MD -- St. Michaels -- Chesapeake Bay Maritime Museum:
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CBMM_051114_008.JPG: Hooper Strait Lighthouse:
Moved here in 1966, this lighthouse was originally located on the treacherous waters of Hooper Strait. Like all of the Bay's lighthouses, it was essential as traffic on the Bay grew, directing ships through the shoals and aiding ships in determining their location.
This was the second lighthouse at Hooper Strait: the first one was destroyed by ice. Built in 1879, it was occupied by lighthouse keepers for seventy-five years.
Two men maintained the "light" in the Hooper Strait Lighthouse. The keeper's duties included maintaining the building, standing watch all night to make sure the light was lit, and ringing the fog bell during foggy weather.
CBMM_051114_010.JPG: Point Lookout Fog Bell Tower (1888):
When fog hides a lighthouse's beacon, sailors need an audible signal to guide them. So a fog tower containing a bell was frequently built alongside a lighthouse. Large bells, such as the 1100 pound bell in this tower, were used because their sound carried a long distance.
Point Lookout lighthouse and this tower stood near the treacherous crossroads where the Potomac River meets the Chesapeake Bay -- a place where both weather and shipping traffic were tricky.
In the 1960s, the Coast Guard closed the Point Lookout lighthouse and fog tower -- their function taken over by an automated buoy -- and the fog tower was moved here to the museum.
CBMM_051114_022.JPG: How the screwpile lighthouse got its name:
A screw like this one was at the bottom of each of the seven pilings (legs) of this lighthouse -- allowing the leg to be screwed down into the soft Bay bottom. Although it would have been easier to drive the pilings into the mud, screwing them in gave the lighthouse a much more stable foundation.
The Bay goes through many environmental changes throughout the year; ice tends to freeze around lighthouse pilings and as the tide rises up it often lifts the legs. The pilings' screws eliminate this unwanted damage.
You would have seen screwpile lighthouses like this one on the Chesapeake Bay, Delaware Bay, and in North Carolina where the rivers and estuaries have soft bottoms and it is possible to screw the pilings down.
Ten-inch solid wrought-iron pilings were screwed twenty five feet into the Bay floor to prevent shifting.
CBMM_051114_035.JPG: We're in the lighthouse now
CBMM_051114_058.JPG: The glass prisms of the Fresnel lens bent light into a concentrated beam. With one lamp in the center of the lens, it was possible to send out a horizontal beam of light of 360 degrees.
At first Fresnel lenses were used with an Argand-type lamp. These lamps were modified over the years by developing various ways to deliver fuel to the wick.
The last type of oil lamp used in the Bay's lighthouses was the mantle type, similar to today's Coleman lanterns. These lamps were known as the "incandescent oil vapor type" and used kerosene for fuel.
The adoption of electricity in the 1930s changed the lighthouse and the lives of its keepers dramatically. Used with the Fresnel lens, the electric bulb produced no suit so little cleaning was required. It was dependable, and could be put on an automatic timer.
The electrical bulb and Fresnel lens system is still used in some Bay lighthouses; however, powerful aero-beacon type bulbs are replacing the Fresnel lenses on new installations.
CBMM_051114_081.JPG: Viewed from the lighthouse, the red buildings are where they rehabilitate boats.
CBMM_051114_094.JPG: Viewed from the lighthouse, the red building is "At Play on the Bay" which explores how the Bay has changed over the last hundred years from primarily a place of work to a place where people come to play. The tugboat is called Thor, where you can step into the pilot house of this 1912 buyboat. Pilot houses were often removed to land and use as dock offices or sheds.
CBMM_051114_099.JPG: Viewed from the lighthouse, the red building is the small boat shed, collecting Chesapeake Bay watercraft.
CBMM_051114_137.JPG: This machine was used at the Thomas Point Lighthouse. It is driven by weights which hang on the cable through the floor under the lighthouse. The lighthouse keeper operated the bell machine in foggy weather, rewinding it by hand every two hours.
