BGuthrie Photos: PA -- Philadelphia -- National Constitution Center -- Prohibition exhibit

PA -- Philadelphia -- National Constitution Center -- Prohibition exhibit:

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. NCCPRO_130414_013.JPG: American Spirits: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition: Dry. On January 17, 1920, a new day dawned. As the 18th Amendment went into effect, Americans could no longer manufacture, sell, or transport intoxicating beverages. Prohibition was now part of the Constitution, holding the same status as freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and the abolition of slavery. What did those who wanted America "dry" hope to achieve? And how did the "wets" fight back? American Spirits: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition, a world premiere exhibition created by the National Constitution Center, explores those tumultuous years of 1920 to 1933, and why the country went dry in the first place. Prohibition's advocates said that they wanted to improve the nation's moral and physical health, and in some ways they succeeded. But the nation also endured a radical rise in crime, corruption, and cynicism. By the time it ended with the ratification of the 21st Amendment in 1933, America had become a very different country.
2. NCCPRO_130414_031.JPG: In 1830, the average American consumed 90 bottles of 80 proof liquor: The nation reached bottom in 1830. On average, Americans over the age of 15 were guzzling seven gallons of pure alcohol each year. This was the equivalent of 90 bottles of 80-proof liquor – or about four shots every day. Three times greater than current levels, it remains the highest measured volume of consumption in U.S. history. [The wall of bottles are amount that Americans consumed in 1830. The subset of lit bottles indicate the amount an average American currently drinks each year.]
3. NCCPRO_130414_041.JPG: Did you know? James Madison consumed a pint of whiskey daily. Alcohol by Volume: An 80-proof bottle is 40 percent pure alcohol.
4. NCCPRO_130414_051.JPG: 1830-1912: AMERICA HAD A DRINKING PROBLEM American colonists brought their thirst for alcohol with them to the New World. The ship Arbella, which arrived in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630, had more than 10,000 gallons of wine in its hold for 700 settlers. It also carried three times as much beer as water. By the 1800s, some people had grown concerned about the widespread use, and abuse, of alcohol. Temperance organizations tried to persuade Americans to limit their drinking. Over the next several decades, the movement would become one of the most powerful political forces in American history, as its supporters campaigned to make liquor, beer, and wine illegal.
5. NCCPRO_130414_065.JPG: Busch, Pabst, Miller, and Coors: By the early 1900s, saloons had become standardized due to the efforts of the large brewing companies, almost all of them owned by German immigrants. Companies like Anheuser-Busch made exclusive agreements with saloon owners, who would sell nothing but Budweiser in exchange for the company providing glassware, furniture, and even the pictures adorning the walls.
6. NCCPRO_130414_082.JPG: Home Destruction: Many men gathered in saloons to escape their responsibilities on an ocean of beer and booze. Some drank away their family's income, their drunkenness would put their jobs in peril. Returning from long bouts of drinking, some men abused their wives and children. To these beleaguered women and those who sympathized with them, the saloon was the most destructive force in American life.
7. NCCPRO_130414_088.JPG: Free Lunch: Giveaways like pocket knives to open your beer bottle -- branded with the name of the saloon's sponsor -- were common. Many saloonkeepers also provided a complimentary "free lunch." The mean of saltines, sardines, pickles, and other salty foods would only compel the diner to order more beer.
8. NCCPRO_130414_096.JPG: Home Away From Home: The saloon was a male-only institution, which served many different purposes. In cities, they were gathering places for working-class immigrants that often doubled as the headquarters for political organizations. Out West, it was simultaneously a social hall, a place to pick up your mail or cash your check, and an entertainment venue. In mining towns and lumber camps out West, the saloon was simultaneously a social hall, a place to pick up your mail or cash your check, and the front for a brothel.
9. NCCPRO_130414_100.JPG: Saloons Weren't Just in the West: These public drinking establishments could be found in nearly every town and city across the country. Between 1870 and 1900, as millions of immigrants flocked to the United States, it is estimated the number of saloons nationwide increased from 100,000 to 300,000.
10. NCCPRO_130414_107.JPG: Morning at a Farmhouse: In the early 1800s, whiskey and hard cider were the drinks of choice in many rural areas. Farmers used the grain they grew to make rye or corn whiskey. They also used apples from trees like those that John Chapman -– "Johnny Appleseed" -– had planted throughout the Ohio Valley. Some of these apples were specifically meant to be fermented into hard cider. Hard Cider was Stronger than Beer: Frequently, distilled liquor was added to cider to keep it from spoiling, making it stronger than beer with an alcoholic content of at least 10 percent. Hard cider was common in rural communities where potable water was difficult to come by. But apples were plentiful. Farmers could easily, and cheaply, turn their excess crop into a never-ending supply for themselves and their families.
11. NCCPRO_130414_119.JPG: "[I]ntoxicating liquor [was] used by everybody, repudiated by nobody. It commonly entered into the first draught of an infant, and the last thought of the dying man." -- Abraham Lincoln, 1842 Alcohol was Everywhere to a Devastating Effect: How much did early Americans drink? One hint: as far back as 1737, Benjamin Franklin was able to compile a list of 228 synonyms for "drunk." By the early 1800s, the country was swimming –- and nearly drowning –- in liquor. A barrel of hard cider sat by the door of thousands of farmhouses, available to everyone in the family. In many cities, the tolling of a bell at 11 a.m. and again at 4 p.m. marked "grog time," when workers were granted an alcohol-soaked break. And the wealthy might drink their evenings away in hotel dining rooms or at lavish dinner parties. The consequences of this national binge would be severe.
12. NCCPRO_130414_124.JPG: Evening at Home: For some members of the middle and upper classes, social drinking in the home was a sign of respectability and sophistication. Etiquette manuals and cookbooks detailed elaborate menus with recommended alcoholic beverages for each course. From garden parties to formal suppers, most social meals were awash in win, Champagne, cordials and punch. Domestic Drinking: Whether or not they engaged in social drinking, many respectable women consumed "home remedies" with high alcoholic content. Sometimes this led to abuse. Unlike the public drunkenness of their male counterparts, however, this private form of alcohol abuse attracted little attention from temperance reformers.
13. NCCPRO_130414_139.JPG: Women's Work: Crusading for "God -- Family -- Temperance," thousands of women battled liquor town-by-town. Mother Thompson's Crusade led directly to the founding of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, or WCTU. Under the leadership of Frances Willard, the WCTU became a 250,000-member army. Willard's organization carried its anti-liquor campaign to city councils, school boards, and legislatures in every state. These women achieved their greatest victory by installing an anti-alcohol curriculum in thousands of American schools. But the women realized that without voting rights, their political power was limited. Soon the campaign for universal suffrage became an essential element in the campaign for temperance.
14. NCCPRO_130414_148.JPG: Can You Spot the Differences? Nathaniel Currier's 1848 lithograph of Washington's Farewell to the Officers of His Washington's Farewell to the Officers of His Army shows General Washington offering a toast to his troops (left). When reissued in 1876 as the WCTU was gaining strength, all evidence of the toast was removed (right).
15. NCCPRO_130414_154.JPG: "I will fight [liquor sellers] till hell freezes over. Then I'll but a pair of skates and fight 'em on the ice." -- Reverend Billy Sunday, 1916 The Crusade for Temperance Begins: Early anti-alcohol campaigners preached "temperance" -– a term meaning everything from moderation to total abstinence. Absolute prohibition was not yet on their minds. But if closing the saloons would help men to stop drinking, then closing the saloons was a worthwhile goal. This shift in tactics began on Christmas Eve in 1873 when Eliza Thompson of Hillsboro, Ohio, led a group of women to each of the town's saloons. They knelt outside in the snow and prayed. Within days, nine of Hillsboro's 13 drinking places had closed their doors. Soon, "Mother Thompson's Crusade" had spread across much of the country. Thought it did not last, the movement sparked the basis of the campaign that would eventually lead to the passage of the 18th Amendment.
