
43. MCMIMP_130210_351.JPG: Early Combined Arms: The Marines augmented their traditional light infantry forces with infantry, armored vehicles, and aircraft to fight 20th century foes. For their first 125 years, the Marines operated as sea-based light infantry -- small landing parties of riflemen who splashed ashore under the protective guns of the fleet. By 1900, however, the new long-range high-velocity weapons available to potential enemies and the increasing use of Marines in extended combat operations ashore beyond the range of naval guns mandated greater firepower and mobility for the Leathernecks. Developing a combined arms landing force took years. The Marines had earned their "First to Fight" reputation by swiftly boarding ships while carrying little more than their rifles and toothbrushes. Trying to squeeze field guns, armored vehicles, and "aeroplanes" into the limited cargo space available in a typical warship proved frustrating. Yet, by 1916, the Marines had acquired the components of a primitive but deployable combined arms force of light artillery, tactical vehicles, and bi-planes.
44. MCMIMP_131221_005.JPG: As tensions between the US and Spain grew, Commodore George Dewey, commanding the US Asiatic Fleet, prepared for war. He defeated the Spanish fleet on 1 May 1898 in the battle of Manila Bay.
45. MCMIMP_131221_008.JPG: Though few in numbers, the Marines fought conspicuously in fleet battles in the Philippines and Caribbean Sea and splashed ashore at Guam, Luzon, Cuba, and Puerto Rico in the four-month war with Spain.
46. MCMIMP_131221_043.JPG: During 1866-1917, the United States admitted the final 12 states within its continental borders and acquired Alaska, Midway, Guam, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Wake, Hawaii, American Samoa, the Canal Zone, and the Virgin Islands.
47. MCMIMP_131221_050.JPG: This famous image captured Orville Wright lifting off in the Wright 1903 Flyer on 17 December 1903. The aeronautical success of the two Wright brothers ushered in a new technological era.
48. MCMIMP_131221_054.JPG: This automobile was photographed on Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington DC, in 1896. That year, both Henry Ford and Duryea Motor Wagon Company produced gasoline-powered vehicles.
49. MCMIMP_131221_060.JPG: President Theodore Roosevelt, accompanied by the Secretary of the Navy and several naval officer,s reviewed the US Atlantic Fleet on Labor Day, 1906.
50. MCMIMP_131221_063.JPG: From 16 December 1907 to 22 February 1909, 16 new battleships of the Atlantic Fleet sailed around the world. Painted white with gilded scrollwork, the ships became known as "The Great White Fleet."
51. MCMIMP_131221_067.JPG: The author of The Influence of Sea Power upon History, Mahan argued that naval strength was key to a nation's foreign policy. President Theodore Roosevelt agreed.
52. MCMIMP_131221_078.JPG: 1866-1916: The Marines' New Mission
53. MCMIMP_131221_085.JPG: Captain McLane Tilton is pictured with Cpl Charles Brown and Pvt High Purvis, two of the six enlisted Marines awarded the Medal of Honor in 1871 for actions during the Salee River campaign in Korea.
54. MCMIMP_131221_088.JPG: Navy-Marine Assaults, Salee River Forts, Korea June 1871
55. MCMIMP_131221_092.JPG: The Marines prevailed in this two-day punitive expedition in the Han River estuary, but the troublesome tides and boot-sucking mudflats portended their future landing at nearby Inchon in 1950 during the Korean War.
56. MCMIMP_131221_094.JPG: The Spanish-American War
57. MCMIMP_131221_109.JPG: Once ashore, Marines deployed to a hilltop, planted the American flag, and established Camp McCalla, named after the captain of the USS Marblehead. This Marine stood guard on the camp's perimeter.
58. MCMIMP_131221_115.JPG: The 1st Marine Battalion landed at Guantanamo Bay on 10 June 1898 and engaged the Spanish the following day. This photograph, taken 14 June 1898, shows the graves of Marines killed in battle.