CBMM_051114_151.JPG: A yacht built to look like a buyboat:
In the years of enormous oyster harvests, hundreds of oyster buyers would take their buyboats out to the oyster grounds, buy the catch and take it to market to sell. Beginning in the 1950s, these unique vessels became to disappear as oyster boats docked and offloaded to trucks which carried the oysters to market.
The museum now uses Mister Jim to take groups out onto the Bay for educational programs.
CBMM_051114_162.JPG: Thor, Pilot House:
Most pilot houses had two sections. The front of the cabin served as the steering station, housing navigational equipment, while the rear was used for the crew who sometimes worked aboard these boats for many weeks at a time. The rear is where the crew cooked meals, slept and relaxed. Pilot houses were often removed from aged vessels and used on shore as tally houses, dock offices and sheds.
CBMM_051114_175.JPG: We're in the At Play On The Bay building. I liked the way they did the little mannikins.
CBMM_051114_243.JPG: This is the Small Boat Shed
CBMM_051114_261.JPG: Amazingly obvious nipples on this mast head
CBMM_051114_282.JPG: The Snipe, a new boat for a new time:
In 1931, the Depression had turned America into a country of do-it-yourselfers and "The Rudder," a national yachting magazine, published plans for building a sailboat. The resulting Snipe class proved immensely popular, with over 30,000 boats built to "The Rudder's" original design.
CBMM_051114_300.JPG: The Corn Crib contains samples of handmade gunning boats hunters used to catch their daily limit.
CBMM_051114_308.JPG: From Shipwrecked Puppies to Iron Dogs:
While sailing home from England in 1807, George Law, a member of a prominent Maryland family, rescued two Newfoundland puppies from a sinking British ship and brought them home to the Chesapeake Bay. The puppies -- named Sailor and Canton (the name of Law's ship) -- mated with local dogs and established a new breed, the Chesapeake Bay Retriever.
For waterfowling, Chesapeake Bay Retrievers have no equal. They are able to plunge repeatedly into freezing water, their double coats keeping them dry.
This cast iron dog, manufactured by the Baltimore foundry Hayward, Bartlett, and Company, was made in memory of the shipwrecked puppies, Sailor and Canton. Scores of these iron dogs were made as lawn ornaments.
CBMM_051114_324.JPG: Like pipe guns, battery guns were homemade -- and dangerous -- replacements for outlawed punt guns. The men who used them were often scarred from powder burns and uncontrolled recoils. Battery guns were made of three to twelve old muzzle-loading gun barrels firmly secured to a wooden frame. A powder-filled trench connecting several vents caused the barrels to fire in series. Battery guns could spread a much wider pattern of shot but were never as popular as punt guns.
CBMM_051114_331.JPG: Gunning Lights:
Firelighting is the practice of attracting and confusing waterfowl with an artificial light at night. Native Americans may have used the technique. Firelighting lights were constructed with a variety of light sources from candles and kerosene lamps to factory-made carbide lamps. The light source was usually placed in front of reflector and behind glass. Waterfowl began to associate all forms of artificial light with danger, so firelighting was banned in Maryland in 1730 and in Virginia in 1792. The practice continued illegally well into the twentieth century. Although dim, diffuse light works best for attracting waterfowl, automobile headlights were sometimes used.
CBMM_051114_372.JPG: This gun, about six feet long, is called a punt gun.
CBMM_051114_375.JPG: Duck Blind:
The blind is a camouflaged box which hunters use to hide from approaching waterfowl. A blind may be located along a point of land, on the shoreline, or in exposed waters and may be approached on foot or by boat. The hunter may use calls to lure waterfowl within range of the blind. Late in the season, ducks learn to fear the sound of gunfire and avoid the locations of blinds. Geese are also hunted from pit blinds or field blinds located in or near the fields where they can find food. Duck blinds have been used for over a century, and they remain popular with sport hunters today.
