MI -- Dearborn -- The Henry Ford -- Museum -- Exhibit: With Liberty and Justice for All (Independence):
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Description of Pictures: From George Washington, to Abraham Lincoln, to Rosa Parks, notable Americans have redefined again and again what liberty means to us. Journey through our With Liberty & Justice for All exhibit and look back on the challenges and triumphs our nation has faced in the name of freedom.
No idea is more fundamental than freedom to Americans’ sense of themselves as individuals and as a nation. But the story of American freedom is not a clear progression to a preordained goal. It is a tale of debates, disagreements and struggles between individuals and groups of people with different ideas and points of view. It is as multifaceted, contentious and ever-changing as America itself. And it continues today.
Our With Liberty & Justice for All exhibit focuses upon four key transformative moments in the American quest for freedom: the Revolutionary Era, the Antislavery Movement and Civil War Era, the Woman’s Suffrage Movement, and the Civil Rights Movement. It highlights the people and iconic artifacts that were involved in those moments, and involves visitors in the important debates and struggles.
Freedom in America has always been the product of social movements and struggle. Groups of people coalesce around a progressive idea or issue and strategies and leaders emerge. Recognized as articulate, effective and charismatic at the time, these all-too-human leaders soon become symbols of the movement and are seen as super-human icons of freedom in the later glow of historical hindsight.
The United States has been fortunate in having leaders at specific moments in history who transcend their times. On the world historical stage, Thomas Jefferson, George Washington, Abraham Lincoln and Martin Luther King could hold their own with the leaders of any nation at any time. Each found himself facing contradictory events and ideas about the human condition; the realities did not match the progressive ideals of the day. Each one was historically informed and morally driven, ideol ...More...
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Copyrights: All pictures were taken by amateur photographer Bruce Guthrie (me!) who retains copyright on them. Free for non-commercial use with attribution. See the [Creative Commons] definition of what this means. "Photos (c) Bruce Guthrie" is fine for attribution. (Commercial use folks including AI scrapers can of course contact me.) Feel free to use in publications and pages with attribution but you don't have permission to sell the photos themselves. A free copy of any printed publication using any photographs is requested. Descriptive text, if any, is from a mixture of sources, quite frequently from signs at the location or from official web sites; copyrights, if any, are retained by their original owners.
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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
HFMLJ1_160803_001.JPG: With Liberty & Justice for All
The enduring struggle for freedom
HFMLJ1_160803_019.JPG: Independence
HFMLJ1_160803_023.JPG: The Stamp Act
Colonists pushed to the edge
HFMLJ1_160803_025.JPG: Stamp Act, 1765
The British government, after winning an expensive war in the colonies, passed the Stamp Act in 1765 to raise money for the defense of the American frontier. The tax on all printed paper irritated American colonists who were unrepresented in Parliament. "Taxation without representation" became their cry of protest. Parliament repealed the act in 1766, but still claimed the right to tax.
HFMLJ1_160803_029.JPG: Taking to the Streets
An accepted tradition
HFMLJ1_160803_032.JPG: British Need Money to Pay Debts
HFMLJ1_160803_034.JPG: The Boston Massacre
March 1770
HFMLJ1_160803_037.JPG: Engraving, "The Bloody Massacre Perpetrated in King-Street, Boston on March 5th, 1770"
American Patriot, Paul Revere engraved, printed and sold this graphic depiction. British troops were sent to Boston to regain control over the rebels. But townspeople resented their presence. One day, mischief-makers hurled insults and snowballs at the soldiers, who panicked and fired into the crowd. Five innocent people were killed, several others wounded. This widely publicized incident made colonists furious.
HFMLJ1_160803_045.JPG: Thirteen Colonies
HFMLJ1_160803_047.JPG: Join the Debate!
