BGuthrie Photos: DC Heritage Trails: Civil War to Civil Rights: Downtown Heritage Trail

BGuthrie Photos: DC Heritage Trails: Civil War to Civil Rights: Downtown Heritage Trail DC Heritage Trails: Civil War to Civil Rights: Downtown Heritage Trail:

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Copyrights: All pictures were taken by amateur photographer Bruce Guthrie (me!) who retains copyright on them. Free for non-commercial use with attribution. See the [Creative Commons] definition of what this means. "Photos (c) Bruce Guthrie" is fine for attribution. (Commercial use folks including AI scrapers can of course contact me.) Feel free to use in publications and pages with attribution but you don't have permission to sell the photos themselves. A free copy of any printed publication using any photographs is requested. Descriptive text, if any, is from a mixture of sources, quite frequently from signs at the location or from official web sites; copyrights, if any, are retained by their original owners.

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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. TRCWCR_200719_01.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail The Civil War (1861 - 1865) transformed Washington, DC from a muddy backwater to a center of national power. Ever since, the city has been at the heart of the continuing struggle to realize fully the ideas for which the war was fought. The 25 signs that mark this trail follow the footsteps of Abraham Lincoln, Walt Whitman, Clara Barton, Frederick Douglass, and others, famous and humble, who shaped a nation and its capital city while living and working in historic downtown DC. Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail is an Official Washington, DC Walking Trail. The self-guided tour consists of three distinct loops: West, Center, and East. Each one-mile loop offers about an hour of gentle exercise. A free booklet capturing the trail's highlights is available at local businesses and institutions along the way. To download the free Civil War to Civil Rights Audio Tour, and learn about other DC neighborhoods, please visit www.CuturalTourismDC.org.
2. TRCWCR_200719_05.JPG: President Woodrow Wilson (approximate center, just left of the largest flag) leads a Preparedness Day parade down Pennsylvania Avenue in 1916, just before the United States entered World War I.
3. TRCWCR_200719_23.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail .8 Pennsylvania Avenue "Main Street" for the city and the nation. Just a few steps ahead is Pennsylvania Avenue the inaugural parade route for every president since Thomas Jefferson and "Main Street" for local Washington since the city's founding. Jefferson planted the first trees along the avenue, and in the early days of the city it was a promenade lined with shops, hotels and boarding houses. Mary Todd Lincoln shopped here. The street was also the scene of President Lincoln's funeral procession. By the start of the Civil War, the area across Pennsylvania Avenue had become a run-down neighborhood of theaters, saloons, cheap hotels, light industry, and houses of ill repute. Its activities earned it the name "Murder Bay" and sometimes "Hooker's Department" after Civil War General Joseph Hooker, whose plan it was to concentrate the activities of prostitutes in this area. It remained a light industrial area until the 1930s when a growing federal government consolidated offices that had been scattered in rented buildings around the city and built the complex of Neo-classical buildings known collectively as the Federal Triangle. In the 1970s, the Pennsylvania Avenue Development Corporation began revitalization of this side of the Avenue, bringing new office, commercial and residential buildings to the street while preserving some of its 19th-century landmarks.
4. TRCWCR_200719_27.JPG: The Avenue has been the scene of countless parades, including Lincoln's funeral procession, right, in 1865 and a women's suffrage march in 1913. (Library of Congress; Washingtoniana Division, DC Public Library.)
5. TRCWCR_200719_28.JPG: Mary Todd Lincoln shopped on an unpaved Pennsylvania Avenue that looked like this during the Civil War. Her bill for goods for the White House appears above. (Library of Congress; Washingtoniana Division, DC Public Library.)
6. TRCWCR_200307_01.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2020_DC_Trails_CW2CR DC Heritage Trails: Civil War to Civil Rights: Downtown Heritage Trail (23 photos from 2020)
  Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail The Civil War (1861 - 1865) transformed Washington, DC from a muddy backwater to a center of national power. Ever since, the city has been at the heart of the continuing struggle to realize fully the ideas for which the war was fought. The 25 signs that mark this trail follow the footsteps of Abraham Lincoln, Walt Whitman, Clara Barton, Frederick Douglas, and others, famous and humble, who shaped a nation and its capital city while living and working in historic downtown DC. Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail is an Official Washington, DC Walking Trail. The self-guided tour consists of three distinct loops: West, Center, and East. Each one-mile loop offers about an hour of gentle exercise. A free booklet capturing the trail's highlights is available at local businesses and institutions along the way. To download the free Civil War to Civil Rights Audio Tour, and learn about other DC neighborhoods, please visit www.CuturalTourismDC.org.
7. TRCWCR_200307_06.JPG: Members of Asbury congregation pose for noted African American photographer Addison Scurlock in 1931.
8. TRCWCR_200307_10.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail w.3 Asbury United Methodist Church "... watch yourselves closely so that you do not forget the things your eyes have seen..." Stories of slavery and freedom, of struggle and achievement, are woven through the history of this African American congregation. Founded in 1836, by the time of the Civil War Asbury United Methodist Church was the preeminent black church in the city, its membership of 600 making it the largest of 11 African American congregations in Washington. Today, Asbury counts among its members descendants of District slaves who tried a dramatic escape to freedom in 1848 aboard the ship Pearl. Churches were centers of community life for African Americans, who had represented more than one-quarter of the population of the nation's capital since 1800. By 1830, a majority had gained their freedom. Despite "Black Codes" that severely restricted their movements and activities, free African Americans practiced a variety of trades, ran their own businesses, and set up schools. By 1860, free blacks owned property in every quadrant of the city. Asbury United Method Church is the oldest black congregation in the District of Columbia on its original site. The current sanctuary dates from 1915. Since its founding, Asbury's members have played leading roles in the life of the city, and its spiritual, educational, and humanitarian activities have symbolized the efforts of black congregations throughout Washington D.C., to attain equality for the city's many African American communities.
9. TRCWCR_200307_15.JPG: Worship services, above, engage young members with their own Children's Message.
10. TRCWCR_200307_18.JPG: The sculpture at left by Erik Blome honors Asbury Church members Mary Jane and Emily Catherine Edmonson and their brave attempt to escape from slavery in 1848. It was installed in 2010 on Duke St. in Alexandria, Va.
11. TRCWCR_200307_23.JPG: Rev. Matthew Wesley Clair, Sr., left, pastor from 1902 to 1919, became one of the first two African Americans elected bishop in the Methodist Episcopal Church. Rev. Robert Moten Williams, right, increased Asbury's membership from 1,800 to 4,700 during his tenure (1931-1955).
12. TRCWCR_200307_27.JPG: "... teach them to your children and to their children and to their children after them." -- Deuteronomy 4:9
13. TRCWCR_200307_33.JPG: The modern church is politically active, including demanding Civil Rights during the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.
14. TRCWCR_200307_38.JPG: Acclaimed African American photographer Addison Scurlock captured the Asbury congregation on its front steps in 1931.
15. TRCWCR_191002_01.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail The Civil War (1861 - 1865) transformed Washington, DC from a muddy backwater to a center of national power. Ever since, the city has been at the heart of the continuing struggle to realize fully the ideas for which the war was fought. The 25 signs that mark this trail follow the footsteps of Abraham Lincoln, Walt Whitman, Clara Barton, Frederick Douglass, and others, famous and humble, who shaped a nation and its capital city while living and working in historic downtown DC. Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail is an Official Washington, DC Walking Trail. The self-guided tour consists of three distinct loops: West, Center, and East. Each one-mile loop offers about an hour of gentle exercise. A free booklet capturing the trail's highlights is available at local businesses and institutions along the way. To download the free Civil War to Civil Rights Audio Tour, and learn about other DC neighborhoods, please visit www.CuturalTourismDC.org.
16. TRCWCR_191002_08.JPG: The new, underground ceremonial courtroom for the DC Court of Appeals.
17. TRCWCR_191002_15.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail e.6 A Courthouse Reborn The old City Hall/Courthouse endured hard use, was abandoned, and then was transformed. In 2009 it re-opened as the DC Court of Appeals, redesigned by Beyer Blinder Belle Architects & Planners, which modernized the interior while preserving its historic features. A graceful glass atrium defined the new main entrance, and the limestone walls gleamed. A grand new ceremonial courtroom was constructed beneath the south lawn. The Court of Appeals now stands among other dignified courthouses. But in 1822, when the mayor and council moved into the new City Hall, their neighbors were the hastily built Washington County poorhouse, the Washington Jail, and eventually the Washington Infirmary, providing medical care to the poor. The jail was especially bleak, confirming criminals and debtors together with the insane. In addition the cells held fugitives from slavery, enslaved people, and free African Americans who had broken one of the Black Codes that governed their lives until DC emancipation in 1862. For example, African Americans could not be on the street past curfew without a permit. The city required all free African Americans to register and have a white sponsor. By the 1870s the poorhouse and infirmary were long gone. The reviled Washington Jail was finally razed in 1878 after the new jail was built near the Anacostia River. In their wake, the city commissioners transformed the landscape of the tears into a beautiful city park, with curving paths, a watchman's lodge, and a marble fountain. In 1991 the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial opened where the park had been.
18. TRCWCR_191002_20.JPG: Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper published this expose of the Washington Jail in 1861
19. TRCWCR_191002_23.JPG: The same year the Washington Infirmary burned as illustrated in Harper's Weekly.
20. TRCWCR_191002_25.JPG: Today's glass pavilion is a modern interpretation of the original portico.
21. TRCWCR_191002_28.JPG: The 1908 photo at left shows the peeling City Hall/Courthouse with a north portico, which soon fell into a renovation.
22. TRCWCR_191002_31.JPG: Superior Court Building A, across E Street towards Fifth Street, opened as DC Police Court in 1938. City officials tour its new, modern holding cells.
23. TRCWCR_191002_34.JPG: Superior Court Building A, across E Street towards Fifth Street, opened as DC Police Court in 1938. City officials tour its new, modern holding cells.