16. NCCPRO_130414_165.JPG: White Ribboners Do Everything: Frances Willard was a temperance leader, suffragist, and progressive reformer. She became president of the Women's Christian Temperance Union in 1879, a position she held until her death 19 years later. Willard rallied her army of women around two concepts: "Home Protection" and "Do Everything." The first insisted that eliminating alcoholic beverages was necessary for the health, welfare, and safety of families. The second harnessed her followers' energy for other socially progressive goals. These included prison and school reform, workers' and women's rights, and even vegetarianism.
17. NCCPRO_130414_168.JPG: Liquor and the Vote: Suffrage and temperance went hand in hand. Women in the 1800s had few legal rights and could not vote to change laws, including those that might protect them from drunken husbands. Among the temperance activists who became famous for their roles in the suffrage movement, the best known was Susan B. Anthony. A school teacher from upstate New York, she entered public life in the 1840s as a temperance worker -- and then sought to win the vote for women so that they could vote to close the saloons.
18. NCCPRO_130414_172.JPG: "I can dictate twenty letters to twenty men in twenty parts of the city and thereby set 50,000 men in action. I can name 100 churches that can marshall 20,000 men in Bible classes alone." -- Anti-Saloon League spokesman in Philadelphia, 1916 The Rise of the Anti-Saloon League: Eliza Thompson began the Crusade inspired by religious piety, and it was religion that continued to be the dominant inﬂuence in the temperance movement. Baptists and Methodists -– denominations that forbade alcohol consumption -– led the attack, carrying their campaign into the nation's political life. And in 1893, in Oberlin, Ohio, the Anti-Saloon League (ASL) was born. Led entirely by Protestant ministers, the ASL would become the most effective political pressure group in American history. While the WCTU diluted its message by campaigning for a variety of social goals, the ASL was concerned only with alcohol. It soon replaced the WCTU as the driving force for temperance and, eventually, prohibition.
19. NCCPRO_130414_183.JPG: Strange Bedfellows: The Anti-Saloon League expanded its political base by uniting interest groups that had little in common besides their opposition to alcohol. Nativists: Nativists thought closing the saloons would undermine the comfort and influence of new immigrants in the big cities, especially the Germans, Irish, Italians, and Jews. Populists: Organizations like the Industrial Workers of the World believed that liquor was a weapon used by capitalists to weaken the working class. Temperance Timeline: Throughout the 1800s and into the early 1900s, the temperance movement grew rapidly. Its supporters won crucial battles on the local and state level before focusing on national prohibition. 1826: American Society for the Promotion of Temperance, the first national temperance organization, founded in Boston. 1840: Washingtonian Movement founded in Baltimore. Members attempt to persuade others to voluntarily abstain from alcohol.
20. NCCPRO_130414_187.JPG: Progressives: Progressives considered alcohol an evil that stood in the way of their efforts to reform society, such as eliminating political corruption, strengthening families, and achieving women's suffrage. Racists: Racists, including the Ku Klux Klan, used the stereotype of the "drunken Negro" to demonize African Americans and protect their own power in the segregated south. 1851: Maine passes law limiting availability of alcoholic beverages. Riots ensue, and the law is later repealed. 1869: Prohibition Party forms and runs first candidate in next presidential election. 1873: Mother Eliza Thompson launches her crusade against saloons. 1880: Kansas becomes first state to outlaw manufacture and sale of liquor in its state constitution. 1893: Anti-Saloon League founded in Ohio. It soon goes national.
21. NCCPRO_130414_190.JPG: Speaker for Hire: An annual "Field Day" brought Anti-Saloon League representatives to more than 30,000 Christian congregations nationwide. These men would present the League's program and ask for pledges to fund its activities. Well-known pastors and famous orators also traveled the country making temperance speeches. Public speaking served as both a way to reach the masses adn as a popular form of entertainment. Go to the pulpit to hear some famous speeches and make your own pitch for temperance. 1913: Congress outlaws sale and shipment of liquor from wet states to dry states. 1914: Nearly half the states have a law restricting alcohol by statewide ban or by local choice. Constitutional Connection: In 1862, nearly 70 years after the "Whiskey Rebellion" over alcohol taxes, Lincoln signed a bill to bring back the constitutional tax to fund the Civil War.
22. NCCPRO_130414_195.JPG: Child Death Rate Higher in Drinkers' Families Excessive Death-Rate in Drinking Homes Cost 2,407 Children Their Lives
23. NCCPRO_130414_199.JPG: Drink cuts into support of the family Of 352 able-bodied men who failed to support their families, 243 were drunkards. 69%
24. NCCPRO_130414_203.JPG: How drink leads to immorality A careful scientist has called Alcohol the indispensable vehicle of business of the white slave traders. Without it this trade could not long continue.
25. NCCPRO_130414_208.JPG: Temperance Entertainment: Showman PT Barnum, a committed temperance supporter, realized that entertainment could help the cause. From the 1840s to the 1860s at his American Museum in New York City, Barnum produced melodramatic morality plays such as The Drunkard; or, The Fallen Saved. The show drew as many as three thousand people to a single performance. Many other plays, songs, and books soon followed, cementing the theme of temperance into American popular culture.
26. NCCPRO_130414_213.JPG: Ten Nights in a Bar-Room, and What I saw There, 1854 TS Arthur Selling more than one million copies in the 1850s, this book, Ten Nights in a Bar-Room, told the story of a town's decline because of alcohol. Featuring common temperance themes such as destitution, death, and repentance, its popularity only grew when it was turned into a play, which remained in continuous production until the 1930s.
27. NCCPRO_130414_221.JPG: More men died from alcoholism than from typhoid fever or small pox in nine years
28. NCCPRO_130414_229.JPG: Carry Nation 1846-1911 Famous Saloon Buster Carry Amelia Nation was six feet tall, with the biceps of a stevedore, the face of a prison warden, and the persistence of a toothache. Using these assets to promote her cause, she became famous when she strode into a saloon in Topeka, Kansas, and pulled out a hatchet. Nation smashed all the bottles and the mirror behind the bar, threw the cash register to the floor, and broke open the beer barrels. Mainly important for the publicity she attracted, Nation and her hatchet found a wide audience on the vaudeville stage. She finished her career as a sideshow to the main events of prohibition.
29. NCCPRO_130414_234.JPG: Speaker for Hire: Temperance speeches were a popular form of entertainment and a way for well-known pastors and famous orators to reach the masses. As these temperance missionaries traveled the county, they attracted audiences numbering in the thousands.
30. NCCPRO_130414_239.JPG: William Jennings Bryan 1860-1925 A Voice for Reform William Jennings Bryan, orator and statesman, was among the most controversial figures of his time. Inspired by his political views as well as his religion, Bryan thought prohibition could improve the lives of ordinary Americans. He was also a supporter of the amendments to establish the income tax, provide for the direct election of senators, and grant the vote to women. TO his admirers, Bryan was the "Peerless Leader" and the "Great Commoner." Opponents used less complementary nicknames, such as "Fundamentalist Pope" and "Idol of All Morondom."
31. NCCPRO_130414_243.JPG: Billy Sunday 1862-1935: Evangelist for Temperance: To America's most famous evangelist, liquor was "God's worst enemy" and "Hell's best friend." William Ashley Sunday gave up his career as a major league baseball player to spread his ardent beliefs. "The liquor interests hate Billy Sunday as they hate no other man," an Anti-Saloon League publication said in 1913. Addressing audiences that collectively numbered in the millions, Sunday could move them like no other speaker. When Prohibition was finally enacted, he said, "The reign of tears is over... Men will walk upright now, women will smile, and the children [???] will laugh. Hell will be forever for rent."
32. NCCPRO_130414_248.JPG: Howard Hyde Russell: 1855-1946: Founder of the Anti-Saloon League: Howard Hyde Russell had been a prosperous lawyer before he was ordained as a minister at age 31. By his own account, the Anti-Saloon League was founded when another pastor introduced Russell by saying that "there was a man sent from God whose name was John" -- and then added, "it is equally true that there was a man sent from God whose name was Russell." Many years later, Russell wrote that "in the awed silence of my heart, I was compelled to believe the statement was true. The Anti-Saloon League movement was begun by Almighty God."