HFMLJ1_160803_050.JPG: Thomas Paine
HFMLJ1_160803_052.JPG: "Common Sense," 1776
Thomas Paine, author
HFMLJ1_160803_073.JPG: Declaring Independence
July 1776
HFMLJ1_160803_075.JPG: Thomas Jefferson
HFMLJ1_160803_078.JPG: Combination Portable Writing Desk and Copying Press, about 1787
Attributed to Thomas Jefferson
HFMLJ1_160803_084.JPG: An American Revolution
Inspired from many sources
HFMLJ1_160803_087.JPG: Why Thomas Jefferson?
HFMLJ1_160803_090.JPG: Powder Horn, 1777
Lightweight, inexpensive, waterproof, and plentiful, hollowed animal horn was ideal for carrying gunpowder. These functional tools of war also became canvasses for creative expression. Engraved powder horns survive as both documents of their owners' experiences and unique pieces of colonial American art. The patriotic images and lettering on this example were probably copied from a currency note of the time.
HFMLJ1_160803_093.JPG: Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1823
William J. Stone, engraver
For the Department of State, Washington DC
Engraved Copy of the 1776 Declaration of Independence, Commissioned by John Quincy Adams, Printed 1823
This is an exact, precise facsimile of one of America's greatest documents. It is one of two hundred copies commissioned by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams in 1820. It is an engraving made from the original document. Two copies each were given to the surviving signers and the rest distributed to Congress, state governments and colleges and universities.
HFMLJ1_160803_096.JPG: The Declaration of Independence
Breaking it Down
HFMLJ1_160803_101.JPG: Declaring Independence
Only the beginning
HFMLJ1_160803_103.JPG: Taking Sides
HFMLJ1_160803_106.JPG: Washington Takes Command
Best man for the task
HFMLJ1_160803_109.JPG: George Washington
HFMLJ1_160803_114.JPG: Broadside, "Account of the Bloody Battle on Bunker Hill, an Elegiac Poem..." 1775
This broadside dates from the beginning of the American Revolutionary War. It recounts the Battle of Bunker Hill, where American rebels repulsed two British assaults before losing their position near Boston. British victory was costly, and colonists commemorated the encouraging clash with a poem and acrostic dedicated to Joseph Warren - a leading Patriot killed in action at Bunker Hill.
HFMLJ1_160803_119.JPG: Letter from Benedict Arnold to George Clinton, Governor of New York, August 22, 1780
This is the letter that made "Benedict Arnold" synonymous with "traitor." Arnold, a talented Continental Army general, had grown leery of the Continental Congress. He wrote for permission to make repairs at West Point, but really intended to weaken the fort and surrender it to the British. Arnold's plot was ultimately foiled, but his attempted treason shocked the nation.
HFMLJ1_160803_129.JPG: Declaration of Voluntary Enlistment in the Continental Army by Daniel Coon of Connecticut, June 25, 1776
The Continental Congress approved the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, but American colonists knew that true independence would only be achieved through war. Days earlier, Daniel Coon had voluntarily enlisted himself in a Connecticut battalion of the Continental Army - a ragtag group of patriots with few weapons, no military training, and more than seven years of battle ahead.
HFMLJ1_160803_141.JPG: Powder Horn, 1775
Powder horns carried gunpowder for muzzle-loading guns. Horn was easy to decorate with simple tools; some were decorated professionally, others by their owners. This powder horn was elaborately decorated by its owner, Elisha Gathel of Vassalborough, Maine. Horn decoration could be useful, such as maps, while other horn decoration was fanciful, such as Gathel's mildly ribald verse and drawings.
HFMLJ1_160803_145.JPG: Bronze Bust of George Washington
In 1785, famous French sculptor Jean Antoine Houdon visited George Washington at his Mount Vernon estate. Houdon made a plaster cast of the future president's features in preparation for a life-size statue. Houdon also used the cast for several busts. Other artists consulted Houdon's works for drawings, paintings, and sculptures, including this turn-of-the-nineteenth-century portrait.