CBMM_051114_380.JPG: This is a model of a sinkbox. A sinkbox was a floating, coffin-shaped box made of wood or metal. The top of the box was attached to a large, rectangular platform, which was hinged on both ends with burlap or canvas wings used for squelching waves. When set for waterfowl hunting, heavy iron decoys called "iron-wings" helped submerge the box until it was flush with the water surface. This provided a hole in the water for one gunner who would lie down and wait for unsuspecting waterfowl. Variations in the typical sinkbox include a shorter and deeper box allowing the gunner to sit up, while other models contained two boxes accommodating a second hunter. Sinkboxes could not be used in strong winds since they would be quickly swamped by waves. Winter hunting was often cold, wet, and extremely uncomfortable for the gunner. Because sinkbox gunning was a very effective method of waterfowl hunting, Maryland outlawed the practice in 1935, and the Federal Government banned it the same year.
Throughout the nineteenth century, sinkboxes were used primarily by market gunners, but by the 1880s they were becoming the preferred means of hunting among wealthy sportsmen. The Susquehanna Flats at the head of the Chesapeake Bay attracted large numbers of gentlemen sport gunners from such cities as Philadelphia, New York, and Baltimore. Sinkbox hunting peaked in the 1920s, with about 50 rigs active in the Susquehanna Flats alone. Houseboats, guides, and sinkboxes were hired for a week or more, particularly in November and December when hunting was at its best. Firing on waterfowl at rest on the water was discouraged as a new-found sense of sportsmanship evolved.
Iron Wings: From shore or from a houseboat, a gunner (or his guide) would haul the sinkbox out on a larger skiff. It was anchored in position and stabilized with weights and heavy, flat-bottom iron wing decoys, and surrounded with 300 to 500 or more floating decoys. The hunter would then take his place in the sinkbox and, after the skiff withdrew, patiently waited for the ducks to approach. Another skiff stood by at a distance to retrieve downed waterfowl.
CBMM_051114_409.JPG: Why make a decoy that sinks? Sinkboxes need weights to keep them low in the water and these weights doubled as duck decoys. The sinkbox was a floating blind sunk down almost flush with the surface of the water and disguised with decoys. Sinkbox gunning was especially popular on the Susquehanna Flats, the marshy stretch of shallow water at the upper end of the Chesapeake where millions of canvasback ducks migrated each season.
Since these decoys sat on the sinkbox, they did not need thick bodies for buoyancy. Sinkboxes contributed to a decline in the canvasback duck population. "The sinkbox is in reality a floating blind... It is a wholesale murdering sort of thing and has little 'sport' about it." -- Maryland Conservationist
The laws that protect them...
1832 -- Maryland's first law to protect migratory birds (prohibiting punt and battery guns in parts of Harford County)
1886 -- First law against night hunting in Maryland (Washington County)
1896 -- Establishment of the first game wardens in Maryland.
1910 -- Punt gun, swivel gun and battery gun become illegal throughout the state of Maryland.
1917-1918 -- The Federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act establishes laws throughout the country: birds protected by season, unlawful shooting from a boat under sail or power, bag limits, and restrictions on shipments to market.
1935 -- State of Maryland establishes a three-shell limit in automatic and repeating firearms when waterfowl hunting.
1939 -- Illegal to "spotlight" game in Maryland for purposes of gunning.
1943 -- The sinkbox becomes unlawful in Maryland.
1955 -- In Maryland, illegal to shoot waterfowl under influence of alcohol or drugs.
CBMM_051114_411.JPG: Waterman's Wharf demonstrated some of the tools of the trade
CBMM_051114_428.JPG: A boat for catching crabs:
In the water around Smith Island, Maryland, in the southern part of the Bay, watermen harvest crabs using crap scrape boats like this replica.
The shallow draft boats make it easier to get in and around the shoals, where blue crabs hide in eelgrass to shed their shells. Watermen use a special dredge called a crab scrape to scoop them up from the bottom and over the low sides of these practical workboats.