33. NCCPRO_130414_250.JPG: The Original Bar Room Smasher: Nation called her raids on saloons "hatchetations." The hatchet was an ideal symbol. After Nation joined the lecture circuit, she sold tiny hatchet pins as souvenirs at all her appearances. Did you know? Nation spelled her name both "Carry" and "Carrie" during her life, but came to regularly use "Carry A. Nation for its publicity value.
34. NCCPRO_130414_254.JPG: Hatchet Used by Carry Nation, 1901
35. NCCPRO_130414_272.JPG: From baseball player to preacher: Sunday drank occasionally when he went out with his teammates after games. But in 1888, while he sat on a Chicago curbstone with some other players, he had a conversion. A few years later, Sunday left baseball and began his career as a preacher, delivering energetic, colorful sermons devoted to his fundamentalist beliefs. Did You Know? From 1883 through 1890, Billy Sunday played outfield for the Chicago White Stockings, Pittsburgh Alleghenys, and Philadelphia Phillies.
36. NCCPRO_130414_291.JPG: 1919-1933: Amendment 18: After decades of promoting temperance, the anti-liquor forces determined that only a constitutional amendment could make the country dry. The man who made it happen was Wayne B. Wheeler. As the chief lobbyist for the Anti-Saloon League, Wheeler became the ASL's most effective -- and most inexhaustible -- weapon. His strategy was simple: if you support us on prohibition, we'll support you. In state and federal elections across the country, Wheeler delivered the votes that spelled the difference between victory and defeat for hundreds upon hundreds of legislative candidates. Taking advantage of an income tax amendment, the campaign for women's suffrage, and a world war, Wayne Wheeler shepherded the 18th Amendment to its ratification on January 16, 1919. A new era was about to arrive in America.
37. NCCPRO_130414_298.JPG: Ratifying an Amendment: Though the office of the Archivist of the United States performs this duty today, the secretary of state was responsible for overseeing the ratification process before 1950. The secretary sent to each state's governor an official copy of the joint resolution approved by Congress, a notification letter, and information on the process. After a state ratified an amendment, it sent an official notification of its action back to the secretary of state. Once three-quarters of the states ratified, the secretary certified that the amendment had been added to the Constitution.
38. NCCPRO_130414_308.JPG: 18th Amendment Congressional Resolution and Notification, 1917 On December 28, 1917, Secretary of State Robert Lansing certified official copies of the prohibition amendment approved by Congress. This copy of the 18th Amendment was sent to Pennsylvania to consider. Pennsylvania became the 45th state to ratify on February 25, 1919 -- a month after the proposed amendment had been ratified by the required 36 states.
39. NCCPRO_130414_316.JPG: 1920-1933: Drys had their Amendment and Wets had their Liquor: It was said that two groups above all benefited from Prohibition: Bootleggers and Baptists. Baptists, and those who agreed with them, had succeeded in passing a constitutional amendment. The nation's fifth largest industry (in terms of invested capital) was effectively put out of business overnight. And Americans did start drinking less -- for the first few years, as much as 70 percent less than they had before 1920. Bootleggers benefited from the unintended consequences of Prohibition. In well-stocked speakeasies, men and women began drinking together in public. Vast governmental corruption eroded the nation's respect for law. And rampant criminality, as well as some well-placed loopholes in the enforcement of laws, put illegal behavior on the front pages of newspapers daily.
40. NCCPRO_130414_324.JPG: The Volstead Act: In a spare 112 words, the 18th Amendment made the manufacture, sale, and transport of intoxicating liquors illegal. But a law had to be enacted to determine how the amendment would be enforced. Passed by Congress in 1919, the Volstead Act stipulated what precisely was illegal and what was not. It managed, in its 67 separate sections, to make the Constitution's new words effective. Intoxicating Liquor: The most important part of the Volstead Act was a definition. It declared that "intoxicating liquor" was anything that was at least one-half of one percent alcohol. This surprised many people who believed that beer and wine would still be legal, including some politicians who supported the amendment. Constitutional Connection: President Woodrow Wilson vetoes the Volstead Act when it reached his desk. The veto was overridden, however, by the dry supermajorities in Congress, which were controlled by the Anti-Saloon League.
41. NCCPRO_130414_334.JPG: Is it legal? Legal Loopholes: Though the word "prohibition" sounds absolute, the Volstead Act provided three key exceptions for the legal manufacture, sale, and transport of alcoholic beverages. (1) Households could "preserve fruit" through fermentation for family use. (2) Sacramental wine was permitted for Catholics, Jews, and other faiths who required wine in their religious services. (3) Physicians, dentists, and veterinarians could prescribe "medicinal alcohol" to their patients. Violating Volstead: The legal loopholes in the Volstead Act were soon turned into robust and lucrative channels for illegally distributing alcohol. Bootleggers were more than willing to risk the penalties when there were millions of dollars to be made. At first, breaking the law meant a $1,000 fine and six months imprisonment for first-time offenders. Eventually, as Prohibition enforcement became less and less effective, Congress passed a new law that penalized first-time violators with up to five years in prison and a $10,000 fine.
42. NCCPRO_130414_348.JPG: "Nobody stays at home anymore." -- Novelist Willa Cather, 1924 Why the Twenties Roared: Men and women mingling in a smoke-ﬁlled bar, martini glasses held artfully in hand: the generation that had come of age during the grim carnage of World War I now broke free from the past. When the laws changed, so did American habits. The mixed-gender speakeasy replaced the saloon, which had always been a male-only institution. Once women entered the speakeasies, dance music soon followed. Sexual relations, long taboo as a topic of conversation, became a subject considered appropriate for discussion in newspapers and magazines. Conservative manners had been replaced by what some saw as a liberating freedom. Young women rejected the norms of their mothers, and young men welcomed the opposite sex in a way their fathers probably wouldn't have dared. That freedom made the 1920s roar.
43. NCCPRO_130414_362.JPG: How to Stay Open in 3 easy steps: (1) Bribe police officers and Prohibition agents. (2) Buy the building next door to stash your liquor -- search warrants rarely include adjoining buildings. (3) Stay nimble. Have patrons use secret knocks or pay membership fees to get in, and go light on permanent fixtures. If you're shut down, you'll be able to open again quickly -- possibly even next door.
44. NCCPRO_130414_368.JPG: How to Talk like it's the 1920s: Ace-deuce: (n) sudden fit of panic or consternation, often used with "throw": throw an ace-deuce Dreambox: (n) a person's head Clown: (n) a policeman Hoose: (v) send to jail Jazz Baby: (n) a flapper Jelly Bean: (n) a flapper's boyfriend Zozzled: (adj) drunk
45. NCCPRO_130414_373.JPG: The Speakeasy: In Prohibition's later years, a New York columnist indicated how familiar speakeasies had become when he summed up American history in eleven words: "Columbus, Washington, Lincoln, Volstead, two flights up and ask for Gus." Smuggled in from Canada and the Caribbean, diverted from the industrial alcohol industry, or manufactured in hidden stills, illegal liquor flowed freely throughout Prohibition. The primary outlets for this bootleg booze were the speakeasies that opened their doors within days of Prohibition's start. These places have two critical items in their budgets: money for the acquisition of illegal alcohol and, just as necessary, funds for bribing Prohibition agents and other officials. Did you Know? The term "speakeasy" originates from "speak softly shop." This Irish phrase from the 1800s was used for illegal drinking places where voices were kept lowered to avoid attracting attention.
46. NCCPRO_130414_376.JPG: How to Talk like it's the 1920s: Battler: (n) a thug, a violent gangster Cluckish: (adj) stupid Foot Juice: (n) cheap wine (an allusion to trampling wine grapes) Forty: (adj) fine, satisfactory, okay Knock a Jug: (v) to get drunk Mope: (n) a stealthy departure or escape, sometimes used with "cop": cop a mope
47. NCCPRO_130414_380.JPG: How to Behave during a raid: Sit Tight! Drinking is not illegal under the Volstead Act, so speakeasy customers rarely are arrested. Sometimes police harass speakeasies by charging patrons with disorderly conduct, but such charges are usually thrown out.