HFMLJ1_160803_147.JPG: Letter from George Washington to General Israel Putnam, 1776
About the British attempt to capture Philadelphia, and requesting immediate aid
HFMLJ1_160803_150.JPG: Letter Signed by George Washington to Israel Putnam, October 15, 1777
George Washington led the Continental Army as commander-in-chief during the American Revolutionary War. On October 15, 1777, Washington signed this letter discussing two recent events - the loss of Fort Montgomery and a victory over British General Burgoyne - in New York, where Major General Israel Putnam was stationed. Just two days later, Burgoyne would surrender his army to American forces.
HFMLJ1_160803_154.JPG: Letter Written by George Washington to General Israel Putnam, September 23, 1777
George Washington led the Continental Army as commander-in-chief during the American Revolutionary War. Troops under his direct command were defending Philadelphia - then the nation's capital - when Washington wrote this letter requesting aid "without a moments loss of time" from fellow Major General Israel Putnam. Just three days later, September 26, 1977, the British would take the capital city.
HFMLJ1_160803_159.JPG: George Washington
A hero of his time
HFMLJ1_160803_160.JPG: George Washington's Camp Chest, 1783
Many high-ranking officers of the American Revolution carried camp chests, called canteens, for dining while encamped with their armies. This canteen belonged to General George Washington. It enabled him to take meals on the battlefield in a manner befitting his rank as commander-in-chief -- with tea, liquor, freshly ground nutmeg and other spices, candles, and relatively fine tableware.
HFMLJ1_160803_164.JPG: George Washington's Camp Bed, 1775-1780
George Washington carried folding beds, tents, eating utensils, and other equipment to use while encamped on the field with his troops during the Revolutionary War. Washington likely used this bed when he traveled from his Newburgh, New York, headquarters in July 1783 -- as the war was winding down -- to tour upstate New York and the military installations located there.
HFMLJ1_160803_171.JPG: "We the People"
A Whole New Plan
HFMLJ1_160803_173.JPG: James Madison -- "Father of the Constitution"
HFMLJ1_160803_179.JPG: The Constitutional Convention, 1787
HFMLJ1_160803_182.JPG: Speaker's Chair Used in the United States House of Representatives in Philadelphia, 1790-1795
This chair was made in the early 1790s for either the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives or the President of the U.S. Senate, both bodies then located in Philadelphia. We believe that it was later used by the U.S. Supreme Court, along with three similar chairs, now at the Independence National Historical Park, Philadelphia.
HFMLJ1_160803_186.JPG: Book, "The Constitutions of the United States, According to the Latest Amendments," 1800
At the turn of the nineteenth century, newly-independent Americans celebrated the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution as embodiments of freedom and democracy. This book - a rare survivor from 1800 - includes the text of both founding documents, constitutions of the fifteen existing states, and the Northwest Ordinance, which regulated the Northwest Territory.
HFMLJ1_160803_189.JPG: Pearlware Punch Bowl, 1790-1800
In 1787, colonial representatives met in Philadelphia. After much debate and compromise, they drafted a constitution uniting Americans under a strong government and placing ultimate power in the hands of the people. Americans celebrated this founding document as the embodiment of freedom and independence. This punch bowl, made in England for the American market, commemorated the "glorious constitution."
HFMLJ1_160803_192.JPG: "Independent Gazetter, or the Chronicle of Freedom," Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, April 28, 1788
Delegates met in 1787 to revise the Articles of Confederation, which governed the newly-independent states. The result, however, was the creation of a new government under the United States Constitution. Though this outline for a strong central government sparked heated debates - as evidenced by the opinionated excerpts printed here - all thirteen states had finally ratified the constitution by May 1790.
HFMLJ1_160803_196.JPG: The Bill of Rights
HFMLJ1_160803_199.JPG: Honoring Independence
Symbols of freedom
HFMLJ1_160803_206.JPG: Mug, "Long Live the President of the United States," 1789-1800
During his own lifetime, George Washington was a revered celebrity. Artists immortalized him, schools were named in his honor, and Americans paid tribute to him with widespread processions and balls. English manufacturers capitalized on this fervor, turning out Washington commemoratives for the American market. This mug depicts the hero and president of the new republic flanked by Liberty and Justice.
