BGuthrie Photos: MS -- Vicksburg Natl Military Park -- Cairo Exhibit

MS -- Vicksburg Natl Military Park -- Cairo Exhibit:

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. VICKCA_130523_079.JPG: Seven Ironclads in 100 Days: Meet the deadline or pay $200 a day. James Eads had agreed to these terms for the construction of seven new ironclads. To speed production, a partner shipyard built three of the boats, including the one in front of you. Eads' shipyard built the other four boats. All seven boats were delivered 100 days later. The USS Cairo and her six sister boats wee all named for towns along the Ohio and Mississippi River. Unlike wooden sailing ships used at the beginning of the Civil War, these new ironclads had steam driven engines, armor plating, 13 cannon, and a top speed of nine miles per hour. Ironclads were the backbone of the brown-water navy, a fleet designed to operate in rivers and shallow coastal waters. James B. Eads, engineer and shipyard owner, was hired to build the ironclads at an average cost of $101,808 each. Ironclads under construction in the Union Marine Works shipyard at Carondelet, Missouri.
2. VICKCA_130523_132.JPG: The Union Fleet: On March 13, 1863, Union Rear Admiral David D. Porter commanded a squadron of five "City Series" ironclads and ram General Sterling Price on a bold expedition to find a route into the Yazoo River above the Confederate fortifications north of Vicksburg. Porter's tortuous route led seven miles up the Yazoo River from the Mississippi and entered the mouth of Steele's Bayou at Johnson's plantation. The fleet continued northward to Black Bayou, where the vessels turned eastward to the confluence of Black Bayou and Deer Creek at Hill's Plantation. The boats then slowly churned north on Deer Creek toward its confluence with Rolling Fork Creek, which led to the Big Sunflower River. The route then led southeast to the Yazoo River at a point upriver from the Confederate fortifications above Vicksburg. Mortar boats were un-powered barges especially constructed to withstand the enormous weight and shock of firing a 13-inch mortar. Tugs were small, shallow-draft, highly maneuverable stern-wheel steamboats with a strengthened hull designed to assist larger vessels in confined waters. Often tugs were armed with a howitzer in order to look like a warship and not just an auxiliary vessel. The General Price was a conventional river boat converted into a ram -- a boat designed to sink others by ramming them. The flotilla consisted of ironclads: Carondelet, Cincinnati, Pittsburg, Mound City, and Louisville, accompanied by four tugs that towed mortar scows and coal barges.
3. VICKCA_130523_136.JPG: The Last of its Kind: On December 12, 1862, the ironclad boat Cairo was sunk in the Yazoo River while mine-clearing. The vessel was found in 1956. It was raised, restored, and relocated here. The Cairo is the only remaining ironclad of its type in existence. The first use of an ironclad gunboat in combat in 1862 made every wooden warship in the world obsolete. Both North and South rushed to build these deadly new vessels, but the North's industrial might gave the Union the advantage. The Cairo and her six sister boats dominated the Mississippi. Ironclad at Rest: Here, you can explore the restored remains of the USS Cairo. The museum features a Cairo video, a large collection of recovered artifacts, exhibits on Civil War naval operations, a bookstore, information services, and restrooms. For almost 100 years, the USS Cairo lay buried in the muddy Yazoo riverbed. Salvage work began after the gunboat was discovered in 1956, and the Cairo was finally raised in 1964, along with all of her guns, ammunition, ship's stores, and personal items left behind by her crew.
4. VICKCA_130523_159.JPG: Torpedoed & Sunk! On December 12, 1862, Cairo was part of a mine-clearing expedition on the Yazoo River. Her commander, hearing small arms fire coming from up ahead, steamed around the rest of the boats and into unexplored waters. Suddenly, explosions tore holes in the boat -- including the one you see in front of you. It sank quickly in 36 feet of water. No lives were lost and the crew was recovered by nearby vessels. What sank the USS Cairo? Some historians believe Confederates, lying in wait along the riverbank, detonated the mines (called torpedoes in the Civil War) electronically. Other experts think the underwater mines were strung on a line across the channel. When the Cairo hit the line, her forward motion pulled the torpedoes against the side of the boat where they detonated. Cairo was 16 miles up the Yazoo River when she hit Confederate mines.
5. VICKCA_130523_184.JPG: Chimneys: The tall wooden stacks you see towering above the boat are skeletal reproductions of the original chimneys. When Cairo sank, its smoke stacks were visible above the surface of the water. A sister boat, the Pittsburg, knocked down Cairo's chimneys to hide the location of the sunken vessel. "City Class" gunboats looked so much alike that bands of different colors were painted on their chimneys to tell them apart. Cairo has gray bands.