48. NCCPRO_130414_392.JPG: Entertainment in Speakeasies: One byproduct of men and women partying together was the introduction of music into speakeasies. At first came small bandstands accommodating two or three musicians, but big bands and elaborate floorshows soon followed. Jazz spread across the country from speakeasy to speakeasy, as did the era's popular dance crazes, like the Charleston and the shimmy. Prohibition had given birth to the modern American nightclub. Musicians you might have heard in the 1920s: * Joe "King" Oliver: Joe "King" Oliver and his Creole Jazz Band paying their bluesy, New Orleans-style music at Chicago's Lincoln Gardens. * Bessie Smith: Bessie Smith singing her "Down-Hearted Blues" as a headliner on tours across the country. * Louis Armstrong: Louis Armstrong performing in Chicago and then New York City as he gained national acclaim. Origins of Jazz: Jazz music had its origins in the racially segregated South of the late 1800s and early 1900s. In the melting pot of New Orleans, the African-American and Creole (bi-racial) communities developed a hybrid of spiritual-inspired blues and the rhythms of ragtime. The sound of Dixieland jazz soon emerged. During the 1910s and '20s, Dixieland bands and the migration of African Americans north brought jazz to big cities like Chicago and New York.
49. NCCPRO_130414_399.JPG: Black and Tans: In the largest cities, another barrier fell with the arrival of the "black-and-tans" -- integrated cabarets and nightclubs, usually in black neighborhoods. The social mingling sparked by jazz, dancing, and drinking illegal liquor created an opportunity for improved race relations. The African-American magazine The Messenger said the black-and-tan, where "we see white and colored people mix freely," was "America's most democratic institution." The Cotton Club: Other nightspots, like the Cotton Club in Harlem, practiced a bizarre form of segregation: all-black entertainment in an all-black neighborhood, but for an all-white clinetele. Such venues exploited and sensationalized the culture of vibrant African-American communities. Did you know? Legendary jazz musician and composer Duke Ellington and his orchestra gained acclaim as the house band at the Cotton Club from 1927 to 1931. Their performances in front of New York City's high society were often featured in national radio broadcasts.
50. NCCPRO_130414_415.JPG: How to Talk like it's the 1920s: Cat (n) a jazz musician Dynamite (v) to talk loudly or aggressively, especially when trying to sell something or seduce someone Gassed (adj) intoxicated Jake (adj) good, satisfactory, acceptable, all right Kale or Kale Seed (n) money Salt Water (n) alcohol
51. NCCPRO_130414_419.JPG: Where to Order: Ladies Order at your table! No need to belly up to the bar, perch on a barstool, or lean on a rail to get a drink like men did at the old saloons. In speakeasies, service comes to you.
52. NCCPRO_130414_423.JPG: Where to go Find a speakeasy! By the end of the 1920s, police estimate New York City has as many as 32,000 speakeasies. A telephone booth conceals the entrance to one speakeasy on Broadway.
53. NCCPRO_130414_426.JPG: What to Order Speakeasies aren't the only place to get a drink: At a restaurant, ask for a ginger ale. If the waiter replies, "Domestic of imported?," answering "imported" will get you a cocktail.
54. NCCPRO_130414_436.JPG: During Prohibition Cocktails underground: With liquor outlawed, bartenders had to get creative with the resources at hand. Many Prohibition-era cocktails were simple mixtures using gin, which was itself quick and easy to make. The dubious flavor of poor-quality liquor was masked by mixers such as ginger ale or cream, which transformed cocktails into something closer to spiked milkshakes.
55. NCCPRO_130414_448.JPG: The Powder Room: Speakeasies introduced a new social style: men and women drinking together, in public. Needing to find bathroom facilities for their new customers, speakeasy owners converted broom closets and other tucked-away places. These tiny spaces couldn't accommodate more than a sink, a mirror, and a toilet; it was the birth of something called the "powder room." The Flapper: Daring young women in the 1920s broke sharply from the previous generation, who had fought for suffrage and temperance as a way to maintain the moral fabric of society. These women had more economic independence and took greater social liberties. Dating and drinking like never before, the "flapper" pushed the boundaries of traditional gender roles and established a new image of the modern woman. Did you know? The term "flapper" probably came from pre-World War I England as a slang term to describe the awkward appearance of a teenaged girl.
56. NCCPRO_130414_461.JPG: Powder your nose: Cosmetics were first used on a daily, widespread basis in the 1920s. In the 1800s, "painting" your face implied you had something to hide. It was typically confined to stage actresses or social climbers. Now, thanks to a flood of new cosmetic companies advertising their products, make-up became a tool for self-improvement -- a way to present your best face to the world. Innovations of the 1910s -- like the metal lipstick tube -- made cosmetics more compact and easier to use. Fashionable flappers wore heavy make-up: colored lips, faces covered with powder and blush, and dark eyes lined with mascara.
57. NCCPRO_130414_470.JPG: Women's Style: Styles changed dramatically for women between 1920 and 1929. Looser, longer, and more matronly fashions transformed by mid-decade into youthful styles that created a slim, boyish appearance. Dresses now had shorter sleeves with dropped, hip-level waistlines and hems that rose up to the knees. Matronly Risque Slim Dramatic make-up completed the flapper look.
58. NCCPRO_130414_476.JPG: Men's Style Styles for men changed less radically, but their clothes also became more casual and comfortable. Suits at the beginning of the decade had fitted jackets with high waists and snug, straight-legged trousers. Later, jackets got roomier, and trouser grew long, wide, and baggy. Fitted Sporty Baggy Baggy knickers, made popular by the Prince of Wales, were worn for golfing.
59. NCCPRO_130414_488.JPG: Why Prohibition Failed It was never against the law to drink during Prohibition. While helping draft the Volstead Act, Wayne Wheeler reasoned that penalizing drinkers would make it impossible to get them to testify against their suppliers. Inevitably, supply rose to meet the demand. Many resourceful entrepreneurs joined the underground liquor industry. Others took advantage of perfectly legal loopholes carved out by the Volstead Act. Large-scale bootleggers, amassing great personal wealth, shipped illegal liquor across the country. Federal agents were ill prepared to deal with the flood. Corruption was widespread, but trying to stay ahead of thousands of Volstead violators would have overburdened an entire army of honest agents and police officers. By the end of the 1920s, Prohibition enforcement had gone from ineffectual to almost nonexistent.
60. NCCPRO_130414_497.JPG: Fashion that Roared: From day wear to night out on the town, the changing morals and habits of the speakeasy-era sparked a revolution in modern fashion. During the 1920s, new fabrics and simpler styles allowed clothing to be mass produced cheaply. A growing number of department stores and retail chains sold less expensive, ready-to-wear clothing. The trends reflected a youthful desire to break with the previous generation. Independent women working in factories and offices wanted less formal and constricting clothing; bobbed hair, straight silhouettes, and shorter hemlines became the norm. And a rise in the popularity of golf, tennis, and other sports made casual sportswear fashionable for me and women alike.
61. NCCPRO_130414_503.JPG: Ooh la la: In the 1920s, Paris sat at the center of the fashion world. Gabrielle "Coco" Chanel led the way in adapting men's fashions into classic, casually elegant styles for women. Shopping trips to France were common for the wealthy who wanted the latest Parisian trends. The clothes they brought home influenced styles for middle and working class women. A top hat was always worn with tails, while a tuxedo required a bowler hat. Black tie or white tie: The shorter tuxedo jacket [worn with a black tie] was introduced as the dinner-party alternative to the tailcoat [worn with a white tie] in the late 1800s. It became increasingly popular, replacing tails at most functions during the 1920s. Men's accessories included a boutonniere, handkerchief, white gloves, and a cane. A black tailcoat or "tails" was still worn for the most formal occasions, such as attending a ball or the opera. Did you know? Department stores sold the latest styles to an increasingly prosperous middle class. Thanks to a rising demand for consumer goods, Macy's opened its first regional stores in 1922. In 1924, the retailer expanded its flagship location in New York City to become the "World's Largest Store" with over one million square feet. Coco Chanel was the most influential fashion designer in the 1920s.
62. NCCPRO_130414_514.JPG: Style Guide for a Night on the Town: Bandeau: The glittery bandeau began as a trend in the 1910s when dancer and fashion icon Irene Castle first cut her hair and secured it with a pearl headband. It was often embellished with an egret feather. Silk chiffon dresses were embroidered with sequins, beads, and rhinestones. Women's accessories: Mink, fox, and sable fur coats showed off the wearer's wealth. Beaded bags influenced by the geometric shapes of the Art Deco style were an essential evening accessory. Dance fads like the Charleston made heels with straps a must.
63. NCCPRO_130414_520.JPG: Busch Yeast Container, 1920s