24. TRCWCR_191002_37.JPG: Years before the Law Enforcement Officers Memorial was built, just north of this sign, this quiet city park occupied the site.
25. TRCWCR_190824_01.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail e.7 The National Building Museum The nation's only museum dedicated to American achievements in architecture, urban planning, construction, engineering, and design is appropriately housed in one of the most extraordinary structures in the nation's capital. Constructed between 1882 and 1887 in the style of an Italian Renaissance palace, the building was designed to house the Pension Bureau. The bureau, forerunner to today's Veterans Administration, managed thousands of pensions owed to Civil War veterans and to the families of those who died. It was designed by an engineer, Major General Montgomery C. Meigs, who had served the Union cause as Quartermaster General. General Meigs himself lost his son, John Rogers Meigs, in the Civil War. Some have called this building, with its symbolic parade of Union Forces, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial of the Pension Building's day. Although modeled on Rome's Palazzo Farnese, its provisions for light, air circulation, and fireproofing made it the federal government's first modern office building. Built in red brick rather than the white sandstone and marble of other federal buildings, it was ridiculed by many at the time. "It's too bad the damn thing is fireproof," said General William Tecumseh Sherman. A 1,200-foot-long terra cotta frieze encircles the entire building, depicting all the Union forces in the Civil War -- infantry, cavalry, and artillery troops, and naval, quartermaster, and medical personnel. Inside, massive 75-foot-tall columns, made of brick and finished to look like marble, punctuate a 300-foot-long Great Hall. A favorite venue for presidential inaugural balls, the Great Hall hosted its first for Grover Cleveland in 1885, even before the building was completed. Threatened with demolition in the 1960s, the building was saved by citizen action. It became home to the National Building Museum by an act of Congress in 1980.
26. TRCWCR_190824_07.JPG: Major General Montgomery C. Meigs, above, designed and built the Pension Building with a great hall reminiscent of a Renaissance palace. He use 15-1/2 million bricks. A recent view of the finished Great Hall, lower right.
27. TRCWCR_190824_13.JPG: A recent view of the finished Great Hall, lower right.
28. TRCWCR_190824_16.JPG: The Great Hall decorated for the inaugural ball of President William McKinley in 1901.
29. TRCWCR_190824_19.JPG: A portion of the terra cotta frieze which encircles the building and honors the Union forces in the Civil War. Frieze by Casper Buberi.
30. TRCWCR_190824_28.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail The Civil War (1861 - 1865) transformed Washington, DC from a muddy backwater to a center of national power. Ever since, the city has been at the heart of the continuing struggle to realize fully the ideas for which the war was fought. The 25 signs that mark this trail follow the footsteps of Abraham Lincoln, Walt Whitman, Clara Barton, Frederick Douglass, and others, famous and humble, who shaped a nation and its capital city while living and working in historic downtown DC. Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail is an Official Washington, DC Walking Trail. The self-guided tour consists of three distinct loops: West, Center, and East. Each one-mile loop offers about an hour of gentle exercise. A free booklet capturing the trail's highlights is available at local businesses and institutions along the way. To download the free Civil War to Civil Rights Audio Tour, and learn about other DC neighborhoods, please visit www.CuturalTourismDC.org.
31. TRCWCR_190824_31.JPG: Civil War infantrymen march around the Pension Building, now the National Building Museum, in a 1,200-foot-long terra cottage frieze that surrounds the red brick structure.
32. TRCWCR_190707_01.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail e.2 Ending Slavery in Washington To your right at the end of Indiana Avenue is Washington's first City Hall/Courthouse. Across Sixth Street is the H. Carl Moultrie I Courthouse, a successor to the original courthouse. The Old City Hall/Courthouse opened in 1822, with offices for the mayor, city administrators, and federal courts. Today it is the city's third-oldest public building, after the White House and the Capitol. The City Hall/Courthouse witnessed key events in abolition history. In 1848 abolitionist Daniel Drayton faced trial here for larceny and illegally transporting slaves. Months earlier, Drayton had been captured along with 77 African Americans attempting to escape slavery aboard his schooner, Pearl. Drayton was found guilty and served jail time, but was pardoned in 1852. The National Park Service later cited this case when it added the City Hall/Courthouse to its National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom. On April 16, 1862, during the Civil War, President Lincoln signed the DC Emancipation Act, freeing DC's enslaved people. The law established an experiment called "compensated emancipation," reimbursing slave owners for their human property. Owners came to the City Hall/Courthouse, where three commissioners had the ugly task of putting a monetary value on human life (up to $300 per person). Later President Lincoln did not offer compensation when his Emancipation Proclamation declared the enslaved people of the rebellious states to be free in January 1863.
33. TRCWCR_190707_10.JPG: H. Carl Moultrie I (1915-1986), above, first African American chief judge of the DC Superior Court. At left, workmen finish the Moultrie Courthouse skylight, 1976.
34. TRCWCR_190707_11.JPG: Seen here in 1835, the slave house of J.W. Neal & Co at Seventh St. south of the National Mall was a center of the District slave trade.
35. TRCWCR_190707_19.JPG: Daniel Drayton, left, captain of the ill-fated Pearl. The Edmonson sisters (in plaid shawls) attempted to escape on the Pearl, were sold back into slavery, then rescued by family members. In this 1850 photo, above, they appeared at an abolition meeting with a young Frederick Douglass.
36. TRCWCR_190707_22.JPG: With this document, DC resident Margaret Barber requested reimbursement after freeing these African Americans from slavery, 1862.
37. TRCWCR_190707_28.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail The Civil War (1861 - 1865) transformed Washington, DC from a muddy backwater to a center of national power. Ever since, the city has been at the heart of the continuing struggle to realize fully the ideas for which the war was fought. The 25 signs that mark this trail follow the footsteps of Abraham Lincoln, Walt Whitman, Clara Barton, Frederick Douglass, and others, famous and humble, who shaped a nation and its capital city while living and working in historic downtown DC. Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail is an Official Washington, DC Walking Trail. The self-guided tour consists of three distinct loops: West, Center, and East. Each one-mile loop offers about an hour of gentle exercise. A free booklet capturing the trail's highlights is available at local businesses and institutions along the way. To download the free Civil War to Civil Rights Audio Tour, and learn about other DC neighborhoods, please visit www.CuturalTourismDC.org.
38. TRCWCR_190707_32.JPG: This drawing for architect George Hadfield's Greek Revival style City Hall/Courthouse, to your left along Indiana Avenue,includes a dome that was never built. - Library of Congress.
39. TRCWCR_190707_39.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail .4 The Roots of Freedom and Equality "It is known to you that events have transpired within the last few days, deeply affecting the peace and character of our community." With these words, city officials tried to calm the angry mobs gathering on this corner in April 1848. The crowds blamed the National Era, an abolitionist newspaper located near this sign, for the attempted escape of 77 African American slaves on the ship Pearl. They threatened to destroy the Era's printing press. The editor, Gamaliel Bailey, was one of many anti-slavery activists who made Washington, D.C. a national center for abolitionist activity. He wrote of the irony of slavery in the capital of a nation dedicated to liberty and equality. Tragically, most of the captured slaves were sold and taken south. The mayor and others quelled the potential riot, and the National Era survived. In 1851 and 1852, in a new location just a block and a half south of here, the paper serialized a novel by a little known author named Harriet Beecher Stowe. Her book, Uncle Tom's Cabin, sold 300,000 copies in its first year. The dramatic story intensified sectional rivalries and, many believe, made war inevitable. One hundred years later, on this same block, Charles Hamilton Houston continued the struggle for freedom and equality for African Americans. Houston, a practicing attorney at 615 F Street, and a professor of law at Howard University, taught Thurgood Marshall the legal strategies that led to the 1954 Supreme Court ruling in Brown vs. Board of Education that racial segregation in the schools was unconstitutional. Marshall, later a Supreme Court justice, credited Houston as the person who laid the groundwork for the modern civil rights movement.
40. TRCWCR_190707_46.JPG: In 1848 city officials urged an angry mob protesting on this corner to remain calm.
41. TRCWCR_190707_49.JPG: Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin was first published near this spot in serialized form in the National Era.
42. TRCWCR_190707_53.JPG: Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin was first published near this spot in serialized form in the National Era.
43. TRCWCR_190707_56.JPG: Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin was first published near this spot in serialized form in the National Era.
44. TRCWCR_190707_57.JPG: Charles Hamilton Houston, left, mentor to the future Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall, below, had an office on this block.
45. TRCWCR_190707_67.JPG: Charles Hamilton Houston, left, mentor to the future Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall, below, had an office on this block.
46. TRCWCR_190707_70.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail The Civil War (1861 - 1865) transformed Washington, DC from a muddy backwater to a center of national power. Ever since, the city has been at the heart of the continuing struggle to realize fully the ideas for which the war was fought. The 25 signs that mark this trail follow the footsteps of Abraham Lincoln, Walt Whitman, Clara Barton, Frederick Douglas, and others, famous and humble, who shaped a nation and its capital city while living and working in historic downtown DC. Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail is an Official Washington, DC Walking Trail. The self-guided tour consists of three distinct loops: West, Center, and East. Each one-mile loop offers about an hour of gentle exercise. A free booklet capturing the trail's highlights is available at local businesses and institutions along the way. To download the free Civil War to Civil Rights Audio Tour, and learn about other DC neighborhoods, please visit www.CuturalTourismDC.org.
47. TRCWCR_190707_71.JPG: All but the tallest of these buildings stood in the 600 block of F Street (site of today's Verizon Center) at the time of Abraham Lincoln. This photograph was taken about 1900.