6. VICKCA_130523_209.JPG: National Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark U.S.S. Cairo Engine and Boilers, 1862 The Cairo is the sole survivor of the fleet of river gunboats built by the union during the Civil War with the object of controlling the lower Mississippi River. Designed by Samuel Pook and built by James B. Eads, the 175-foot ironclad vessel had 13 guns. The propulsion system is the only known early example of the widely used "Western Rivers" steamboat engine, characterized by multiple fire-tube boilers with shared steam and mud drums and a two-cylinder non-condensing engine having a small bore, long stroke and poppet valves. This engine was designed by A.T. Merritt. With a 22-inch bore and 6-foot stroke, it developed about 600 horsepower and drove a sheltered paddlewheel of 22-foot diameter and 15-foot width. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers - 1990
7. VICKCA_130523_213.JPG: Wheelhouse: The wheelhouse enclosed the paddle wheel. Wheelhouses were not armor-plated. They were vulnerable to cannon fire from batteries atop forts and along high riverbanks. Water ran off the paddle wheel and into the latrine to supply a showerhead and "flush" the commode.
8. VICKCA_130523_225.JPG: Officers' Quarters: Cairo's officers slept separately from the enlisted men. Officers' quarters were on the gun deck on either side of the paddle wheel. Here they escaped the heat from the fireroom and boilers. The captain's quarters were directly behind the paddle wheel. This part of Cairo was lost during the salvage operation.
9. VICKCA_130523_249.JPG: Paddle Wheel: Cairo's 15-foot-wide paddle wheel is made up of five, 22-foot-diameter "spiders" -- the web-like iron arms and circles that form the spokes of the wheel. The paddles, or "buckets," were probably simple wood planks. If damaged, they could be easily replaced by the boat's carpenter. The paddle wheel churned within a well near the back of the boat.
10. VICKCA_130523_258.JPG: Steering an Ironclad: Rudders on either side of the paddle wheel steered the gunboat. These sturdy wooden fins were controlled by cables attached to the wheel in the pilothouse. Well-aimed enemy fire could cut the steering cables and disable the gunboat.
11. VICKCA_130523_289.JPG: Full Steam Ahead! Steam-driven propulsion systems like the one you see here powered riverboats churning up and down western rivers in the mid-1800s. Cairo's engines and boilers are among the oldest and best surviving examples of this type of machinery. Steam Drum: A long drum connected to the top of the boilers collected steam and delivered it to the engines. Boilers: The five long boilers you see to your left made steam to power Cairo's engines. The boilers were heated with coal -- 2,000 pounds an hour. Hot gasses from the fire flowed through tubes running the length of each boiler. Heat from the gasses turned water inside the boilers to steam. Piston: The steam drove two huge pistons, one on either side of the engine compartment. Oscillating Arm: The pistons pushed oscillating arms that turned the paddle wheel. At full steam, Cairo's engines could move the 888-ton gunboat at about nine miles per hour.
12. VICKCA_130523_292.JPG: A Crew of Immigrants: Had you stepped aboard the USS Cairo during the Civil War, the conversations may have surprised you. So many languages! Stroll the decks and you might have heard French, Danish, Russian, German, and accents from Ireland, England, and the Caribbean. Nearly half of the boat's sailors were immigrants. This group of men came from many walks to life. They were black and white. They were farmers, teachers, and butchers. Most had no sailing experience. They learned their duties on the job. US-born or not, these Union sailors were fighting for the survival of the country they called home. When Cairo went down, her crew of 158 sailors and 17 officers had no time to save their personal possessions. Thousands of items sank with the boat -- and were recovered during salvage operations.
13. VICKCA_130523_297.JPG: Pilothouse: Look up. That circle of sloping iron plates overhead shielded Cairo's pilothouse. From this exposed perch atop the upper deck, the pilot steered the gunboat and the officer on duty kept a watchful eye on the river. Orders to the engine room to change speed were sent using a signal board or by shouting through a speaking tube.
14. VICKCA_130523_299.JPG: Capstan: This powerful winch helped the crew haul heavy lines, move guns on the gun deck, and pull in the anchor. Steam from the boilers powered the capstan. In an emergency, this essential tool was turned by hand with wooden spokes inserted into the hub at the top.