64. NCCPRO_130414_525.JPG: Product Ingenuity: When Prohibition shut down the alcoholic beverage industry, many entrepreneurs -- both legal and illegal -- rose up to fill the void for a thirty nation. Some who had been in the industry, like the vintners and brewers, had to reinvent themselves to stay in business. Others took advantage of the numerous loopholes in the Volstead Act -- or simply turned to illegal liquor to meet the steady demand.
65. NCCPRO_130414_528.JPG: Brewery Products: Unable to make beer legally, many breweries were forced to shut their doors at the start of Prohibition. The biggest companies found ways to stay in business by reconfiguring their facilities to manufacture other products. Did you know? Of the 1,345 brewers operating in 1915, only 31 were able to turn on their taps within three months of the return of legal beer in 1933.
66. NCCPRO_130414_532.JPG: Grapes: Vintners were left with an abundance of grapes at the start of Prohibition. But the Volstead Act had a key exception that permitted families to "preserve fruit" through fermentation. Intended to keep hard cider legal, it did not take long for grapes to be "preserved" by turning them into wine. As a result, the remand for grapes soared. Fruit of the Vine: A household could produce 200 gallons a year of fermented fruit juice for home consumption -- the equivalent of nearly three bottles of wine a day.
67. NCCPRO_130414_536.JPG: Mixers & Extracts: Various mixers -- used to mask the taste of low-quality liquor -- helped to make limited supplies of alcohol last longer, Flavoring extracts were also used to add an artificial taste of rye, brandy, or rum to homemade or industrially produced alcohol. Sacramental Wine: Some vintners continued to make wine legally in quantities that far exceeded any possible sacramental use. Churches and synagogues increased their regular orders, allowing congregants -- and, in many cases, non-congregants -- to obtain common communion or kosher wine for decidedly unholy and unkosher uses.
68. NCCPRO_130414_542.JPG: Industrial Alcohol: Alcohol used for manufacturing everything from after-shave lotion to explosives was legal under the Volstead Act. What wasn't were the many "cover houses" that got permits to distill large quantities of industrial alcohol and then diverted it into illegal liquor trade. Did you know? Industrial alcohol had to be denatured, or made undrinkable by adding a toxic substance. But bootleggers hired chemists to remove the noxious additives before diluting, coloring, and flavoring the alcohol for drinking. Liquor: The nation was awash with illegal hard liquor during Prohibition. From Canadian whiskey to British gin to backwoods moonshine, it was distilled, transported, and sold in great quantities.
69. NCCPRO_130414_548.JPG: Nonalcoholic: Coca-Cola: Coca-Cola was devised by Atlanta pharmacist John Pemberton in 1886. While the company expanded rapidly before 1920, it saw its sales triple during Prohibition. Soft Drinks: Soft drinks gained popularity in the 1800s, but once Prohibition arrived, business boomed. Law-abiding Americans quenched their thirst with these sweet, carbonated beverages. Those who violated the law needed soda-pop to make poor-tasting liquor palatable. Kool-Aid: Inspired by the dessert Jell-O, Edwin Perkins invented a soft-drink flavoring mix. In 1927, he figured out how to turn the liquid concentrate into a powder form that was easier to ship, and Kool-Aid was born.
70. NCCPRO_130414_552.JPG: Homemanufactured: Root Beer: Charles Hires, a Philadelphia pharmacist, developed a recipe for root beer from popular colonial-era brews. His carbonated mix of 10 different roots, berries, and herbs first became a hit at the 1876 Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia. Malt Syrup: Though brewing beer at home was illegal, many breweries kept their doors open by producing perfectly legal malt syrup. With the addiction of water, yeast, and time, the syrup blossomed into real, foamy, alcohol-rich beer. Near Beer: Some brewers went through the expensive process of removing the alcohol from their beer. This "near beer" grew in popularity as states passed dry laws, but demand quickly dropped early in the 1920s. Many beer drinkers preferred alcoholic homebrews or beer produced illegally by bootleggers. "Cereal Beverages": The Volstead Act forbade actually using the word "beer" on labels or in advertising. Near Beer Branding: Other brewers mimicked the popular Bevo name with their products. Schlitz -- Fame Pabst -- Pablo Miller -- Vivo Frankenmuth Brewery -- Franko Yuengling -- Alo
71. NCCPRO_130414_556.JPG: Legal: Medicinal Alcohol: Certain distilleries were granted licenses to manufacture liquor for the pharmaceutical trade. Physicians sold prescriptions, usually for around two dollars apiece, for a wide variety of ailments; patients could redeem one at the local pharmacy for a pint of liquor every 10 days.
72. NCCPRO_130414_559.JPG: Illegal: Beer: Beer in any form was not legal under Volstead. Those who still wanted their suds -- and didn't want to make homebrew for themselves -- could purchase it at a speakeasy or from any number of bootleggers. Medicinal Beer: Early in Prohibition, some brewers tried to push for "medicinal beer." Congress shut down the effort, passing a law permitting only wine and liquor for medicinal purposes. Many pharmacy owners expanded their businesses thanks to the inflow of cash from medicinal alcohol sales, and catered to their clients by offering a large selection of liquor and wine choices. Home brewers could earn extra cash by bottling their excess beer and selling it to neighbors or to a bootlegger for wider distribution. By the mid-1920s, large-scale, mob-controlled breweries operated in many cities. Al Capone's trucks delivered shipments of beer to Chicago speakeasies every Tuesday and Saturday morning.
73. NCCPRO_130414_564.JPG: Homemade Hooch: From hard cider to moonshine, making alcoholic beverages at home happened long before Prohibition. While the Volstead Act permitted families to make a limited amount of "fruit beverages" like cider or wine for their own consumption, distilling spirits was not allowed. This didn't stop stills from popping up in basements, apartments, barns, and backwoods across the country. Producing moonshine turned into a source of income for many people who sold their excess product to bootleggers -- or joined their ranks themselves.
74. NCCPRO_130414_568.JPG: Still, ca 1930 This still was made by a North Carolina farmer who manufactured spirits from his excess corn during Prohibition. The moonshine was used for both personal consumption and bartering; the local sheriff was rumored to be one of his customers.
75. NCCPRO_130414_574.JPG: Bathtub Gin: "Bathtub gin" was made by diluting industrial alcohol in a large jug that could fit underneath a bathtub faucet. The addition of juniper berries and other flavorings completed the process. How Moonshine is Made! (1) Getting Started: Mash (a mixture of crushed grains, water, and sugar) is placed in a boiler. (2) Fermentation: Yeast is added to convert the sugar into alcohol.
76. NCCPRO_130414_577.JPG: (3) Evaporation: The mash is heated, and as the alcohol evaporates it is forced through a metal pipe into another container. (4) Cooling: The alcohol steam travels through a coil inside a container of constantly flowing cold water. (5) Collection: The cooled steam condenses into liquid, drinkable alcohol, which travels through a filter into a barrel, jug, or jar. Dangers of Drinking Moonshine: Drinking illegally distilled spirits was always risky, but Prohibition created a new and greatly expanded market for dangerous concoctions. Questionable ingredients, like wood alcohol, and poor manufacturing could poison a batch. Thousands were blinded, paralyzed, or killed by toxic alcohol during Prohibition. Did you know? Moonshine got its name from the nighttime secrecy its manufacturers required. To disguise the smell, some moonshiners placed dead animal carcasses around their stills.
77. NCCPRO_130414_587.JPG: Rumrunners & Bootleggers: Networks to transport illegal alcohol quickly spread across the country. Alcohol legally made outside US borders was illegally shipped in from Canada or the Caribbean; it was also illegally manufactured and transported within the United States. The rumrunners and bootleggers who dominated this trade became increasingly richer and better organized. Did you know? "Bootlegging" usually refers to the illegal transportation of alcohol on land, while "rum running" refers to smuggling over water. The Coast Guard: The capabilities of the Coast Guard expanded greatly during Prohibition. After it received an enormous funding increase in the mid-1920s, the Coast Guard's efforts to stop smuggling along the coasts became the most effective element of federal Prohibition enforcement -- although even then the illegal maritime trade continued.
78. NCCPRO_130414_594.JPG: Bootlegging in the United States: Pacific Coast Rum Running: Rum running along the Pacific Coast was not an extensive as it was in the Atlantic and the Gulf. But a western version of "Rum Row" brought liquor from Vancouver to major cities, particularly Seattle and San Francisco. Canada: Though some provinces had their own form of prohibition in the 1930s, a number of Canadians took up the neighborly task of directing shipments of whiskey to American bootleggers. Sam Bronfman and his family made a fortune bootlegging, and in 1928 bought Joseph E. Seagram & Sons. Their earlier export houses were situated on the border between Saskatchewan and North Dakota. Bootlegging Networks: Large-scale bootleggers near the coasts and along the Great Lakes formed networks to transport alcohol to cities further inland. They also manufactured their own booze. Rum Row: Ships carrying liquor from St. Pierre or the Caribbean dropped anchor at the edge of international waters. Speedy boats drove out to meet them and bring tier goods back to shore.