48. TRCWCR_190403_01.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail e.1 Chief Justice John Marshall A bronze likeness of Chief Justice John Marshall, visible on your way to the next Heritage Trail sign, keeps watch over John Marshall Park to your right. Marshall is remembered for molding the U.S. Supreme Court into today's authoritative body. Appointed by President John Adams, Marshall served a record 34 years until his death in 1835. He participated in more than 1,000 decisions, including the 1803 Marbury v. Madison, which defined the court's authority to declare "unconstitutional" laws passed by Congress. John Marshall Park replaced John Marshall Place (originally 4� Street), a few blocks of small shops and law offices that once linked Washington's first City Hall/Courthouse with Pennsylvania Avenue. The monumental buildings and sweeping views here along Pennsylvania Avenue are the result of city planner Peter C. (a.k.a. Pierre) L'Enfant's grand 1791 vision for the Nation's Capital. But in the early 1800s, when Congress met only a few months annually, this stretch of Washington's main street was known as "Hash Row," lined with boarding houses and hotels serving members of Congress and individuals doing business with the Federal Government. Guests at Elizabeth Peyton's boarding house on this spot included Chief Justice Marshall and Senator Henry Clay. A number of photographers recorded city business and ceremonial life here as well. C.M. Bell's studio of the late 1800s rivaled Mathew Brady's for portraits of Washington notables and distinguished visitors. Bell became known especially for photographing hundreds of American Indians in town for treaty negotiations. To reach Sign e.2 at the corner of Sixth Street and Indiana Avenue, please proceed north along the John Marshall Park walkway past the statue of Marshall by William Wetmore Story,then turn left on C Street and right on Sixth.
49. TRCWCR_190403_05.JPG: The bunting-draped hotel at left replaced a "Hash Row" boarding house on the corner of Pennsylvania Ave. and 4 � St., approximately on this spot. Sen. Henry Clay, upper right, once boarded there. The United States Hotel, once one block east of here, advertised reasonable rates around 1880.
50. TRCWCR_190403_13.JPG: Portrait of Justice Marshall, by Robert Matthew Sully. The advertisement for the United States Hotel appears to the left.
51. TRCWCR_190403_16.JPG: Portrait of Justice Marshall, by Robert Matthew Sully. The advertisement for the United States Hotel appears to the left.
52. TRCWCR_190403_19.JPG: Lawyer John Barthel, below, lived and worked at John Marshall Place, left, (now John Marshall Park) around 1906.
53. TRCWCR_190403_22.JPG: Lawyer John Barthel, below, lived and worked at John Marshall Place, left, (now John Marshall Park) around 1906.
54. TRCWCR_190403_25.JPG: Photographer C.M. Bell's portrait of Fire Lightning, right, and his studio's logo, above.
55. TRCWCR_190403_28.JPG: Photographer C.M. Bell's portrait of Fire Lightning, right, and his studio's logo, above.
56. TRCWCR_190403_35.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail The Civil War (1861 - 1865) transformed Washington, DC from a muddy backwater to a center of national power. Ever since, the city has been at the heart of the continuing struggle to realize fully the ideas for which the war was fought. The 25 signs that mark this trail follow the footsteps of Abraham Lincoln, Walt Whitman, Clara Barton, Frederick Douglass, and others, famous and humble, who shaped a nation and its capital city while living and working in historic downtown DC. Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail is an Official Washington, DC Walking Trail. The self-guided tour consists of three distinct loops: West, Center, and East. Each one-mile loop offers about an hour of gentle exercise. A free booklet capturing the trail's highlights is available at local businesses and institutions along the way. To download the free Civil War to Civil Rights Audio Tour, and learn about other DC neighborhoods, please visit www.CuturalTourismDC.org.
57. TRCWCR_190403_44.JPG: This creative concept for paving Pennsylvania Ave. captures buildings that existed in 1853, including the National Hotel at left, which once occupied the corner of Sixth St. where the Newseum is today. The Capitol's original, modest dome is seen at center.
58. TRCWCR_190401_04.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail The Civil War (1861 - 1865) transformed Washington, DC from a muddy backwater to a center of national power. Ever since, the city has been at the heart of the continuing struggle to realize fully the ideas for which the war was fought. The 25 signs that mark this trail follow the footsteps of Abraham Lincoln, Walt Whitman, Clara Barton, Frederick Douglass, and others, famous and humble, who shaped a nation and its capital city while living and working in historic downtown DC. Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail is an Official Washington, DC Walking Trail. The self-guided tour consists of three distinct loops: West, Center, and East. Each one-mile loop offers about an hour of gentle exercise. A free booklet capturing the trail's highlights is available at local businesses and institutions along the way. To download the free Civil War to Civil Rights Audio Tour, and learn about other DC neighborhoods, please visit www.CuturalTourismDC.org.
59. TRCWCR_190401_11.JPG: The commercial buildings on the left of this early 1900s photograph still stand alongside this sign.
60. TRCWCR_190401_18.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail e.10 Chinatown dragons to bring rain, prosperity, and friendship More than 280 dragons, crowned by 700 glazed tiles, look down from the Chinatown Friendship Archway before you. Symbols of the spirits that bring rain and prosperity in China, these painted and carved dragons are fitted together like a giant jigsaw puzzle in the ancient Chinese building tradition of "gong" balancing. Seven roofs weighing nine tons each are cantilevered, with no nails, almost 50 feet above the street. This is the largest single-span Chinese archway in the world, designed by Chinese-born Washington architect Alfred Liu and erected in 1986. A joint project of the governments of Washington, D.C. and its Chinese sister city, Beijing, it marks the entrance to Washington's Chinatown in a statement of international friendship. Chinese and American craftsmen worked side by side to construct it. The Chinese community in Washington dates back to the 1880s, when immigrants settled along Pennsylvania Avenue between Third and Sixth Streets, N.W. Forced out by construction of the Federal Triangle in the 1930s, the community relocated here with the help of the On Leong Chinese Merchants Association. They moved into homes once occupied by German Christian and Eastern European Jewish immigrants. Some of the city's oldest pre-Civil War buildings, with flat fronts and sloped roofs, can still be seen beneath the neighborhood's colorful Chinese fa�ades. While many Chinese Americans have left the area for newer homes in the city and suburbs, the community is dedicated to preserving a slice of Chinese culture downtown. Calvary Baptist Church at 8th and H, the first to create a Chinese Sunday School here, is still involved with the community. St. Mary Mother of God Catholic Church near 5th and H has regular Masses in Cantonese. Chinese symbols and signs preserve the spirit of this special place, and residents of the metropolitan area flock to the annual Chinese New Year's dragon parade.
61. TRCWCR_190401_24.JPG: Because of restrictive U.S. Immigration laws, Washington's original Chinese community was all male. The men formed strong organizations, such as the On Leong Chinese Merchants Association, for mutual aid and companionship. The association was housed for many years in this building at 618 H Street.
62. TRCWCR_190401_27.JPG: Celebrating Chinese New Year
63. TRCWCR_190401_31.JPG: Calvary Baptist Church nearby at Eighth and H Streets, as photographed by Matthew Brady just after the Civil War, started the first Chinese Sunday School.
64. TRCWCR_190401_34.JPG: Calvary Baptist Church nearby at Eighth and H Streets ... Its altar is decorated for a national celebration.
65. TRCWCR_190401_37.JPG: Italianate (Mid Nineteenth Century) Queen Ann (Late Nineteenth Century) Federal (Early Nineteenth Century) Behind the Chinese embellishments in this neighborhood can be found the 19th-century building styles of an earlier residential community.
66. TRCWCR_190316_01.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail The Civil War (1861 - 1865) transformed Washington, DC from a muddy backwater to a center of national power. Ever since, the city has been at the heart of the continuing struggle to realize fully the ideas for which the war was fought. The 25 signs that mark this trail follow the footsteps of Abraham Lincoln, Walt Whitman, Clara Barton, Frederick Douglass, and others, famous and humble, who shaped a nation and its capital city while living and working in historic downtown DC. Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail is an Official Washington, DC Walking Trail. The self-guided tour consists of three distinct loops: West, Center, and East. Each one-mile loop offers about an hour of gentle exercise. A free booklet capturing the trail's highlights is available at local businesses and institutions along the way. To download the free Civil War to Civil Rights Audio Tour, and learn about other DC neighborhoods, please visit www.CuturalTourismDC.org.
67. TRCWCR_190316_07.JPG: A team of oxen lugs a Rodman gun across the intersection of 15th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue during the Civil War. Heavy wartime traffic like this played havoc with the city's mostly unpaved streets.
68. TRCWCR_190316_12.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail w.5 The United States Treasury Billions for the war, and a bunker for the president The grand, pillared United States Treasury building that stands before you, its first section designed by Robert Mills in 1836, was the financial command center for the Union. It was here between 1861 and 1865 that the Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase raised the unprecedented sum of $2.7 billion to finance the government and the war. Chase issued bonds, instituted internal revenue taxes, printed paper money called "greenbacks" and created the first personal income tax in the United States. He also developed the nation's first system of national banks to provide financial stability - a network that remained in place until our present Federal Reserve System was devised early in the 20th century. Activity swirled around this building throughout the war. The 5th Massachusetts camped out here, cooking in the courtyard, and the basement became a bunker for the president and his cabinet in case of Confederate attack. It was here, also, that the federal government, of necessity, hired large numbers of women for the first time. These "lady clerks," as they were called, trimmed by hand the huge sheets of paper greenbacks invented by Secretary Chase. In 1863, the Treasury Building provided the setting for an experiment devised by President Lincoln. Here all loyal slave owners in the District of Columbia were paid to free their slaves - a model never carried out anywhere else in the country.
69. TRCWCR_190316_16.JPG: Secretary Chase hired "lady clerks" to hand cut his new greenbacks.
70. TRCWCR_190316_28.JPG: Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase's restored office.
71. TRCWCR_190316_29.JPG: This 1862 political cartoon pictures Treasury Secretary Chase as "bleeding" funds from a willing United States. At this time, a common method of treating illness was to drain some of the patient's blood.
72. TRCWCR_190316_37.JPG: Treasury's north front under construction, 1867
73. TRCWCR_190316_40.JPG: Blanche K. Bruce, a U.S. senator from Mississippi, later served President James A. Garfield as the first African American Register of the Treasury. Born a slave, Bruce exemplified the civil rights gains made by African Americans as a result of the war and Reconstruction.