15. VICKCA_130523_303.JPG: A Ton an Hour: Look down to your left to see one of Cairo's restored firebox doors. Coal shoveled into the fireboxes, heated the boilers. Steam from the boilers powered Cairo's engines and drove her paddle wheel. A gunboat without steam could not move and was helpless if attacked. Ironclads kept fires burning and steam pressure built up even when anchored. For hours on end, coal heavers piled coal from storage bunkers into the fire room, and firemen fed the fuel into each boiler's firebox. Cairo's boiler burned a ton of coal an hour when the boat was underway.
16. VICKCA_130523_309.JPG: Plenty of Firepower: Ironclads like the USS Cairo came equipped with 13 heavy cannon. It took a crew of six men to position and fire each gun. As Cairo prowled the rivers north of Vicksburg, it could use its cannon to pound Confederate forts, battle enemy gunboats, and sink shipments of supplied headed to Confederate armies. Armor Plated: Interlocking iron plates, like the ones you can see to the left of the cannon, protected the pilothouse and sloping casemates from enemy fire. Behind the 2-1/2 inch thick plates were white oak planks 12 to 25 inches thick. When the iron plates took a hit, their wooden backing kept them from shattering. More Iron Needed: Look to your right beyond the walkway. Cairo's crew added those iron railroad rails to protect the boat's exposed forward casemate.
17. VICKCA_130523_326.JPG: "She went down in twelve minutes and not a soul aboard was lost." The Cairo was the first armed vessel in the history of warfare to be sunk by a torpedo (today called a mine). Torpedoes had been placed in the Yazoo River by Acting Masters Zedekiah McDaniel and Francis M. Ewing of the Confederate Navy. They were detonated from the shore by volunteered placed in camouflaged "torpedo pits" behind the levee.
18. VICKCA_130523_344.JPG: The War on the Inland Waters: To control the Mississippi the Confederates depended on fortified strongholds along the river's length, supported by gunboats and rams. Slowly and methodically, the combined operations of Union land an naval forces forced the surrender of one Confederate bastion after another. The Confederate Navy fought valiantly but was no match for the heavily armored Union fleets. The Confederate fortifications resisted punishing bombardment by Union gunboats, the deep-water navy's mortar schooners and scows, and land-based artillery, but fell in the end to Union mobility and fire power.
19. VICKCA_130523_351.JPG: The Ironclad Flotilla: The seven armored shallow draft gunboats which came to be known as "City Class Ironclads" were constructed at Carondelet, Missouri and Mound City, Illinois, between August 7, 1861 and January 15, 1862. At the suggestion of Flag-Officer Andrew H. Foote, Commander of the Western Flotilla, the gunboats were named after towns along the upper Mississippi and Ohio rivers.
20. VICKCA_130523_410.JPG: Discovering the Cairo: Armed with an inexpensive compass, a wealth of historical information, and an instinct for discovery, historian Edwin Bearss, together with Civil War buffs Warren Grabau and Don Jacks, set out in a small boat one cold November morning to locate the sunken ironclad gunboat, the USS Cairo. When the compass needle deflected consistently over a single point in the river, a series of events were set in motion that would culminate in a massive salvage effort through which the Cairo was to emerge from the muddy Yazoo exactly 102 years after sinking to the bottom.
21. VICKCA_130523_415.JPG: USS Cairo Bell As this 400 pound bronze bell was being recovered, a pocket of air which had been trapped beneath the bell when the Cairo sank -- bubbled to the surface. The bell was manufactured by GW Coffin and Co., Buckeye Bell Foundry, Cincinnati, Ohio.
22. VICKCA_130523_438.JPG: 32-pounder cannon, October 1963
23. VICKCA_130523_443.JPG: Crumpled paddle wheel structure
24. VICKCA_130523_449.JPG: One of the Cairo's rudders
25. VICKCA_130523_464.JPG: The lower Yazoo and the site of the Cairo's sinking Wreckage sighted at the foot of Snyder's Bluff during periods of low water was believed by local residents to be the remains of the Cairo. Historical evidence, however, supported a location several miles downstream at a point near the site of Benson Blake's lower plantation. Three years after Mr. Bearss' initial identification of the Cairo's position, the finding was confirmed by scuba divers who were able, despite great quantities of protective mud, to remove the port covers from the pilot house. Now all doubt was removed. The Cairo had been found!
26. VICKCA_130523_470.JPG: The USS Cairo
27. VICKCA_130523_480.JPG: The Skylights: The skylights provided light for the gun deck and the engine room and for inspection of the paddle wheel. The frame of the skylights has been ghosted with the light-colored glu-laminated wood. During the southern summer, Cairo below decks was oppressively hot. The heat from the boilers worsened the stifling conditions. The skylights and funnels vented some of the heat; fresh air came in through the gun ports.
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Wikipedia Description: USS Cairo (1861)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