59. MCMIMP_131221_118.JPG: This illustration by FC Yohn depicts Marines of Huntington's battalion as they repelled an early morning attack by Spanish troops.
60. MCMIMP_131221_131.JPG: Cuzco Well
61. MCMIMP_131221_139.JPG: SgtMaj. John Quick
62. MCMIMP_131221_140.JPG: In April 1914, SgtMaj. Quick participated in the battle for Vera Cruz. Commanded by the Secretary of the Navy for bravery under fire, Quick was photographed raising the US flag over this Mexican city.
63. MCMIMP_131221_146.JPG: Marine Life, Philippines, 1901
64. MCMIMP_131221_159.JPG: On 13 June 1898, Lt. Dion Williams and his Marines welcomed Adm George Dewey upon his first visit to the Navy yard in the Philippine city of Cavite.
65. MCMIMP_131221_164.JPG: Marine hiked into the tropical jungles near Olongapo. By late 1899, the war in the Philippines had shifted to fighting insurgents well versed in guerilla warfare.
66. MCMIMP_131221_167.JPG: These Marines were photographed in the Philippines during the insurrection. The first major engagement for the marine regiment stationed at Cavite occurred against Filipino insurgents in the coastal town of Novaleta.
67. MCMIMP_131221_172.JPG: "The savage wars of peace." -- Rudyard Kipling, 1899
68. MCMIMP_131221_181.JPG: By 1899, the Philippine insurrection had begun. Marines took control of the town of Olongapo, north of Manila at Subic Bay. These Marines, stationed at Subic Bay, were photographed in 1901.
69. MCMIMP_131221_185.JPG: Maj. Littleton W.T. Waller
70. MCMIMP_131221_191.JPG: Difficult terrain and torrential rains slowed the progress of Waller's ill-fated patrol across Samar. This painting, entitled Waller's Patrol, Samar, by Col. Charles Waterhouse, illustrates the island's impenetrable jungle.
71. MCMIMP_131221_192.JPG: Col. Waller was photographed with his brigade staff at Vera Cruz, Mexico, in 1914. In the front row were LtCol Wendell Neville, Col John Lejeune, Col LWT Waller, Maj Smedley Butler, and Maj Randolph Berkeley.
72. MCMIMP_131221_196.JPG: Maj General Smedley Butler: "He was the bravest man I have ever known." -- Lieutenant Edward A. Ostermann, Medal of Honor recipient, describing Butler in Haiti, 1964 Brilliant and controversial, Smedley D. Butler, the son of a 16-term Pennsylvania Congressman, carved out a legendary career. He first won renown as a wounded teenage officer during the Boxer Rebellion and was twice awarded the Medal of Honor, for exploits in Mexico and Haiti in 1914-1915. While commanding at Marine Corps Base Quantico, he transformed a primitive camp into the crossroads of the Corps. He lieutenants believed the outspoken Butler could "talk the stripes off a zebra."
73. MCMIMP_131221_200.JPG: In 1908, at the age of 27, Butler was promoted to major. Over the next four years, he served in Panama and Nicaragua, where his battalion successfully defeated the main Nicaragua revolutionary force.
74. MCMIMP_131221_206.JPG: Marines under the command of Major Smedley Butler were photographed in Panama. The Marine Corps maintained a presence in the strategic isthmus until 1914.
75. MCMIMP_131221_221.JPG: In May 1900, as the threat from the Chinese Boxers grew more menacing, Marines landed at Taku and proceeded to Peking to guard the International Legation Quarter. Siege of the legation began in earnest on 10 June.
76. MCMIMP_131221_239.JPG: This gun, captured during the Boxer Rebellion, was actually a Chinese cannon fitted with Austrian carriage wheels and a British trail. Russian and Chinese ammunition was also captured.
77. MCMIMP_131221_240.JPG: Marines of the International Relief Expedition paused during the march to the Legation Quarter, Peking. After securing the city of Tientsin, the force endured blistering heat before reaching Peking on 15 August 1900.
