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![Dirt and Log Forts:
"[Cumberland Gap] is the roughest place in the world, but we are going to stick the mountain full of cannon to prevent the Lincolnites from crossing"
-- Letter of Confederate soldier, November 1861
Where you see a picnic ground today, imagine a Civil war fort the size of four football fields side-by-side atop this knoll. The outer walls, made of packed earth faced with logs, rose 10 feet high. Like the other batteries, forts, and rifle pits here in the Gap, this outpost was continuously garrisoned by Confederates or Federals from 1861 until 1865. Troops posted here guarded the Harlan Road, the best way up Pinnacle Mountain.
"It sickens one to the heart to witness the waste of war. The rebels left standing 400 to 500 tends, but... all but four or five were slit to ribbons. Flour, meat, rice, and beans were strewn all over the surface of the fortifications and hillsides... Tons of shot and shell were thrown over the cliffs into the ravines below."
-- Benjamin F. Stevenson, surgeon, 22nd Kentucky Volunteer Infantry Regiment, June 19, 1852.](/Graphlib/GraphData8.nsf/Images/2008_KY_Cumberland_Gap_0160/$File/CUMGAP_081012_252.JPG) |
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![(Pinnacle Overlook) Generations Have Enjoyed this View:
"I cannot conceive of anyone passing this way who will not avail himself to taking this trail to the top of Pinnacle Mountain... there will be many pilgrimages... [to] this historic spot... The beauty of the mountains, the spirit of the pioneer and the patriotic fervor have a unity of appeal found nowhere else in America."
-- Myers Cooper, Governor of Ohio, at the dedication of Skyland Highway, June 4, 1929
Pinnacle Mountain's Skyland Highway paved the way to create a National Park.
Called 'an engineering marvel" when it first opened in 1929, Skyland Highway provided an easy drive to stunning views.
Sightseers in the 1930s climbed a wooden platform to enjoy what the Sky Land Company called "the Garden of Gazes."
In the late 1940s, widespread support for a national park at Cumberland Gap steadily grew as vacation travel boomed after World War II.
The Dixie Highway: In the early 20th century, vacationers wanted to "see America first" -- by car. Motor enthusiasts joined clubs like the Dixie Highway Association. From 1915 to 1927, the Association encouraged states to pave a system of roads so that a motorist could drive all the way from Ontario south to Miami. The Dixie Highway introduced tens of thousands of travelers from across the nation to Cumberland gap.
From the 1890s on, nearby Chimney Rock was a popular day-trip destination for excursionists coming up from Middlesboro.](/Graphlib/GraphData8.nsf/Images/2008_KY_Cumberland_Gap_0160/$File/CUMGAP_081012_289.JPG) |
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![Waiting For the Battle That Never Came:
A natural thoroughfare through the Appalachian Mountain barrier, Cumberland Gap assumed great strategic importance in the Civil War. Both sides sought to control the Gap. It changed hands three times, but no battles were fought. Troops garrisoned here, Union and Confederates alike, endured months of inaction and boredom.
Confederate soldier Seth Hannibal Hyatt from Cherokee County, North Carolina, wrote home on April 28, 1863 --
"Dear Father and Mother --:
"As I can get no letters from home to revive or divert the weary mind, I thought I would put in a few leisure moments in pening [sic] you a few lines. Notwithstanding I have nothing new to communicate...
"We have some tolerably heavy scouting to do... We have learned that there is no army this side Lexington, Kentucky. Hense [sic] we do not apprehend any danger of an attack here soon... We have no war news, everything seems to be still. What can be the matter with the Feds? This time last year they were tickling us on ev'ry rib...
"I would prefer being in a country where we could have access to the luxuries of country produce. But we cannot expect to live in clover all the time. Since writing the above we have drawed [sic] meal, bacon and rice. This is the Robinsons and Campbells day to cook, they have dinner and supper almost ready (for we take both together)...
"Col. Heart sent a scout down to Barbersville on the 26th inst. They returned yesterday with five yanks. They took six in the town and one started to run when he instantly bit the dust...
"Write soon hope to get some letters today. Your devoted son
"Seth H. Hyatt"](/Graphlib/GraphData8.nsf/Images/2008_KY_Cumberland_Gap_0160/$File/CUMGAP_081012_429.JPG) |
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