74. TRCWCR_190312_01.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail .2 Ceremony at the Crossroads "Imagine a great avenue [with] solid ranks of soldiers, just marching steady all day long, for two days. ..." -- Walt Whitman. As described by the great American poet Walt Whitman, the grand parade of 200,000 Union soldiers took two days to complete their victory march down Pennsylvania Avenue to the White House for President Andrew Johnson's review. Whitman might have been standing right here on May 23 or 24, 1865. This had been the ceremonial and commercial crossroads of the city since the federal government moved to the banks of the Potomac River in 1800. Pennsylvania Avenue has been an inaugural parade route for every President since Thomas Jefferson. For 130 years, this triangular space before you was the city's town square and home of the Center Market where Cabinet secretaries, government clerks and laborers alike might be seen toting a live chicken destined for the dinner table. All around you are reminders of the Civil War. A statue of Major General Winfield Scott Hancock, a hero at Gettysburg, commands a small park across Seventh Street. In the plaza across Indiana Avenue stands a memorial to Dr. Benjamin F. Stephenson, who founded a veterans organization called the Grand Army of the Republic. It was dedicated by a few hundred grizzled veterans in 1909. The building where Civil War photographer Matthew Brady had his studio, its exterior only slightly altered, remains around the corner at 627 Pennsylvania Avenue. And the three little buildings at 637-641 Indiana Avenue -- built in the 1820s -- were witness to it all. Today, some of the history made here is preserved in the great neoclassical National Archives building just across Pennsylvania Avenue. Washington DC's physical expansion after the Civil War led to a decline here, its historic downtown. The end of the 20th century brought a revival, with the return of theaters and restaurants, museums, shops, and places to live.
75. TRCWCR_190312_07.JPG: Union troops march in review on Pennsylvania Ave., May, 1865.
76. TRCWCR_190312_10.JPG: Sergeant Major Christian Fleetwood served with Union fighting forces in the Fourth U.S. Colored Troops and was awarded the Medal of Honor. Yet African American combat troops were barred by General William Tecumseh Sherman from marching in the May 1865 review.
77. TRCWCR_190312_18.JPG: Civil War photographer Matthew Brady who captured battlefield scenes like this, had a studio around the corner. He invited Lincoln to come and sit for a portrait.
78. TRCWCR_190312_24.JPG: These Federal style commercial structures have stood at 637-641 Indiana Ave. since the 1820s.
79. TRCWCR_190312_37.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail The Civil War (1861 - 1865) transformed Washington, DC from a muddy backwater to a center of national power. Ever since, the city has been at the heart of the continuing struggle to realize fully the ideas for which the war was fought. The 25 signs that mark this trail follow the footsteps of Abraham Lincoln, Walt Whitman, Clara Barton, Frederick Douglass, and others, famous and humble, who shaped a nation and its capital city while living and working in historic downtown DC. Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail is an Official Washington, DC Walking Trail. The self-guided tour consists of three distinct loops: West, Center, and East. Each one-mile loop offers about an hour of gentle exercise. A free booklet capturing the trail's highlights is available at local businesses and institutions along the way. To download the free Civil War to Civil Rights Audio Tour, and learn about other DC neighborhoods, please visit www.CuturalTourismDC.org.
80. TRCWCR_190312_43.JPG: Pedestrians share Pennsylvania Avenue at Seventh Street with streetcars and horse-drawn wagons in 1901.
81. TRCWCR_190224_05.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail e.4 Sitting in Judgment This imposing, Greek Revival style structure was designed by George Hadfield as Washington's first City Hall/Courthouse. Throughout its history, the building has housed the local and federal courts for DC, presided over by judges appointed by the U.S. president with the consent of the U.S. Senate. In 1874 Congress took over city operations, ending home rule. DC lost the right to elect a mayor and city council. The courts and municipal offices remained in the mayor-less City Hall. For nearly a century, until limited home rule was restored, three commissioners appointed by the U.S. president ran the city. As part of steps to return home rule to the city in 1970, Congress reorganized DC's judicial system. It removed local cases from federal jurisdiction and created the Superior Court of the District of Columbia to hear everything from traffic violations to criminal matters. The Superior Court's Family Division moved into the Old City Hall/Courthouse. An expanded DC Court of Appeals became the District's court of last resort. In 1999 the worn-out courthouse closed to await rehabilitation. Ten years later, after extensive renovation, the building re-opened as the DC Court of Appeals. Some of the most noteworthy trials in our city's history have taken place here. In 1867 John Surratt faced trial for conspiring with John Wilkes Booth to kill President Lincoln. Surratt was acquitted after testifying that, when the assassination occurred, he was in New York on a Confederate spying mission. Charles Guiteau fared worse. In 1882, despite evidence of insanity, Guiteau was convicted of mortally wounding President James Garfield. He received the death penalty.
82. TRCWCR_190224_12.JPG: Lott Flannery's Lincoln statue, originally atop a 35-foot pedestal, was paid for by DC residents and dedicated in 1868 as the nation's first public Lincoln memorial.
83. TRCWCR_190224_17.JPG: Abolitionist and U.S. Marshall Frederick Douglass receives visitors in his City Hall office. He also served here as the appointed DC recorder of deeds.
84. TRCWCR_190224_19.JPG: The scene at the Baltimore and Potomac train station on the Mall where Charles Guiteau morally wounded President James Garfield, 1881.
85. TRCWCR_190224_21.JPG: In the foreground of this post-Civil War photo of Old City Hall is a platform for the boarding a horse-drawn carriage. The street was still unpaved.
86. TRCWCR_190224_24.JPG: Lott Flannery's Lincoln statue, originally atop a 35-foot pedestal, was paid for by DC residents and dedicated in 1868 as the nation's first public Lincoln memorial.
87. TRCWCR_190224_29.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail The Civil War (1861 - 1865) transformed Washington, DC from a muddy backwater to a center of national power. Ever since, the city has been at the heart of the continuing struggle to realize fully the ideas for which the war was fought. The 25 signs that mark this trail follow the footsteps of Abraham Lincoln, Walt Whitman, Clara Barton, Frederick Douglass, and others, famous and humble, who shaped a nation and its capital city while living and working in historic downtown DC. Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail is an Official Washington, DC Walking Trail. The self-guided tour consists of three distinct loops: West, Center, and East. Each one-mile loop offers about an hour of gentle exercise. A free booklet capturing the trail's highlights is available at local businesses and institutions along the way. To download the free Civil War to Civil Rights Audio Tour, and learn about other DC neighborhoods, please visit www.CuturalTourismDC.org.
88. TRCWCR_190224_34.JPG: These buildings once stood on Indiana Ave., at the corner of John Marshall Pl., where today's Moultrie Courthouse stands.
89. TRCWCR_190129_01.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail The Civil War (1861 - 1865) transformed Washington, DC from a muddy backwater to a center of national power. Ever since, the city has been at the heart of the continuing struggle to realize fully the ideas for which the war was fought. The 25 signs that mark this trail follow the footsteps of Abraham Lincoln, Walt Whitman, Clara Barton, Frederick Douglass, and others, famous and humble, who shaped a nation and its capital city while living and working in historic downtown DC. Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail is an Official Washington, DC Walking Trail. The self-guided tour consists of three distinct loops: West, Center, and East. Each one-mile loop offers about an hour of gentle exercise. A free booklet capturing the trail's highlights is available at local businesses and institutions along the way. To download the free Civil War to Civil Rights Audio Tour, and learn about other DC neighborhoods, please visit www.CuturalTourismDC.org.
90. TRCWCR_190129_05.JPG: A streetcar races past elegant Franklin Square homes at the corner of 14th and I Streets in the 1880s.
91. TRCWCR_190129_14.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail w.2 Franklin Square "going into the country" This urban oasis exists because President Andrew Jackson needed water. The site of excellent springs (a rare commodity in the early city when everyone was dependent on private wells), this square was purchased by the federal government in 1832 so that it could pipe fresh water to the White House. It was an arrangement that lasted until 1898, well after the city had a piped water supply from above Great Falls on the Potomac River. In July of 1861, as the nation prepared for war, soldiers of the 12th New York Regiment moved in on the square, still a somewhat lightly settled place on the northern edge of the city. Their flimsy barracks were typical of the temporary quarters thrown up all around the city as northern troops poured into the capital. President Lincoln frequently passed this way going or returning from Anderson Cottage, his summer house on the grounds of the Soldiers' Home. His Secretary of War Edwin M Stanton lived on the northern side of the square at 1323 K Street, and the president was sometimes seen in his open carriage parked in the street conversing with Stanton. Now and then, the president's eye was drawn to Union troops playing baseball in the square across the street. With the rapid growth of the population after the war, Franklin Square continued to attract the city's elite. Mrs. John Sherman, wife of the Secretary of the Treasury in the administration of Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881), described her move to a new house in the area as "going into the country." Future president James A. Garfield lived in a house on the northeast corner of 13th and I Streets while serving in the House of Representatives. Franklin School, completed in 1869, stands as the only remaining vestige of this fashionable community. Designed by prominent architect Adolph Cluss, its elegant combination of Gothic, Romanesque Revival, and Second Empire styles is testimony to the pride the city took in its public school system. Its design and the city's educational programs won prizes in Vienna in 1873, in Philadelphia in 1876, and in Paris in 1878. Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone who lived in Washington, transmitted the first wireless message from Franklin School to his nearby laboratory on L Street in 1880. It was an experiment whose potential went unrealized until today's telecommunications revolution.
92. TRCWCR_190129_18.JPG: The elegant Franklin School provided a grand setting for the experiments of Alexander Graham Bell.
93. TRCWCR_190129_24.JPG: The elegant Franklin School provided a grand setting for the experiments of Alexander Graham Bell.