79. NCCPRO_130414_599.JPG: Cigar Case with Flask, ca 1925
80. NCCPRO_130414_609.JPG: "Mr. Dry" Bar Set, ca 1920s "Mr. Dry" was a stuffy, sour character created by political cartoonist Rollin Kirby to represent the dry cause. This bartender set shows Mr. Dry resting in a coffin -- hiding a wine stopped in his bottom half and a corkscrew in his hat.
81. NCCPRO_130414_617.JPG: Bootlegger Tech: Those in the illegal liquor business needed to be more creative than the authorities they were trying to evade. Bootleggers relied on fast, six-cylinder cars (usually a Buick) popularly known as the "Whiskey Six," and rumrunners developed speedboats faster than those used by the Coast Guard. They bribed officials and falsified documents to store illegal liquor in warehouses or transport it over the rails. Alcohol could also be found hidden under clothing and in personal items belonging to all kinds of Volstead violators. Did you know? The term "bootlegging" probably comes from an 1800s practice of hiding moonshine in your boot.
82. NCCPRO_130414_628.JPG: "Camera" Flask, ca 1920s
83. NCCPRO_130414_632.JPG: Prohibition Enforcement: Before Prohibition, the Treasury Department had been responsible for collecting taxes on beer, wine, and liquor for chasing down those who failed to pay. In 1920, Prohibition enforcement was assigned to a new unit tucked into the Treasury bureaucracy: the Bureau of Prohibition. Prosecution of those arrested fell to a Justice Department division headed by Assistant Attorney General Mabel Walker Willebrandt. She supervised the US attorneys charged with taking cases to court at a time when the federal court system had almost no experience prosecuting crime. Together, these two departments faced a monumental challenge. The White House never gave them much support, and Congress, after passing the Volstead Act, never allocated enough money. The atmosphere was perfect for official corruption on an unprecedented scale.
84. NCCPRO_130414_641.JPG: Escaped on Payment of Money: Efforts to prosecute bootleggers were largely futile. Because the Volstead Act guaranteed the right to a jury trial, federal courtrooms soon became overcrowded. Many jurisdictions ended up dealing with the overload by allowing defendants to plead guilty to a minor violation, pay a $25 fine, and walk away free. One federal prosecutor said, "To call such proceedings 'law enforcement' is a farce." He suggested that the notation on a defendants record should read, "Escaped on payment of money." Volstead overload: In southern Alabama, Volstead prosecutions consumed a staggering 90 percent of the federal court docket.
85. NCCPRO_130414_647.JPG: Prohibition Unit: Responsibility: Investigating and arresting Volstead violators. Challenges: Not enough agents to cover the whole country. With poor leadership and training, corruption runs rampant. Did you know? At the start of Prohibition, Congress appropriated a mere $2.1 million to fund federal enforcement efforts.
86. NCCPRO_130414_651.JPG: Employee of the Decade: The highest ranking woman in the federal government, Mabel Walker Willebrandt was charged with supervising the prosecution of tens of thousands of Volstead cases across the country. Willebrandt had little patience for the men who ran the Prohibition Bureau, and turned her office into one of the most effective agencies involved in enforcement. She fired uncooperative (or corrupt) US attorneys, recruited talented associates, and even prosecute a few headline cases herself. But headlines -- and her outspoken ways -- eventually proved her undoing. Willebrandt was fired by President Hoover in 1929.
87. NCCPRO_130414_654.JPG: Dripping Wet: The state of Maryland didn't bother with enforcement and never appropriated a penny for the effort.
88. NCCPRO_130414_661.JPG: Olmstead v United States (1928) A federal investigation unraveled Olmstead's empire. During the trial, prosecutors used private conversations obtained by wiretapping telephones without warrants. Olmstead appealed to the Supreme Court, arguing that this evidence was inadmissable because its collection violated the Fourth Amendment. Speaking for the majority, Chief Justice William Howard Taft found private telephone communications no different from casual conversations overheard in a public place. In his dissenting opinion, Justice Louis Brandeis articulated a constitutional "right to be let alone" -- words invoked by the majority 45 years later in Roe v Wade. The legality of warrantless wiretapping was not overturned until Katz v United States in 1967. Constitutional Connection: Many Prohibition-era cases involved the protection against unreasonable searches and seizures. Hester v United States (1924) permitted evidence that was obtained without a warrant in an "open field," where there was no expectation of privacy. Carroll v United States (1925) allowed for a warrantless search of a car if there was probably cause to believe it carried contraband liquor. Srgo v United States (1932) determined that a warrant could not be reissued after it had expired without new evidence of probably cause.
89. NCCPRO_130414_666.JPG: Reinterpreting the Fourth Amendment: During Prohibition, the Supreme Court issued dozens of decisions relating to its enforcement. Twenty cases involved the Fourth Amendment's protection against unreasonable searches and seizures, dramatically reshaping the way the amendment was interpreted. One of the most important Fourth Amendment cases arose after federal agents tapped Seattle bootlegger Roy Olmstead's telephone, which led to his conviction on a number of charges. Who is Roy Olmstead? Roy Olmstead was the youngest lieutenant on the Seattle police force and one of its most promising officers. After leaving the force, he became the most successful bootlegger in the Pacific Northwest. Providing liquor to the city's leading business and political leaders, Olmstead built an exemplary operation. He never diluted his products, his men did not carry weapons, and, unlike most dominant bootleggers, he steered clear of other criminal activities.
90. NCCPRO_130414_672.JPG: Organized Crime: Organized crime wasn't a new phenomenon in the 1920s. In most cities, gangs had long controlled such illegal enterprises as gambling, prostitution, and narcotics. But these were strictly local businesses, often consolidated in a part of town known for its illegal ways. Prohibition, though ,required the shipment of large quantities of physical goods from one place to another. Mobsters in one city suddenly needed partners in other places. At the same time, competing gangs -- often made up of immigrants or children of immigrants -- fought for control of the same markets. The St. Valentine's Day Massacre: Mob wars were rich material for newspapers, which splashed pictures of slain mobsters across their front pages. The most infamous incident happened in Chicago on Valentine's Day in 1929. Hit men working for Al Capone posed as police and took out seven members of a rival gang in a gruesome, firing-squad execution. This increase in violent crime contributed to the growing public opposition to Prohibition.
91. NCCPRO_130414_687.JPG: The Birth of a National Crime Syndicate: The effort to coordinate bootlegging activities across regions produced one of Prohibition's enduring legacies: the national crime syndicate. Meeting at the President Hotel in Atlantic City in 1929, criminals from Chicago, Cleveland, Philadelphia, Newark, and New York City divided up territories, fixed prices, and made cross-territorial distribution deals. Parties to these agreements included such notorious gangsters as Lucky Luciano, Meyer Lansky, and Al Capone. In 1932, some of the same mobsters convened in Chicago to extend their agreements -- extensions that reached well beyond the end of Prohibition.
92. NCCPRO_130414_703.JPG: 1929-1933: Repeal the 18th! As late as 1930, getting rid of Prohibition was considered almost impossible. No constitutional amendment had ever been repealed. And few believed two-thirds of each house of Congress, as well as the legislatures of 36 of the 48 states, would be able to agree that Prohibition was a failure. But the devastating effects of the Great Depression changed everything. As unemployment rose, federal income tax revenues plummeted. Taxes on capital gains evaporated altogether. The Congress elected in 1930 became desperate for revenue. Just like the Anti-Saloon League before them, Congress saw hope in a tax -- this time, the return of a federal tax on alcohol. By the time Franklin Roosevelt (who had earlier supported the dry cause) came out for repeal during the 1932 campaign, it was clear that the 18th Amendment was doomed.
93. NCCPRO_130414_707.JPG: 21st Amendment Congressional Resolution and Notification, 1933 New Jersey received this official copy of the repeal amendment approved by Congress early in 1933. While New Jersey was the last to ratify the 18th Amendment on march 9, 1922 -- two years after Prohibition had gone into effect -- it became the fifth state to ratify repeal on June 1, 1933.