USS Cairo was an ironclad river gunboat in the Union Navy. She was the capital ship of the "City class" ironclad gunboats, also called Cairo class. Cairo was the first ship sunk by a naval mine, on December 12, 1862 in the Yazoo River.

Service in the American Civil War:
Cairo was built in 1861 by James Eads and Co., Mound City, Illinois, under contract to the United States Department of War. She was commissioned as part of the U.S. Army's Western Gunboat Flotilla, naval Lieutenant James M. Prichett in command.

Cairo served with the Army's Western Gunboat Fleet, commanded by Flag Officer Andrew Hull Foote, on the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers and their tributaries until transferred to the Navy 1 October 1862 with the other river gunboats. Active in the occupation of Clarksville, Tennessee, 17 February 1862, and of Nashville, Tennessee, 25 February, Cairo stood down the river 12 April escorting mortar boats to begin the lengthy operations against Fort Pillow. An engagement with Confederate gunboats at Plum Point Bend on 11 May marked a series of blockading and bombardment activities which culminated in the abandonment of the Fort by its defenders on 4 June.

Two days later, 6 June 1862, Cairo joined in the triumph of seven Union ships and a tug over eight Confederate gunboats off Memphis, Tennessee, an action in which five of the opposing gunboats were sunk or run ashore, two seriously damaged, and only one managed to escape. That night Union forces occupied the city. Cairo returned to patrol on the Mississippi until 21 November when she joined the Yazoo Expedition.

On 12 December 1862, while clearing mines from the river preparatory to the attack on Haines Bluff, Mississippi, Cairo struck a torpedo detonated by volunteers hidden behind the river bank and sank in 12 minutes. Cairo became the first armored warship sunk by an electrically detonated mine.

Discovery of her wreck:
Over the years the gunboat was soon forgotten and her watery grave was slowly covered by a shroud of silt and sand. Impacted in mud, Cairo became a time capsule in which her priceless artifacts were preserved. Her whereabouts became a matter of speculation as members of the crew had died and local residents were unsure of the location.

By studying contemporary documents and maps, Edwin C. Bearss, historian at Vicksburg National Military Park, was able to plot the approximate site of the wreck. With the help of a pocket compass and iron bar probes, Bearss and two companions, Don Jacks and Warren Grabau, set out to discover the grave of the Cairo in 1956. The three searchers were reasonably convinced they had found the Cairo, but three years lapsed before divers brought up armored port covers to confirm the find. A heavy accumulation of silt, swift current, and the ever-muddy river deterred the divers as they explored the gunboat. Local enthusiasm and interest began to grow in 1960 with the recovery of the pilothouse, an 8 inch smoothbore cannon, its white oak carriage, and other artifacts well preserved by the Yazoo mud. With financial support from the State of Mississippi, the Warren County Board of Supervisors and funds raised locally, efforts to salvage the gunboat began in earnest.

Salvage and museum:
Hopes of lifting the ironclad and her cargo of artifacts intact were crushed in October of 1964 when the three inch cables being used to lift the Cairo cut deeply into its wooden hull. It then became a question of saving as much of the vessel as possible. A decision was made to cut the Cairo into three sections. By the end of December the battered remains were put on barges and towed to Vicksburg. In the summer of 1965 the barges carrying the Cairo were towed to Ingalls Shipyard on the Gulf Coast in Pascagula, Mississippi. There the armor was removed, cleaned and stored. The two engines were taken apart, cleaned and reassembled. Sections of the hull were braced internally and a sprinkler system was operated continually to keep the white oak structural timbers from warping and checking. On September 3, 1971, the Cairo was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

In 1972, the United States Congress enacted legislation authorizing the National Park Service to accept title to Cairo and restore the gunboat for display in Vicksburg National Military Park. Delays in funding the project halted progress until June of 1977, when the vessel was transported to the park and partially reconstructed on a concrete foundation near the Vicksburg National Cemetery. A shelter to cover the vessel was completed in October 1980, with the museum opening in November. The original space-frame shelter has recently been replaced by a tension-fabric system to provide better cover.

The recovery of artifacts from Cairo revealed a treasure trove of weapons, munitions, naval stores and personal gear of the sailors who served on board. The gunboat and its artifacts can now be seen along the tour road at the USS Cairo Museum. These even include a sailor's rope knife in very good condition, as reported in Knives and their Values, 4th edition by Bernard Levine.
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