94. TRCWCR_190129_29.JPG: In 1866 Franklin Square was the setting of an Emancipation Day celebration.
95. TRCWCR_190129_32.JPG: The corner of 14th and I Streets at Franklin Square in the 1880s, then a fashionable residential neighborhood.
96. TRCWCR_190129_36.JPG: Franklin Square provided a campground for the 12th New York Infantry Regiment during the Civil War.
97. TRCWCR_190126_11.JPG: There used to be a Civil War to Civil Rights marker here -- probably the one "Ceremony at the Crossroads" -- but it has been removed. Apparently they don't remove very easily.
98. TRCWCR_190124_01.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail The Civil War (1861 - 1865) transformed Washington, DC from a muddy backwater to a center of national power. Ever since, the city has been at the heart of the continuing struggle to realize fully the ideas for which the war was fought. The 25 signs that mark this trail follow the footsteps of Abraham Lincoln, Walt Whitman, Clara Barton, Frederick Douglass, and others, famous and humble, who shaped a nation and its capital city while living and working in historic downtown DC. Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail is an Official Washington, DC Walking Trail. The self-guided tour consists of three distinct loops: West, Center, and East. Each one-mile loop offers about an hour of gentle exercise. A free booklet capturing the trail's highlights is available at local businesses and institutions along the way. To download the free Civil War to Civil Rights Audio Tour, and learn about other DC neighborhoods, please visit www.CuturalTourismDC.org.
99. TRCWCR_190124_07.JPG: Crowds throng F Street near "Woodies" (left) at holiday time in the 1940s.
100. TRCWCR_190124_20.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail .7 Woodies Comes to F Street "Alvin, Washington, D.C., is the place for us." So wrote Samuel Walter Woodward to his business partner, Alvin Lothrop, in 1879. The young entrepreneurs were looking for a new location for their innovative dry goods store near Boston, Massachusetts. Unhappy with the bargaining common in stores of the day, they were the first to charge a fixed price and to allow returns. Woodward recognized the new vitality and promise of the nation's capital. Since the end of the Civil War just 14 years earlier, Washington had new importance as the center of a strong federal government. It had been thoroughly modernized, with broad paved streets and avenues, sewers, gaslights, and thousands of new trees. Americans were flocking to the newly important capital to take government jobs and start businesses. Woodward and Lothrop joined them in 1880 and opened their store near Seventh and Pennsylvania Avenue. In 1887, they moved their establishment, now enlarged to a modern "department store," to this location, spearheading the development of F Street as the city's premier downtown shopping boulevard. Affectionately known as "Woodies," the store was a Washington tradition until its closing in 1996.
101. TRCWCR_190124_29.JPG: Samuel W. Woodward, left, and Alvin M. Lothrop, right, about 1880.
102. TRCWCR_190124_40.JPG: Woodward and Lothrop's first store at 705 Market Space.
103. TRCWCR_190124_43.JPG: The soda fountain and main aisle of "Woodies" await customers, while an advertisement, right, places the store among the city's major attractions.
104. TRCWCR_190118_01.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2019_DC_Trails_CW2CR DC Heritage Trails: Civil War to Civil Rights: Downtown Heritage Trail (126 photos from 2019)
  Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail The Civil War (1861 - 1865) transformed Washington, DC from a muddy backwater to a center of national power. Ever since, the city has been at the heart of the continuing struggle to realize fully the ideas for which the war was fought. The 25 signs that mark this trail follow the footsteps of Abraham Lincoln, Walt Whitman, Clara Barton, Frederick Douglass, and others, famous and humble, who shaped a nation and its capital city while living and working in historic downtown DC. Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail is an Official Washington, DC Walking Trail. The self-guided tour consists of three distinct loops: West, Center, and East. Each one-mile loop offers about an hour of gentle exercise. A free booklet capturing the trail's highlights is available at local businesses and institutions along the way. To download the free Civil War to Civil Rights Audio Tour, and learn about other DC neighborhoods, please visit www.CuturalTourismDC.org.
105. TRCWCR_190118_08.JPG: Civil War infantrymen march around the Pension Building, now the National Building Museum, in a 1,200-foot-long terra cottage frieze that surrounds the red brick structure.
106. TRCWCR_190118_12.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail e.7 The National Building Museum The nation's only museum dedicated to American achievements in architecture, urban planning, construction, engineering, and design is appropriately housed in one of the most extraordinary structures in the nation's capital. Constructed between 1882 and 1887 in the style of an Italian Renaissance palace, the building was designed to house the Pension Bureau. The bureau, forerunner to today's Veterans Administration, managed thousands of pensions owed to Civil War veterans and to the families of those who died. It was designed by an engineer, Major General Montgomery C. Meigs, who had served the Union cause as Quartermaster General. General Meigs himself lost his son, John Rogers Meigs, in the Civil War. Some have called this building, with its symbolic parade of Union Forces, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial of the Pension Building's day. Although modeled on Rome's Palazzo Farnese, its provisions for light, air circulation, and fireproofing made it the federal government's first modern office building. Built in red brick rather than the white sandstone and marble of other federal buildings, it was ridiculed by many at the time. "It's too bad the damn thing is fireproof," said General William Tecumseh Sherman. A 1,200-foot-long terra cotta frieze encircles the entire building, depicting all the Union forces in the Civil War -- infantry, cavalry, and artillery troops, and naval, quartermaster, and medical personnel. Inside, massive 75-foot-tall columns, made of brick and finished to look like marble, punctuate a 300-foot-long Great Hall. A favorite venue for presidential inaugural balls, the Great Hall hosted its first for Grover Cleveland in 1885, even before the building was completed. Threatened with demolition in the 1960s, the building was saved by citizen action. It became home to the National Building Museum by an act of Congress in 1980.
107. TRCWCR_190118_23.JPG: Major General Montgomery C. Meigs, above, designed and built the Pension Building with a great hall reminiscent of a Renaissance palace. He use 15-1/2 million bricks. A recent view of the finished Great Hall, lower right.
108. TRCWCR_190118_29.JPG: A recent view of the finished Great Hall, lower right.
109. TRCWCR_190118_32.JPG: The Great Hall decorated for the inaugural ball of President William McKinley in 1901.
110. TRCWCR_190118_36.JPG: A portion of the terra cotta frieze which encircles the building and honors the Union forces in the Civil War. Frieze by Casper Buberi.
111. TRCWCR_181224_001.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail The Civil War (1861 - 1865) transformed Washington, DC from a muddy backwater to a center of national power. Ever since, the city has been at the heart of the continuing struggle to realize fully the ideas for which the war was fought. The 25 signs that mark this trail follow the footsteps of Abraham Lincoln, Walt Whitman, Clara Barton, Frederick Douglass, and others, famous and humble, who shaped a nation and its capital city while living and working in historic downtown DC. Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail is an Official Washington, DC Walking Trail. The self-guided tour consists of three distinct loops: West, Center, and East. Each one-mile loop offers about an hour of gentle exercise. A free booklet capturing the trail's highlights is available at local businesses and institutions along the way. To download the free Civil War to Civil Rights Audio Tour, and learn about other DC neighborhoods, please visit www.CuturalTourismDC.org.
112. TRCWCR_181224_007.JPG: Returning Union soldiers assemble on a dusty F Street in 1865, preparing for a grand march down Pennsylvania Avenue.
113. TRCWCR_181224_013.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail w.1 The Church of the Epiphany "Carpets, cushions, and hymnbooks were packed away... ambulances began to stop... lastly come the surgeons...." -- Margaret Leech, Reveille in Washington Church spires dominated the skyline of the city of Washington at the time of the Civil War, symbolizing the importance of houses of worship in the religious, social and political life of the nation's capital. While Washington still claims an extraordinary number of historic downtown churches, the Church of the Epiphany is the only original pre-Civil War downtown church building to survive. Its walls were witness to the suffering of the wounded soldiers for whom it was a temporary hospital. Here, as in other churches, planks were laid on top of the pews to make a platform for the beds. Episcopalians founded the Church of the Epiphany in 1842. By the time of the Civil War, it was located in a residential neighborhood of strong Southern sympathies. Washington, although the capital of the Union, was a Southern city, carved originally from the states of Maryland and Virginia. Many Washington residents had family and friends in the South, and brothers and sisters and husbands and wives and wives often held conflicting loyalties. Even First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln had three brothers fighting for the Confederacy. Northerners accused the city of being "Secesh," short for secessionist. At one time, Senator Jefferson Davis, who became the president of the Confederacy, lived nearby and was an Epiphany member. Senator Judah P. Benjamin, later Davis's attorney general, and Senator Robert Toombs, who became Davis's secretary of state, lived on then-fashionable F Street one block over from the church. The Reverend Charles Hall, Epiphany's rector, balanced his Southern sympathies with loyalty to the Union. He was so persuasive about his loyalty in a meeting with Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton that the latter began to attend worship services at Epiphany on a regular basis, using the former pew of Jefferson Davis. With Stanton as an example, many Union generals, too, began to attend Epiphany. President Lincoln himself came here for the funeral of General Frederick Lander of the Army of the Army of the Potomac.
114. TRCWCR_181224_018.JPG: The Reverend Charles H. Hall and The Church of the Epiphany about 1860. New York Avenue Presbyterian Church is in the background. (The Church of the Epiphany.)
115. TRCWCR_181224_021.JPG: The Reverend Charles H. Hall and The Church of the Epiphany about 1860. New York Avenue Presbyterian Church is in the background. (The Church of the Epiphany.)
116. TRCWCR_181224_026.JPG: "Carpets, cushions, and hymnbooks were packed away... ambulances began to stop... lastly come the surgeons...." -- Margaret Leech, Reveille in Washington
117. TRCWCR_181224_029.JPG: 1400 block of F Street, left, in the fashionable residential neighborhood near The Church of the Epiphany. In the background is the U.S. Treasury. Future Confederate officials who lived in the area included Jefferson Davis and his wife, Varina Howell, below, who attended the church, and Judah P. Benjamin, who later served as Davis's attorney general. (Library of Congress.)