94. NCCPRO_130414_715.JPG: Ratifying the 21st: Section 3 of the repeal amendment stated that it had to be ratified at state conventions held for that specific purpose -- the first and only time this method (described in Article V of the Constitution) has been used. Wets in Congress wanted to avoid the usual path through state legislatures, realizing that rural, dry majorities in just 13 states could block ratification. Vote for Repeal: On May 16, 1933, the citizens of New Jersey voted for delegates from each county to represent them at their state's convention. As shown on these election results, of the 162 delegates chosen, only two opposed repeal.
95. NCCPRO_130414_721.JPG: Happy Days are Here Again! The amendment to repeal Prohibition had been approved by Congress in February 1933. It was sent to the states for ratification by the time Franklin Roosevelt took office. On March 16th, the new Congress amendment the Volstead Act's definition of "intoxicating" to make beer legal, raising the minimum standard to 3.2 percent alcohol by volume; Roosevelt signed the bill almost immediately. Those who wanted legal hard liquor had to wait longer -- but not too much longer. On December 5, 1933, Utah's ratification made repeal official. Parties broke out coast to coast. Huge crowds poured into newly opened liquor stores. Not a single rail car loaded with grapes left California; every grape the vintners could get their hands on was turned into legal wine. And in Maryland, whose officials had never taken Prohibition seriously, the official bootlegger to the state legislature was dismissed. Women Lead the Charge: The campaign for repeal echoed the temperance movement that had preceded it. Once again, women were at the forefront. Many women -- now armed with the right to vote -- could see how enforcement had failed, corruption had flourished, and respect for the rule of law had diminished. There was one significant different, however, between the campaigns for the two amendments that bracketed Prohibition; wile it had taken more than six decades to put prohibition into the Constitution, it took less than 14 years to remove it. Constitutional Connection: Once the 21st Amendment was ratified, the federal government was out of the business of regulating alcohol use. Section 2 of the amendment gave sole power back to the states.
96. NCCPRO_130414_732.JPG: Campaigning for Repeal: Several groups organized around the amendment, producing a wide array of materials to support repeal. Led by New York socialite Pauline Morton Sabin, the Women's Organization for National Prohibition Reform (WONPR) enlisted 1.3 million members by 1933. Many of WONPR's leaders were married to the men behind the Association Against the Prohibition Amendment (AAPA), which was largely funded by Pierre S. du Pont.
97. NCCPRO_130414_741.JPG: Beer is Legal: As soon as the "Beer Act" passed in March 1933, breweries and bottle makers, trucking firms and hops farmers began to hire thousands of workers from the ranks of the unemployed. On April 7th, when the new law went into effect, the Budweiser Clydesdales made their debut. They began a nationwide marketing tour, including the delivery of a commemorative case of beer to the White House. Did you know? In Milwaukee, precisely at midnight on April 7th, city officials issued a blanket license to 4,207 taverns.
98. NCCPRO_130414_744.JPG: "If a family or a nation is sober, nature in its normal course will cause them to rise to a higher civilization. If a family or a nation, on the other hand, is debauched by liquor, it must decline and ultimately perish." -- US Representative Richmond Hobson, 1914 The Legacy of Prohibition: In almost every respect imaginable, Prohibition was a failure. It encouraged criminality and institutionalized hypocrisy. It deprived the government of revenue, creating a culture of official corruption, and imposed profound limitations on individual rights. But in one critical respect Prohibition was a success: Americans drank less. Per capita drinking went down 70 percent in the first few years of Prohibition. Even after repeal, Americans' per capita alcohol consumption did not return to pre-Prohibition levels until 1943.
99. NCCPRO_130414_760.JPG: Pennsylvania: A Dry Governor Writes a Liquor Law: When the 21st Amendment returned control of alcohol sales to the states, Pennsylvania's ardently anti-alcohol Republican governor Gifford Pinchot was ready. He had two goals, minimizing alcohol consumption and preventing the political and moral corruption be believed would result if individuals could profit from alcohol. To further these ends, he designed a state-run monopoly that tightly controlled sales. Pinchot's state monopoly remains largely unchanged today, giving Pennsylvania one of the most restrictive alcohol sales policies in the nation. It is the only state that completely restricts sales of wine and spirits to state-owned and operated stores -- making the Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board the largest wholesale purchaser of wine and spirits in the United States.
100. NCCPRO_130414_764.JPG: "Liquor control" replaces Prohibition: The repeal of Prohibition made it harder, not easier, to get alcohol: when alcohol was illegal, it was unregulated and unrestricted. But when Section 2 of the 21st Amendment returned regulation of alcohol to the states, the states responded with new laws intended to prevent the lawlessness of Prohibition and the excesses of what came before. Everywhere there were new restrictions on buying, selling, and consuming alcohol: closing times, age limits, Sunday blue laws, and the end of brewery-owned saloons. Just as Prohibition did not prohibit, making drink legal did not make drink entirely available. Many states were guided by the 1933 report Toward Liquor Control, which described two methods of regulating alcohol sales -- one in which the state issued licenses to private sellers of alcohol, the other in which the state itself controlled alcohol sales. After the repeal of Prohibition, 19 states chose "control," while the rest chose to license private alcohol sellers.
101. NCCPRO_130414_771.JPG: Where We Live: What We Do: Hometown Story: Michigan: Political advertising is not permitted in establishments licensed to sell alcohol. October 2012: Ban on political advertising ruled obsolete. Indiana: Beer can be sold at drug, grocery, or convenience stores, but only at room temperature. Only package liquor stores can sell cold beer. Kentucky: 32 of Kentucky's 120 counties are wet and 39 are completely dry. The remainder are mostly dry, although local options allow sales by the drink at some restaurants, golf courses, and historic sites. Mississippi: Mississippi enacted state-wide prohibition in 1908 and did not repeal that law until 1966. Louisiana: Louisiana set its drinking age at 18 in 1948. Legal loopholes allowed 18-year-olds to drink in bars until 1995, making Louisiana the last state to permit those under 21 to drink publicly. Georgia: Georgia prohibited Sunday sales in stores until 2011, when the state legislature gave cities and counties the option to allow such sales. North Carolina: the use of profanity in an establishment licensed to sell alcohol was prohibited until 2011. Virginia: The largest bust of an illegal still operation in state history was in 1993, when agents discovered 36 enormous 800-gallon stills during a raid. Maryland: In Baltimore, liquor stores may not sell anything to minors -- not even candy, food, or soft drinks. Connecticut: It was not until 1969 that women were allowed to sit (although not stand) at the bar. Pennsylvania: The "Johnstown Flood Tax," originally created to help victims of the 1936 flood, adds an 18 percent "hidden" tax to all wine and spirits, seven decades after Johnstown was rebuilt.
102. NCCPRO_130414_782.JPG: The "Whiskey 6": Prohibition sparked the roar in the Roaring '20s -- an unprecedented ingenuity among those who wished to skirt the law. One of the bootleggers' key innovations was the "Whiskey 6." Usually Buicks or Studebakers, these six-cylinder cars were extensively modified to accommodate their illegal cargo and to evade authorites. Cars like this Buick Marquette were used by smugglers crossing the Canada-US border. Did you know? NASCAR-style auto racing emerged from Prohibition when former bootleggers, who had evaded authorities speeding down country roads in the South, found that people were willing to pay to watch them.
AAA "Gem": AAA considers this location to be a "must see" point of interest. To see pictures of other areas that AAA considers to be Gems, click here.
Wikipedia Description: National Constitution Center
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The National Constitution Center is the first and only nonprofit, nonpartisan institution devoted to the United States Constitution and its legacy of freedom. Located on Independence Mall in Philadelphia, Pa., the Center serves as an interactive museum; a hub of civic education; and a national town hall for constitutional dialogue, regularly hosting government leaders, journalists, scholars, and celebrities for public discussions including presidential debates. The Center houses the Annenberg Center for Education and Outreach, which offers civic learning resources both onsite and online.