HFMLJ1_160803_208.JPG: Punch Bowl, 1800-1805
Staffordshire, England
HFMLJ1_160803_216.JPG: President Washington
"Father of his Country"
HFMLJ1_160803_217.JPG: George Washington Presidential Inauguration Button, "Long Live the President," 1789-1793
George Washington became the first president of the United States on April 30, 1789. At Federal Hall in New York City (then the nation's capital), Washington took the presidential oath of office in view of cheering crowds. Some spectators had sewn commemorative buttons onto their coats. This brass example includes the initials of the new president and the thirteen original states.
HFMLJ1_160803_221.JPG: George Washington Presidential Inauguration Button, "Long Live the President," 1789-1793
George Washington became the first president of the United States on April 30, 1789. At Federal Hall in New York City (then the nation's capital), Washington took the presidential oath of office in view of cheering crowds. Some spectators had sewn commemorative buttons onto their coats. This copper example includes the initials of the new president.
HFMLJ1_160803_224.JPG: Scrimshaw Whale's Tooth, "Peace Independence and Plenty," circa 1810
Seamen in the early 1800s often created scrimshaw--engraved whale baleen, bones, or teeth usually meant as souvenirs for family and friends back home. This whale's tooth is inscribed with national symbols and a popular reinterpretation of a phrase from the Declaration of Independence. It is a clear expression of a sailor's patriotism from a time when America was new and untested.
HFMLJ1_160803_232.JPG: Washington Inspires
From man to hero to myth
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Wikipedia Description: Henry Ford Museum
Henry Ford Museum began as Henry Ford's personal collection of historic objects, which he began collecting as far back as 1906. Today, the 12 acre (49,000 mē) site is primarily a collection of antique machinery, pop culture items, automobiles, locomotives, aircraft, and other items:
* The museum features a 4K digital projection theater, which shows scientific, natural, or historical documentaries, as well as major feature films.
* A model of the nuclear-powered Ford Nucleon automobile
* An Oscar Mayer Wienermobile
* The 1961 Lincoln Continental, SS-100-X that President John F. Kennedy was riding in when he was assassinated.
* The rocking chair from Ford's Theatre in which President Abraham Lincoln was sitting when he was shot.
* George Washington's camp bed.
* A ten-person safety bicycle made in 1896.
* A collection of several fine 17th- and 18th-century violins including a Stradivarius.
* Thomas Edison's alleged last breath in a sealed tube.
* Buckminster Fuller's prototype Dymaxion house.
* The bus on which Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat, leading to the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
* Igor Sikorsky's prototype helicopter.
* Fokker Trimotor airplane that flew the first flight over the North Pole.
* Bill Elliott's record-breaking race car clocking in at over 212 MPH at Talladega in 1987
* Fairbottom Bobs, the Newcomen engine
* A steam engine from Cobb's Engine House in England.
* The Automotive Hall of Fame, adjacent to the Henry Ford Museum.
* A working fragment of the original Holiday Inn "Great Sign"
* A Chesapeake & Ohio Railway 2-6-6-6 "Allegheny"-class steam locomotive built by Lima Locomotive Works in Lima, Ohio. The Allegheny was the most powerful steam locomotive ever built.
* Behind the scenes, the Benson Ford Research Center uses the resources of The Henry Ford, especially the photographic, manuscript and archival material which is rarely displayed, to allow visitors to gai ...More...
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[Museums (History)]
2016 photos: Equipment this year: I continued to use my Fuji XS-1 cameras but, depending on the event, I also used a Nikon D7000.
Seven relatively short trips this year:
two Civil War Trust conference (Gettysburg, PA and West Point, NY, with a side-trip to New York City),
my 11th consecutive San Diego Comic-Con trip (including sites in Utah, Nevada, and California),
a quick trip to Michigan for Uncle Wayne's funeral,
two additional trips to New York City, and
a Civil Rights site trip to Alabama during the November elections. Being in places where people died to preserve the rights of minority voters made the Trumputin election even more depressing.
Number of photos taken this year: just over 610,000.
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