118. TRCWCR_181224_032.JPG: Jefferson Davis and his wife, Varina Howell
119. TRCWCR_181224_035.JPG: Judah P. Benjamin, who later served as Davis's attorney general
120. TRCWCR_181224_039.JPG: Southern sympathizers leave the capital for friendlier locations. (The Historical Society of Washington, D.C.)
121. TRCWCR_181224_048.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail The Civil War (1861 - 1865) transformed Washington, DC from a muddy backwater to a center of national power. Ever since, the city has been at the heart of the continuing struggle to realize fully the ideas for which the war was fought. The 25 signs that mark this trail follow the footsteps of Abraham Lincoln, Walt Whitman, Clara Barton, Frederick Douglas, and others, famous and humble, who shaped a nation and its capital city while living and working in historic downtown DC. Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail is an Official Washington, DC Walking Trail. The self-guided tour consists of three distinct loops: West, Center, and East. Each one-mile loop offers about an hour of gentle exercise. A free booklet capturing the trail's highlights is available at local businesses and institutions along the way. To download the free Civil War to Civil Rights Audio Tour, and learn about other DC neighborhoods, please visit www.CuturalTourismDC.org.
122. TRCWCR_181224_052.JPG: John Wilkes Booth and others plotted the assassination of President Lincoln in the building seen here at the far left, at that time a hotel called the Herndon House. It once stood on the corner straight ahead. The camera is pointed west down F Street in this 1880s view.
123. TRCWCR_181224_055.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail .6 John Wilkes Booth's Escape "My brother saw Booth as he came down the alley and turned into F Street." -- Henry Davis, 1901 Twelve-year-old Henry Davis and his brother often looked out the back window of their Ninth Street home before they went to bed. They were fascinated by the comings and goings of actors and stagehands at the rear of Ford's Theatre, at the other end of the alley on 10th Street. On the evening of April 14, 1865, Henry went to bed early, but his brother stayed up and was a witness to history. He saw a man limp from the back door of the theater, struggle onto a horse being held for him, and dash down the alley toward F Street. It was the famous actor and Confederate supporter John Wilkes Booth, the matinee idol of his day. He had just shot President Lincoln as he sat in his box, watching Our American Cousin. Booth had been trying to capture the president for months. Now the plan was to murder Mr. Lincoln, but this plan had come together only hours before. At six p.m., Booth and his co-conspirators met at the Herndon House, which once stood just steps from this alley on the corner of Ninth and F, where the Courtyard by Marriott hotel is today. There it was agreed that Booth's fellow conspirator Lewis Powell would kill Secretary of State Seward, and George Azerodt would kill Vice President Johnson. Booth took Lincoln for himself. Azerodt's will apparently failed him. Powell severely wounded Seward. But Booth's bullet hit home. The full story is told at Ford's Theatre around the Corner on Tenth Street and in the Petersen House across the street where Lincoln died at 7:22 the next morning. Booth would be apprehended and killed in a Virginia tobacco shed 12 days later.
124. TRCWCR_181224_061.JPG: John Wilkes Booth escaped down the alley next to this sign after shooting President Lincoln at Ford's Theatre
125. TRCWCR_181224_066.JPG: "My brother saw Booth as he came down the alley and turned into F Street." -- Henry Davis, 1901
126. TRCWCR_181224_069.JPG: An artist's 1880s rendering of the alley stage entrance to Ford's Theatre.
127. TRCWCR_181224_073.JPG: Ford's Theatre looms over a muddy Tenth Street as it looked the day after Lincoln's assassination. The restored theater is just around the corner on Tenth near E Street.
128. TRCWCR_181224_085.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail The Civil War (1861 - 1865) transformed Washington, DC from a muddy backwater to a center of national power. Ever since, the city has been at the heart of the continuing struggle to realize fully the ideas for which the war was fought. The 25 signs that mark this trail follow the footsteps of Abraham Lincoln, Walt Whitman, Clara Barton, Frederick Douglas, and others, famous and humble, who shaped a nation and its capital city while living and working in historic downtown DC. Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail is an Official Washington, DC Walking Trail. The self-guided tour consists of three distinct loops: West, Center, and East. Each one-mile loop offers about an hour of gentle exercise. A free booklet capturing the trail's highlights is available at local businesses and institutions along the way. To download the free Civil War to Civil Rights Audio Tour, and learn about other DC neighborhoods, please visit www.CuturalTourismDC.org.
129. TRCWCR_181224_088.JPG: Broad awnings shade a busy F Street in the late 19th century, seen here looking west toward the U.S. Treasury building.
130. TRCWCR_181224_091.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail .5 Abraham Lincoln Walked Here "Tonight, beautiful women, perfumes, and the violins' sweetness... ... [contrast with the war-time] groan, and the glassy eye of the dying." -- Walt Whitman, March 1864 At 10:30 p.m. on March 4, 1865, a tired and gaunt President Lincoln arrived at this site, his wife Mary in white lace and silk with purple and white flowers in her hair. The ball celebrating his second inaugural was being held in the Grand Hall on the top floor of the Patent Office next to where you stand (today a Smithsonian Museum). It was a bittersweet affair. Union victory was in sight, but the ravages of war weighed heavily on the president, and were reflected in his weary, weathered face. He left before the midnight supper, never being one for social occasions. In six weeks he would be gone, felled by an assassin's bullet at Ford's Theatre just two blocks from here. Lincoln would have come this way often. The Patent Office and the General Post Office Building, facing it across F Street, were the two most important federal buildings to be built after the White House and the Capitol. Both buildings were designed in part by Robert Mills, the architect of the Washington Monument and the U.S. Treasury, and were partially complete by the time Lincoln came to Washington as a one-term congressman from Illinois in 1848. They towered over the little two- and three-story shops and homes around them. In one of these small buildings adjacent to the Post Office, Samuel B. Morse ran the nation's first telegraph office. During the Civil War, this street would have been the scene of intense activity. The Post Office doubled as a food commissary. The Patent Office, scene of Lincoln's second inaugural ball, had been a hospital. The poet Walt Whitman, who nurse the wounded there, witnessed it all and recorded the dramatic contrasts.
131. TRCWCR_181224_095.JPG: Lincoln's second inaugural ball was held in the Patent Office, now a Smithsonian museum.
132. TRCWCR_181224_101.JPG: "Bill of Fare of the Presidential Inauguration Ball ..."
133. TRCWCR_181224_103.JPG: Walt Whitman, about 1860
134. TRCWCR_181224_106.JPG: The Patent Office, seen in 1848, towered over the neighborhood
135. TRCWCR_181224_109.JPG: Samuel B. Morse ran the nation's first telegraph office on this block.
136. TRCWCR_181224_112.JPG: A drawing of the Old Post Office Building about 1843 when only the section facing F Street was complete. A corner of the Patent Office appears at the left.
137. TRCWCR_181102_01.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail w.5 The United States Treasury Billions for the war, and a bunker for the president The grand, pillared United States Treasury building that stands before you, its first section designed by Robert Mills in 1836, was the financial command center for the Union. It was here between 1861 and 1865 that the Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase raised the unprecedented sum of $2.7 billion to finance the government and the war. Chase issued bonds, instituted internal revenue taxes, printed paper money called "greenbacks" and created the first personal income tax in the United States. He also developed the nation's first system of national banks to provide financial stability - a network that remained in place until our present Federal Reserve System was devised early in the 20th century. Activity swirled around this building throughout the war. The 5th Massachusetts camped out here, cooking in the courtyard, and the basement became a bunker for the president and his cabinet in case of Confederate attack. It was here, also, that the federal government, of necessity, hired large numbers of women for the first time. These "lady clerks," as they were called, trimmed by hand the huge sheets of paper greenbacks invented by Secretary Chase. In 1863, the Treasury Building provided the setting for an experiment devised by President Lincoln. Here all loyal slave owners in the District of Columbia were paid to free their slaves - a model never carried out anywhere else in the country.
138. TRCWCR_181102_08.JPG: Secretary Chase hired "lady clerks" to hand cut his new greenbacks
139. TRCWCR_181102_12.JPG: Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase's restored office.
140. TRCWCR_181102_15.JPG: This 1862 political cartoon pictures Treasury Secretary Chase as "bleeding" funds from a willing United States. At this time, a common method of treating illness was to drain some of the patient's blood.
141. TRCWCR_181102_20.JPG: Treasury's north front under construction, 1867
142. TRCWCR_181102_28.JPG: Blanche K. Bruce, a U.S. senator from Mississippi, later served President James A. Garfield as the first African American Register of the Treasury. Born a slave, Bruce exemplified the civil rights gains made by African Americans as a result of the war and Reconstruction.
143. TRCWCR_181102_36.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail The Civil War (1861 - 1865) transformed Washington, DC from a muddy backwater to a center of national power. Ever since, the city has been at the heart of the continuing struggle to realize fully the ideas for which the war was fought. The 25 signs that mark this trail follow the footsteps of Abraham Lincoln, Walt Whitman, Clara Barton, Frederick Douglass, and others, famous and humble, who shaped a nation and its capital city while living and working in historic downtown DC. Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail is an Official Washington, DC Walking Trail. The self-guided tour consists of three distinct loops: West, Center, and East. Each one-mile loop offers about an hour of gentle exercise. A free booklet capturing the trail's highlights is available at local businesses and institutions along the way. To download the free Civil War to Civil Rights Audio Tour, and learn about other DC neighborhoods, please visit www.CuturalTourismDC.org.
144. TRCWCR_181102_43.JPG: A team of oxen lugs a Rodman gun across the intersection of 15th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue during the Civil War. Heavy wartime traffic like this played havoc with the city's mostly unpaved streets.
145. TRCWCR_181016_04.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2018_DC_Trails_CW2CR DC Heritage Trails: Civil War to Civil Rights: Downtown Heritage Trail (44 photos from 2018)
  The Civil War to Civil Rights Trail sign had been taken down during the construction of the new law enforcement museum. It was about to be reinstalled.