CBMM_051114_447.JPG: A helping hand for sailing vessels:
Large sailing vessels, carrying cargoes of lumber, wheat, fertilize, and produce, were common the Chesapeake until the 1930s. With its narrow, winding rivers and shallow harbors, many of the Bay's waterways were difficult for these vessels to maneuver.
Tugs, like "Delaware", met the larger vessels and towed them into port of up rivers. By doing this, rugs prolonged the economic viability of large sailing vessels in the Bay. Today, with the expansion of coastal trade, most freight is transported by tug and barge.
(The "Delaware" itself was built in 1912.)
CBMM_051114_463.JPG: From front to back:
Martha:
"To the waterman, a workboat represents far more than just a work platform. An essential tool, the boat is usually his largest investment... The boat is a working partner. She -- for the boat is always referred to as female -- bears the responsibility for life as well as livelihood, for a sound boat can make the difference between a safe return and none at all." -- Paula J. Johnson and Anne Witty, "Working the Water".
You can see why this type of boat was called a draketail, dovetail, or fantail. Draketails first appeared on the Chesapeake Bay at about the same time as the internal combustion engine, their graceful stems similar to those then common on racing boats and naval vessels. Martha was built in 1934 (at a cost of about $350) by Bronza Parks of Wingate, Maryland. He built her for Willie Lewis who named her for his daughter, Martha. Draketails were also called Hooper Island launches after the island in Dorchester County where they originated.
Volunteer:
Potomac River Dory Boat:
This boat is a large example of a type common on the Potomac River from the 1880s to the early 1900s. Used for harvesting oysters and, in the off-season, herring and shad, these boats often sported green, red, and yellow stripes. The origin of this tradition remains a mystery. This boat worked the Potomac for half a century before being donated to the Museum.
This dory boat represents a shift from the older sailing boats to the new motor boats. Most dories were rigged for sailing. Despite the fact that this was a power boat throughout its life and never had a sail rig, its hull continues to conform to that of a traditional sailing vessel.
Delaware tugboat (see description elsewhere).
CBMM_051114_475.JPG: Shucking oysters used to be a major industry here. The sign mentions it was horrible work but it was work.
CBMM_051114_488.JPG: The exhibit talks about how oysters pretty well have been petering over the years, mostly due to man.
Oysters -- Then and Now:
In 1701 Louis Michel, a Swiss traveler, was struck by the size of the Chesapeake Bay's oyster bars:
"The abundance of oysters is incredible. There are whole banks of them so that the ships must avoid them... [The oysters] surpass those n England by gar in size, indeed, they are four times as large. I often cut them in two, before I could put them in my mouth."
"Bay oysters used to grow in tall reefs that elevated oysters from the silty bottom into food-rich currents above. Reefs provided far more nooks and crannies for creatures to hide in than flatter beds do. In the 19th century, oysters reefs were so large that they were considered navigational hazards. After 120 years of intense dredging, very few reefs remain in the Bay. Commercial skippers used dredges to spread out the shells so shells could grow round and thick rather than long and thin as they do when they are packed together naturally on reefs. Fatter oysters were worth more money. The death of the reefs exiled oysters to the bottom of the Bay, where there is less oxygen and more clogging silt." -- The Washington Post, May 23, 1993
Who owns the Bay's bottom?
Until the end of the nineteenth century, no one had ever thought to ask this question. Watermen dredged, tonged, and scraped whenever they liked. Then, in the 1870s and 1880s, an alternative was suggested.
Professor W.K. Brooks believed the Bay's oysters could be saved by raising them as you would a crop. He recommended the states of Maryland and Virginia lease out sections of Bay bottom to private entrepreneurs who, in turn, would use the grounds to culture oysters.
Watermen were furious. The idea that someone might claim to "own" bottom they had harvested oysters from all their lives was seen as a denial of their rights. Eventually, only Virginia (where harvests declined faster than in Maryland) would remove some grounds from the public domain and make them available for oyster-culture.