78. MCMIMP_131221_244.JPG: This Marine sentry, silhouetted against the sky, stood guard in Peking in 1915. Marines arrived in China to protect the legations in 1900 and maintained a presence until 1941.
79. MCMIMP_131221_262.JPG: Countries that experienced US intervention during 1866-1916. US Interventions in Latin America, 1866-1916
80. MCMIMP_131221_269.JPG: This drawing by T. de Thulstrup was published in 1855, the year the Panama Railroad was completed. Stretching across the isthmus of Panama, from Colon to Panama City, the railway was vital to building the canal.
81. MCMIMP_131221_272.JPG: Marines were photographed in formation on this bridge in Panama. A brigade composed of four Marine battalions landed in Panama to ensure the independence of the new nation.
82. MCMIMP_131221_275.JPG: Officers, 2d Regiment, January 1904, Bas Obispo, Panama. Marines remained in Panama to prevent interference in the building of the canal that would link two oceans.
83. MCMIMP_131221_285.JPG: Marines marched toward Camaguey, Cuba. By 1 October 1906, almost 3,000 Marines were ashore, tasked with keeping the peace and disarming the combatants in Cuba's civil war.
84. MCMIMP_131221_289.JPG: These Marines, photographed in Cuba during the Spanish-American War, were armed with the Winchester-Lee Straight Pull rifle. Although the war ended in 1898, Marines returned to Cuba in 1906.
85. MCMIMP_131221_295.JPG: Marines aboard the USS California awaited the order to land at Corinto, Nicaragua, in August 1912. Rebel forces, challenging the pro-American government, had severed the railway lines between Corinto and Managua.
86. MCMIMP_131221_302.JPG: In August 1912, a Marine battalion under the command of Maj Smedley Butler played a significant role in the defeat of a revolutionary force at Coyotepe in Nicaragua.
87. MCMIMP_131221_311.JPG: A Marine patrol moved to an outpost outside of Vera Cruz. Once Mexican resistance in the city crumbled, Marines continued to patrol the streets, clear buildings, and secure the city limits.
88. MCMIMP_131221_315.JPG: This Marine Corps recruiting poster appealed to the adventurer. It featured a painting by Sidney Reisenberg of Marines raising the flag over foreign soil.
89. MCMIMP_131221_321.JPG: In this painting by Col Donna Neary entitled Fort Riviere, Haiti, 1915, Maj Smedley Butler is seen entering the fort through a hole in the wall. Butler was awarded his second Medal of Honor for capturing the fort.
90. MCMIMP_131221_324.JPG: Marines stood at ease, their rifle at stack arms, aboard a battleship in 1912. Marines serving in ships' detachments often found themselves ashore in foreign lands, guarding US interests and citizens.
91. MCMIMP_131221_334.JPG: A steam launch towed Marines ashore at Santo Domingo. On 5 May 1916, two companies of Marines went ashore at Santo Domingo City to protect American interests during a revolt.
92. MCMIMP_131221_341.JPG: Marines aboard the USS Columbia struck a tough pose for this photograph in 1904. They were returning to the United States following the first intervention in Santo Domingo. Twelve years later, the Marines returned to this troubled country.
93. MCMIMP_131221_353.JPG: Early Aviation
94. MCMIMP_131221_356.JPG: In 1912, 1stLt Bernard Smith became the Corps' second aviator. Following his Marine career, Smith helped form one of America's first commercial airlines.
95. MCMIMP_131221_359.JPG: Eugene Ely, a pilot for the Curtiss Exhibition Team, made the first flight from a ship on 14 November 1910. In January 1911, Ely also became the first pilot to land an airplane on a ship.
96. MCMIMP_131221_362.JPG: 1stLt Alfred A Cunningham, the first Marine aviator, reported for duty at the Aviation Camp at Annapolis, MD, on 22 May 1912, a date now commemorated as the birthday of Marine Corps aviation.