The groundbreaking ceremony, attended by President Bill Clinton, was held on September 17, 2000—213 years to the day after the original Constitution was signed. The National Constitution Center officially opened its doors on July 4, 2003, joining other historic sites and iconic attractions in what has been called "America's most historic square mile" because of the proximity to historic landmarks such as Independence Hall and the Liberty Bell. Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, officiating at the opening ceremonies, said, “The Constitution Center and Independence Hall, together with the Liberty Bell, form a place that every American should visit. It will contribute each and every day to the reinforcement of the basic principles that bind us together as a nation and a people.”

About

The National Constitution Center was created by the Constitution Heritage Act in 1988. Approved on September 16, 1988, and signed by President Ronald Reagan, the act defined the National Constitution Center as “within or in close proximity to the Independence National Historical Park. The Center shall disseminate information about the United States Constitution on a non-partisan basis in order to increase the awareness and understanding of the Constitution among the American people.”

The Center is located at 525 Arch Street—an address specifically chosen because May 25th (5/25) was the date that the Constitutional Convention began in Philadelphia in 1787 as shown in Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution.

The architectural firm of Pei Cobb Freed & Partners designed the National Constitution Center. Critic Witold Rybczynski of The “New York Times” wrote, “Quiet but assertive, respectful of its surroundings, considerate of its public, this building is destined to take its place among the nation's leading public monuments.”

Ralph Appelbaum Associates designed the Center’s visitor experiences and exhibition hall. The total square footage of public space is 160,000 square feet, including galleries. The Center contains 75,785 square feet of exhibit space. The Center is made of American products, including 85,000 square total square footage of public space is 160,000 square feet, including galleries. The Center contains 75,785 square feet of exhibit space. The Center is made of American products, including 85,000 square feet of Indiana limestone, 2.6 million pounds of steel, and a half-million cubic feet of concrete.

Main Exhibition

The museum’s main exhibition features three primary attractions, which are intended to engage both adults and children:

Visitors start their museum experience at Freedom Rising, a 17-minute, 360-degree theatrical production narrated by a live actor in the Kimmel Theater. The production traces the American quest for freedom and creates a stirring environment in which visitors come to see themselves as a force in the life of the Constitution and the Constitution as an ongoing force in the lives of American citizens. After viewing the performance, former First Lady Laura Bush said, “I found Freedom Rising so moving I wanted to weep at the end of it. I want to encourage people to come here.”

The Story of We the People, in the Richard and Helen DeVos Exhibition Hall, is an interactive exhibition highlighting the history of the Constitution through more than 100 hands-on and multimedia exhibits. Visitors also can take part in free educational activities led by the Center’s staff.

Exhibition highlights include:

A copy of the Emancipation Proclamation

The chance to recite the Presidential Oath of Office on camera

A genuine, 20th-century jury box

Justice Sandra Day O’Connor’s Supreme Court robe

The American National Tree exhibit, featuring touch screens which tell the stories of 100 Americans – a few of them well known, but most of them unheralded – whose actions have influenced constitutional history

Signers’ Hall is a stylized evocation of the Assembly Room in the Pennsylvania State House (today called Independence Hall) where the signers of the Constitution met on September 17, 1787. The room is occupied by life-sized bronze statues of 42 men: the 39 delegates who signed as well as the three who dissented. Extensive research was conducted to make the statues as lifelike and accurate as possible. Visitors have the opportunity to sign their names alongside the 39 signers.

Feature Exhibitions

In June of 2013 the National Constitution Center debuted The 1968 Exhibit. It brings one of America’s most colorful, chaotic, culture-shifting years vividly to life, The 1968 Exhibit illuminates the power of “We the People” to exercise and expand our freedoms. Visitors are able to travel through 12 exhibition areas corresponding to the months of the year—as well as three lounge spaces (bean bag chairs included) inviting playful interaction with 1968’s most enduring and influential music, movies, fashions, and more. Whether you remember the year personally or discovered Hendrix online, The 1968 Exhibit will rock you.

Highlights include:

Awe-inspiring artifacts such as an actual Bell “Huey” helicopter used by the U.S. Army during the Vietnam War
Icons of space exploration, including a full-size replica of the Apollo 8 command module
The vibrant Music Trip Lounge, with rock-star memorabilia like original concert tickets, posters, and autographs; and an opportunity to design and share your own groovy album cover
An immersive environment—utilizing authentic news footage and oral histories—that recreates the buzz and tumult of the 1968 Democratic National Convention, both on the streets of Chicago and the floor of the convention hall

In May, 2013 the Center announced that as part of a landmark agreement between the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and The New York Public Library, that the National Constitution Center will display one of the 12 surviving copies of the Bill of Rights starting in fall of 2014. The Center—the museum of “We the People”—will be the first institution in Pennsylvania to exhibit this rare, original document to the general public. Many of the rights and liberties Americans cherish—such as speech, religion, and the right to a fair trial—were not enumerated in the original Constitution drafted at the Philadelphia Convention in 1787 but were included in the first 10 amendments, known as the Bill of Rights, ratified in 1791. In displaying this historic document for “We the People,” the Center will provide visitors of all ages with a better understanding of the Constitution, the essential freedoms it protects, and its enduring relevance in our daily lives.

Civic Education

Through its Annenberg Center for Education and Outreach, the National Constitution Center offers onsite and online civic education programs as well as a study center that develops and distributes teaching tools, lesson plans and resources. Thanks to a grant from The Annenberg Foundation, the Center has become a national resource on Constitution Day.

In September 2006, the Center helped launch Constitution High School, a college preparatory, city-wide admission school and “the only Philadelphia School District high school whose theme is Law, Democracy, and History.” According to the school’s website, Constitution High School is “a unique collaboration among the School District of Philadelphia, the National Constitution Center and the Gilder-Lehrman Institute of American History” and aims to “develop the next generation of engaged citizens and civic leaders in government, public policy, and law.”

Public Engagement

As a national town hall, the Center has welcomed former presidents, Supreme Court justices, journalists, pundits, scholars and entertainers at political discussions and book events. Among the numerous high-profile guests who have appeared at the Center are Presidents Barack Obama, George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton; Secretary of State Hillary Clinton; Vice President Dick Cheney; First Lady Laura Bush; Supreme Court Justices Sandra Day O’Connor, Antonin Scalia, Stephen Breyer, Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Elena Kagan; Newt Gingrich; Karl Rove; Donna Brazile; and distinguished journalists including Tavis Smiley, Gwen Ifill, Tina Brown, Andrea Mitchell, and Tom Brokaw. The Center has hosted several debates, including a 2008 Democratic presidential primary debate between Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama , a town hall meeting with Senator John McCain, and a 2006 Pennsylvania Senatorial debate between Republican incumbent Rick Santorum and Democratic challenger Bob Casey.

Liberty Medal

In 2006, the Center became the home of the Liberty Medal, an annual award established in 1988 to recognize those “men and women of courage and conviction who strive to secure the blessings of liberty to people around the globe.” Liberty Medal recipients have included George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton, Bono, Mikhail Gorbachev, Nelson Mandela, Steven Spielberg, Tony Blair and Dr. Robert M. Gates.

NCC and Presidents

Former President George H.W. Bush served as chairman of the Center’s Board of Trustees beginning in 2007; it is the only organization of which Bush served as chairman. His successor, Bill Clinton, has served since 2009.

On March 18, 2008, Senator Barack Obama delivered a speech on race issues entitled "A More Perfect Union" at the Center, while campaigning for the presidency.

The National Constitution Center hosted then-Senators Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton for the Pennsylvania presidential primary debate on April 16, 2008.

Interesting Facts

Two days after the Constitution was signed, the document’s full text was printed in a local newspaper, ‘’The Pennsylvania Packet & Daily Advertiser’’. A rare copy of this first public printing of the Constitution is housed at the National Constitution Center, in an alcove adjacent to ‘’Signers’ Hall’’. The Center received its copy of the first public printing of the Constitution on September 11, 2001.

The U.S. flag hanging in the Center’s Grand Hall Overlook has traveled around the country and flown over every state and territory capitol. Before the Center’s official opening, it was hung at the Center by Muhammad Ali in a Flag Day ceremony on June 14, 2003.

It took 18 months and 50 artists to produce the 42 bronze statues of the Founding Fathers in ‘’Signers’ Hall’’.

In the Media

“At the other end of the mall sparkles a modernist jewel of America's civic life, the National Constitution Center” – George Will, ‘’The Washington Post’’

“Since opening in 2003, [the National Constitution Center] has put forward a vision of constitutional history both left and right have embraced.”—’’The New York Times’’

“The National Constitution Center has established itself as one of the city’s cultural celebs, attracting a million visitors a year, putting pizzazz into civic and educational offerings, hosting blockbuster exhibitions, and attracting the nation’s intellectual cognoscenti and media elite like bears to honey.”—’’The Philadelphia Inquirer’’
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