146. TRCWCR_160323_01.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail The Civil War (1861 - 1865) transformed Washington, DC from a muddy backwater to a center of national power. Ever since, the city has been at the heart of the continuing struggle to realize fully the ideas for which the war was fought. The 25 signs that mark this trail follow the footsteps of Abraham Lincoln, Walt Whitman, Clara Barton, Frederick Douglas, and others, famous and humble, who shaped a nation and its capital city while living and working in historic downtown DC. Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail is an Official Washington, DC Walking Trail. The self-guided tour consists of three distinct loops: West, Center, and East. Each one-mile loop offers about an hour of gentle exercise. A free booklet capturing the trail's highlights is available at local businesses and institutions along the way. To download the free Civil War to Civil Rights Audio Tour, and learn about other DC neighborhoods, please visit www.CuturalTourismDC.org.
147. TRCWCR_160323_05.JPG: All but the tallest of these buildings stood in the 600 block of F Street (site of today's Verizon Center) at the time of Abraham Lincoln. This photograph was taken about 1900.
148. TRCWCR_160323_12.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail .4 The Roots of Freedom and Equality "It is known to you that events have transpired within the last few days, deeply affecting the peace and character of our community." With these words, city officials tried to calm the angry mobs gathering on this corner in April 1848. The crowds blamed the National Era, an abolitionist newspaper located near this sign, for the attempted escape of 77 African American slaves on the ship Pearl. They threatened to destroy the Era's printing press. The editor, Gamaliel Bailey, was one of many anti-slavery activists who made Washington, D.C. a national center for abolitionist activity. He wrote of the irony of slavery in the capital of a nation dedicated to liberty and equality. Tragically, most of the captured slaves were sold and taken south. The mayor and others quelled the potential riot, and the National Era survived. In 1851 and 1852, in a new location just a block and a half south of here, the paper serialized a novel by a little known author named Harriet Beecher Stowe. Her book, Uncle Tom's Cabin, sold 300,000 copies in its first year. The dramatic story intensified sectional rivalries and, many believe, made war inevitable. One hundred years later, on this same block, Charles Hamilton Houston continued the struggle for freedom and equality for African Americans. Houston, a practicing attorney at 615 F Street, and a professor of law at Howard University, taught Thurgood Marshall the legal strategies that led to the 1954 Supreme Court ruling in Brown vs. Board of Education that racial segregation in the schools was unconstitutional. Marshall, later a Supreme Court justice, credited Houston as the person who laid the groundwork for the modern civil rights movement.
149. TRCWCR_160323_18.JPG: Charles Hamilton Houston, left, mentor to the future Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall, below, had an office on this block.
150. TRCWCR_160323_28.JPG: Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin was first published near this spot in serialized form in the National Era.
151. TRCWCR_160323_36.JPG: In 1848 city officials urged an angry mob protesting on this corner to remain calm.
152. TRCWCR_160218_01.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2016_DC_Trails_CW2CR DC Heritage Trails: Civil War to Civil Rights: Downtown Heritage Trail (21 photos from 2016)
  Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail w.3 Asbury United Methodist Church "... watch yourselves closely so that you do not forget the things your eyes have seen..." Stories of slavery and freedom, of struggle and achievement, are woven through the history of this African American congregation. Founded in 1836, by the time of the Civil War Asbury United Methodist Church was the preeminent black church in the city, its membership of 600 making it the largest of 11 African American congregations in Washington. Today, Asbury counts among its members descendants of District slaves who tried a dramatic escape to freedom in 1848 aboard the ship Pearl. Churches were centers of community life for African Americans, who had represented more than one-quarter of the population of the nation's capital since 1800. By 1830, a majority had gained their freedom. Despite "Black Codes" that severely restricted their movements and activities, free African Americans practiced a variety of trades, ran their own businesses, and set up schools. By 1860, free blacks owned property in every quadrant of the city. Asbury United Method Church is the oldest black congregation in the District of Columbia on its original site. The current sanctuary dates from 1915. Since its founding, Asbury's members have played leading roles in the life of the city, and its spiritual, educational, and humanitarian activities have symbolized the efforts of black congregations throughout Washington D.C., to attain equality for the city's many African American communities.
153. TRCWCR_160218_07.JPG: Worship services, above, engage young members with their own Children's Message.
154. TRCWCR_160218_10.JPG: The sculpture at left by Erik Blome honors Asbury Church members Mary Jane and Emily Catherine Edmonson and their brave attempt to escape from slavery in 1848. It was installed in 2010 on Duke St. in Alexandria, Va.
155. TRCWCR_160218_13.JPG: Rev. Matthew Wesley Clair, Sr., left, pastor from 1902 to 1919, became one of the first two African Americans elected bishop in the Methodist Episcopal Church. Rev. Robert Moten Williams, right, increased Asbury's membership from 1,800 to 4,700 during his tenure (1931-1955).
156. TRCWCR_160218_19.JPG: The modern church is politically active, including demanding Civil Rights during the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.
157. TRCWCR_160218_22.JPG: "... teach them to your children and to their children and to their children after them." -- Deuteronomy 4:9 Acclaimed African American photographer Addison Scurlock captured the Asbury congregation on its front steps in 1931.
158. TRCWCR_160218_25.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail The Civil War (1861 - 1865) transformed Washington, DC from a muddy backwater to a center of national power. Ever since, the city has been at the heart of the continuing struggle to realize fully the ideas for which the war was fought. The 25 signs that mark this trail follow the footsteps of Abraham Lincoln, Walt Whitman, Clara Barton, Frederick Douglass, and others, famous and humble, who shaped a nation and its capital city while living and working in historic downtown DC. Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail is an Official Washington, DC Walking Trail. The self-guided tour consists of three distinct loops: West, Center, and East. Each one-mile loop offers about an hour of gentle exercise. A free booklet capturing the trail's highlights is available at local businesses and institutions along the way. To download the free Civil War to Civil Rights Audio Tour, and learn about other DC neighborhoods, please visit www.CuturalTourismDC.org.
159. TRCWCR_160218_28.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail The Civil War (1861 - 1865) transformed Washington, DC from a muddy backwater to a center of national power. Ever since, the city has been at the heart of the continuing struggle to realize fully the ideas for which the war was fought. The 25 signs that mark this trail follow the footsteps of Abraham Lincoln, Walt Whitman, Clara Barton, Frederick Douglass, and others, famous and humble, who shaped a nation and its capital city while living and working in historic downtown DC. Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail is an Official Washington, DC Walking Trail. The self-guided tour consists of three distinct loops: West, Center, and East. Each one-mile loop offers about an hour of gentle exercise. A free booklet capturing the trail's highlights is available at local businesses and institutions along the way. To download the free Civil War to Civil Rights Audio Tour, and learn about other DC neighborhoods, please visit www.CuturalTourismDC.org.
160. TRCWCR_160218_33.JPG: A streetcar races past elegant Franklin Square homes at the corner of 14th and I Streets in the 1880s.
161. TRCWCR_160218_36.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail w.2 Franklin Square "Going into the country" This urban oasis exists because President Andrew Jackson needed water. The site of excellent springs (a rare commodity in the early city when everyone was dependent on private wells), this square was purchased by the federal government in 1832 so that it could pipe fresh water to the White House. It was an arrangement that lasted until 1898, well after the city had a piped water supply from above Great Falls on the Potomac River. In July of 1861, as the nation prepared for war, soldiers of the 12th New York Regiment moved in on the square, still a somewhat lightly settled place on the northern edge of the city. Their flimsy barracks were typical of the temporary quarters thrown up all around the city as northern troops poured into the capital. President Lincoln frequently passed this way going or returning from Anderson Cottage, his summer house on the grounds of the Soldiers' Home. His Secretary of War Edwin M Stanton lived on the northern side of the square at 1323 K Street, and the president was sometimes seen in his open carriage parked in the street conversing with Stanton. Now and then, the president's eye was drawn to Union troops playing baseball in the square across the street. With the rapid growth of the population after the war, Franklin Square continued to attract the city's elite. Mrs. John Sherman, wife of the Secretary of the Treasury in the administration of Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881), described her move to a new house in the area as "going into the country." Future president James A. Garfield lived in a house on the northeast corner of 13th and I Streets while serving in the House of Representatives. Franklin School, completed in 1869, stands as the only remaining vestige of this fashionable community. Designed by prominent architect Adolph Cluss, its elegant combination of Gothic, Romanesque Revival, and Second Empire styles is testimony to the pride the city took in its public school system. Its design and the city's educational programs won prizes in Vienna in 1873, in Philadelphia in 1876, and in Paris in 1878. Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone who lived in Washington, transmitted the first wireless message from Franklin School to his nearby laboratory on L Street in 1880. It was an experiment whose potential went unrealized until today's telecommunications revolution.
162. TRCWCR_160218_45.JPG: The elegant Franklin School provided a grand setting for the experiments of Alexander Graham Bell.
163. TRCWCR_160218_48.JPG: The elegant Franklin School provided a grand setting for the experiments of Alexander Graham Bell.
164. TRCWCR_160218_54.JPG: In 1866 Franklin Square was the setting of an Emancipation Day celebration.
165. TRCWCR_160218_60.JPG: The corner of 14th and I Streets at Franklin Square in the 1880s, then a fashionable residential neighborhood.
166. TRCWCR_160218_72.JPG: Franklin Square provided a campground for the 12th New York Infantry Regiment during the Civil War.