CBMM_051114_505.JPG: This is a bottom scraper to get the oysters. They also destroy quite a lot of other life on the bay bottom.
CBMM_051114_555.JPG: This section of the museum has people who are working to make or restore boats.
CBMM_051114_590.JPG: This section is on the history of the Bay. You're seeing the War of 1812 here.
CBMM_051114_606.JPG: This little guy was squawking the whole time. You could watch his chest move in and out as he squawked.
CBMM_051114_657.JPG: Old Point: A Crab Dredging Vessel:
As the weather cools, crabs migrate down the Bay to bury themselves in the bottom mud. Earth 20th century Virginia watermen harvested them by towing two dredges, each carrying a mesh bag holding three to four bushels of crabs. A year-round market for fresh crab meat soon developed.
The first crab dredgers were originally sailing vessels concerted for power. As they disappeared, power boats like Old Point were designed specifically for dredging.
Built in 1909 by J.G. Warnum in Poquoson, Virginia, Old Point was constructed the old fashioned way -- hewn from seven solid pine logs from the Chesapeake's primordial forests, rather than from plants nailed over timber frames. Restoring Old Point, with recycled old growth longleaf yellow pine and Douglas fir, included bow and stern reconstruction, framing additions, and a pilot house rebuilt to original specifications.
Old Point is one of two large log-bottomed vessels built for power remaining on the Chesapeake Bay.
CBMM_051114_708.JPG: This drawbridge once connected Tilghman Island to the rest of the world
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Wikipedia Description: Chesapeake Bay Maritime Museum
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Chesapeake Bay Maritime Museum is located in historic St. Michaels, Maryland, United States and is home to a collection of Chesapeake Bay artifacts, exhibits, and vessels. This 18-acre (73,000 m2) interactive museum was founded in 1965 on Navy Point, once a site of seafood packing houses, docks, and work boats. Today, the Museum houses the world’s largest collection of Bay boats and provides interactive exhibits in and around the 35 buildings which dot the campus. The Museum also offers 12 months of educational seminars and workshops.
Exhibits:
The Chesapeake Bay Maritime Museum tells the geological, economic, and social stories of the Bay and those that lived there. Museum visitors can view over 100 boats and boat models, various artworks including a vast collection of watercolors, decoys, guns, ship’s signboards, and other historical Bay artifacts. Larger structures include the original Tilghman Island’s Knapps Narrows drawbridge and the 1879 Hooper Strait Chesapeake screw-pile lighthouse. At the Museum’s working boatyard, visitors can have their hand at constructing a wooden skiff through the Apprentice for a Day program (see below). One of the interactive exhibits the Museum offers is Waterman's Wharf, where one can practice seafood harvesting by hauling an eel or crab pot out of the waters of Fog Cove. Another exhibit, Oystering on the Chesapeake, transports visitors to the deck of a working waterman, and explains how the oyster industry has shaped the region’s landscape, culture, and history.
The Floating Fleet is one of the most popular exhibits offered. This collection of water vessels docked at Navy Point includes Edna E. Lockwood, a National Historic Landmark, and the last sailing log-bottom bugeye. The museum helps keep the Chesapeake Bay log canoe racing tradition alive through preserving and sailing the Edmee S., the museum’s own log racing canoe, which is crewed and r ...More...
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2005 photos: Equipment this year: I used four cameras -- two Fujifilm S7000 cameras (which were plagued by dust inside the lens), a new Fujifilm S5200 (nice but not great and I hated the proprietary xD memory chips), and a Canon PowerShot S1 IS (returned because it felt flimsy to me). I gave my Epson camera to my catsitter. Both of the S7000s were in for repairs over Christmas.
Trips this year: Florida (for Lotusphere), a driving trip down south (seeing sites in North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, and Georgia), Williamsburg, and Chicago.
Number of photos taken this year: 147,000.
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