97. MCMIMP_131221_369.JPG: Creation of the Advanced Base School focused on those weapons best suited to the seizure and holding of advanced bases. In 1912, Marines trained at Marine Barracks Philadelphia with this large pedestal-mounted coastal defense gun.
98. MCMIMP_131221_373.JPG: Marines were photographed while training with field artillery in San Diego, CA. By 1913, Headquarters Marine Corps, working closely with the Advanced Base School, was committed to acquiring more mobile field guns.
99. MCMIMP_131221_375.JPG: Marines posed with a three-inch field gun at Vera Cruz, Mexico. In 1915, the importance of field artillery for both advanced base work and expeditionary duty led to the establishment of an artillery school.
100. MCMIMP_131221_382.JPG: The first tanks used by Americans in battle during World War I were French-built Renault M1917s. By the end of the war, an American version was in production. By 1927, five of the M1917 tanks accompanied Marines to China.
101. MCMIMP_131221_386.JPG: The King Armored Car proved largely unsatisfactory, suffering from both a weak transmission and an underpowered engine. Despite that, five cars saw service in Haiti and the Dominican Republic during the 1920s.
102. MCMIMP_131221_390.JPG: The King Armored Car, seen here in a four-color hand-applied camouflage paint scheme, was tested by Marines of the 1st Armored Car Squadron at the Philadelphia Navy Yard.
103. MCMIMP_131221_393.JPG: 1866-1916 We, The Marines
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Description of Subject Matter: Global Expeditionary Force
1866-1916
As America’s western frontier disappeared, its citizens looked with envy toward the overseas colonial�empires possessed by European powers and the business opportunities in those distant places. This new�interest in expanding and protecting American interests overseas created new roles for the U.S. Navy�and the Marine Corps. The Marine Corps developed new capabilities to help the Fleet dominate the high�seas, and traditional deployments as small, shipboard detachments gave way to larger Marine Corps�formations.
As America extended its reach, the Marine Corps saw its role expand around the globe. In 1871, after�being fired upon by Korean gunners along the Salee River while approaching to negotiate a commerce�treaty, the U.S. naval force landed Marines and Sailors, who stormed the slopes and overwhelmed the�Korean positions. In the 1890s, Marines engaged the enemy during the Spanish-American War in Cuba,�the Caribbean Sea, and the Philippines. In mountains and jungles, the fight against Filipino guerrillas�lingered into the new century. Marines landed in China in 1900 to help protect western diplomats and�their families from an anti-foreign uprising in Peking. American newspapers highlighted Marines’ heroics�during the epic siege and its relief. During the decade before World War I, Marines fought in Mexico,�arrested seal poachers in the Bering Sea, and quelled disorder and protected U.S. citizens in Panama,�Cuba, Nicaragua, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic.

Visitors walk through a tent pitched at a camp during the Philippine insurrection to get a glimpse of�what life was like for the Marines who had just come back from yet another exhausting patrol. This�gallery is especially rich in artifacts—from the Marine Corps and from distant lands. Campaign hats�uniform coats, cartridge belts, flags once planted on foreign shores, a field heliograph, medals, and�personal items help interpret the era. Among these objects are articles ...More...
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2013 photos: Trips this year: three Civil War Trust conferences (Memphis, TN, Jackson, MS [to which I added a week to to visit sites in Mississippi, Louisiana, and Tennessee], and Richmond, VA), and my 8th consecutive San Diego Comic-Con trip (including sites in Nevada and California). Ego Strokes: Aviva Kempner used my photo of her as her author photo in Larry Ruttman's "American Jews & America's Game: Voices of a Growing Legacy in Baseball" book. Equipment this year: I mostly used my Fuji XS-1 camera but, depending on the event, I also used a Nikon D7000 and Nikon D600. Number of photos taken this year: just over 570,000.
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