167. TRCWCR_150827_01.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail w.7 Freedom Plaza "I have a dream." -- Martin Luther King, Jr. August 1963 The block-long plaza at 13th and Pennsylvania Avenue just ahead to your left honors civil rights leader Martin Luther King with the name Freedom Plaza. King completed his historic "I Have a Dream" speech in the Willard Hotel adjacent to the plaza, before delivering it to a crowd of 200,000 at the Lincoln Memorial. Freedom Plaza also recalls Washington's first city planner, Major Pierre L'Enfant, with a partial image of his 1791 plan for the city inscribed on its surface. L'Enfant envisioned Pennsylvania Avenue as a great ceremonial street, the symbolic link between the Capitol (which he called the Congress's House) and the White House (which he called the President's House). Freedom Plaza's Open space reinforces this symbolic connection, despite the fact that the Treasury Building blocks the view of the White House, the site a result of a questionable decision in 1836 by President Andrew Jackson. Directly across Freedom Plaza is the John A. Wilson Building, home of the government of the District of Columbia. The building was constructed in 1904 when the city was governed by three presidentially appointed commissioners. In 1974, the city regained the elected mayor and city council it had had before the Civil War, the result of a vigorous local campaign for "home rule." The building is named for the late council chair, John A. Wilson, a champion of equal rights for D.C. citizens. The National Theater whose marquee is visible straight ahead, has presented live theater on this spot since 1835. Rebuilt to meet the tastes of each generation, the historic "Theater of the Presidents" has entertained every First Family since its doors first opened. President Lincoln and his family attended this theater many times, and on the evening of the President's assassination at Ford's Theater, his son, Tad, was attending a performance here.
168. TRCWCR_150827_09.JPG: Pierre L'Enfant's grand plan for the new federal city. A partial replica is embedded in the paving of Freedom Plaza.
169. TRCWCR_150827_14.JPG: The District of Columbia Government is housed in the Beaux-Arts building across the avenue. Seen here in an early 20th-century photo, the structure was for years known as the District Building until it was renamed the John A. Wilson Building in honor of the city's late council chairman, above.
170. TRCWCR_150827_19.JPG: The District of Columbia Government is housed in the Beaux-Arts building across the avenue. Seen here in an early 20th-century photo, the structure was for years known as the District Building until it was renamed the John A. Wilson Building in honor of the city's late council chairman, above.
171. TRCWCR_150827_22.JPG: The Washington Post, seen here about 1917, once stood in the 1300 block of E Street.
172. TRCWCR_150827_25.JPG: The National Theatre, one-half block behind you, looked like this during the Civil War. Lincoln's son Tad was attending a play here when the president was shot at Ford's Theatre, just three blocks away.
173. TRCWCR_150619_01.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail e.2 Ending Slavery in Washington To your right at the end of Indiana Avenue is Washington's first City Hall/Courthouse. Across Sixth Street is the H. Carl Moultrie I Courthouse, a successor to the original courthouse. The Old City Hall/Courthouse opened in 1822, with offices for the mayor, city administrators, and federal courts. Today it is the city's third-oldest public building, after the White House and the Capitol. The City Hall/Courthouse witnessed key events in abolition history. In 1848 abolitionist Daniel Drayton faced trial here for larceny and illegally transporting slaves. Months earlier, Drayton had been captured along with 77 African Americans attempting to escape slavery aboard his schooner, Pearl. Drayton was found guilty and served jail time, but was pardoned in 1852. The National Park Service later cited this case when it added the City Hall/Courthouse to its National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom. On April 16, 1862, during the Civil War, President Lincoln signed the DC Emancipation Act, freeing DC's enslaved people. The law established an experiment called "compensated emancipation," reimbursing slave owners for their human property. Owners came to the City Hall/Courthouse, where three commissioners had the ugly task of putting a monetary value on human life (up to $300 per person). Later President Lincoln did not offer compensation when his Emancipation Proclamation declared the enslaved people of the rebellious states to be free in January 1863.
174. TRCWCR_150619_05.JPG: Seen here in 1835, the slave house of J.W. Neal & Co at Seventh St. south of the National Mall was a center of the District slave trade.
175. TRCWCR_150619_08.JPG: Daniel Drayton, left, captain of the ill-fated Pearl. The Edmonson sisters (in plaid shawls) attempted to escape on the Pearl, were sold back into slavery, then rescued by family members. In this 1850 photo, above, they appeared at an abolition meeting with a young Frederick Douglass.
176. TRCWCR_150619_11.JPG: With this document, DC resident Margaret Barber requested reimbursement after freeing these African Americans from slavery, 1862.
177. TRCWCR_150619_19.JPG: H. Carl Moultrie I (1915-1986), above, first African American chief judge of the DC Superior Court. At left, workmen finish the Moultrie Courthouse skylight, 1976.
178. TRCWCR_150619_20.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail The Civil War (1861 - 1865) transformed Washington, DC from a muddy backwater to a center of national power. Ever since, the city has been at the heart of the continuing struggle to realize fully the ideas for which the war was fought. The 25 signs that mark this trail follow the footsteps of Abraham Lincoln, Walt Whitman, Clara Barton, Frederick Douglas, and others, famous and humble, who shaped a nation and its capital city while living and working in historic downtown DC. Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail is an Official Washington, DC Walking Trail. The self-guided tour consists of three distinct loops: West, Center, and East. Each one-mile loop offers about an hour of gentle exercise. A free booklet capturing the trail's highlights is available at local businesses and institutions along the way. To download the free Civil War to Civil Rights Audio Tour, and learn about other DC neighborhoods, please visit www.CuturalTourismDC.org.
179. TRCWCR_150619_27.JPG: This drawing for architect George Hadfield's Greek Revival style City Hall/Courthouse, to your left along Indiana Avenue,includes a dome that was never built. - Library of Congress.
180. TRCWCR_150618_01.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail The Civil War (1861 - 1865) transformed Washington, DC from a muddy backwater to a center of national power. Ever since, the city has been at the heart of the continuing struggle to realize fully the ideas for which the war was fought. The 25 signs that mark this trail follow the footsteps of Abraham Lincoln, Walt Whitman, Clara Barton, Frederick Douglass, and others, famous and humble, who shaped a nation and its capital city while living and working in historic downtown DC. Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail is an Official Washington, DC Walking Trail. The self-guided tour consists of three distinct loops: West, Center, and East. Each one-mile loop offers about an hour of gentle exercise. A free booklet capturing the trail's highlights is available at local businesses and institutions along the way. To download the free Civil War to Civil Rights Audio Tour, and learn about other DC neighborhoods, please visit www.CuturalTourismDC.org.
181. TRCWCR_150618_05.JPG: The line at the Municipal Building to buy new automobile license plates, 1943.
182. TRCWCR_150618_10.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail e.5 Building Out the Square The great depression (1929-1941) meant economic catastrophe for millions of Americans, but in Washington it meant a building boom as the Federal Government staffed up to the end the economic crisis. In 1931 alone Congress approved new government buildings and schools, street paving, bridges, and sewers Thousands found badly needed work. By this time, the Old City Hall/Courthouse had lost most of its DC government functions. The city's commissioners, police and fire chiefs, and engineers had moved to the 1908 District Building (now the John A. Wilson Building) on Pennsylvania Avenue. But as the city needed more offices, planners looked again at Judiciary Square. By 1943, the Judiciary Square courthouses and offices you can see from here were complete. Municipal architect Nathan C. Wyeth designed the 1941 Art Deco style Municipal Center across Indiana Avenue for the police and fire departments' headquarters and other agencies. For Judiciary Square, Wyeth designed three courthouses to harmonize with the Old City Hall; the Juvenile Court at 409 E. Street, and the Police and Municipal Courts framing today's National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial. One Judiciary Square, across Fourth Street, became DC's city hall between 1992 and 2001, while the District Building on Pennsylvania Avenue underwent renovation. In 2007, as part of Mayor Adrian Fenty's "Greening the District" program, the building received a green roof. The Francis Perkins U.S. Department of Labor building, ahead of you along D Street, honors President Franklin D. Roosevelt's secretary of labor, the first woman Cabinet member and the principal architect of the Social Security Acct and other worker protections.
183. TRCWCR_150618_14.JPG: The Municipal Court Building (now Superior Court-B), under construction on Fourth and E Sts., 1939
184. TRCWCR_150618_19.JPG: These rowhouses once occupied the site of One Judiciary Square
185. TRCWCR_150618_22.JPG: DC municipal architect Nathan Wyeth, center, explains the new Municipal Center's switchboard, 1941.
186. TRCWCR_150618_25.JPG: At right, commissioners inspect the new Cosmetology Operators Examination Room.
187. TRCWCR_150618_27.JPG: Labor Secretary Frances Perkins, with Sen. Hugo Black, left, and Rep. William P. Connery, Jr. testified to Congress in favor of abolishing child labor. June 1937.
188. TRCWCR_150618_33.JPG: President Jimmy Carter renames the Department of Labor building to honor Frances Perkins, 1980.
189. TRCWCR_150618_36.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail e.6 A Courthouse Reborn The old City Hall/Courthouse endured hard use, was abandoned, and then was transformed. In 2009 it re-opened as the DC Court of Appeals, redesigned by Beyer Blinder Belle Architects & Planners, which modernized the interior while preserving its historic features. A graceful glass atrium defined the new main entrance, and the limestone walls gleamed. A grand new ceremonial courtroom was constructed beneath the south lawn. The Court of Appeals now stands among other dignified courthouses. But in 1822, when the mayor and council moved into the new City Hall, their neighbors were the hastily built Washington County poorhouse, the Washington Jail, and eventually the Washington Infirmary, providing medical care to the poor. The jail was especially bleak, confirming criminals and debtors together with the insane. In addition the cells held fugitives from slavery, enslaved people, and free African Americans who had broken one of the Black Codes that governed their lives until DC emancipation in 1862. For example, African Americans could not be on the street past curfew without a permit. The city required all free African Americans to register and have a white sponsor. By the 1870s the poorhouse and infirmary were long gone. The reviled Washington Jail was finally razed in 1878 after the new jail was built near the Anacostia River. In their wake, the city commissioners transformed the landscape of the tears into a beautiful city park, with curving paths, a watchman's lodge, and a marble fountain. In 1991 the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial opened where the park had been.
190. TRCWCR_150618_44.JPG: The 1908 photo at left shows the peeling City Hall/Courthouse with a north portico, which soon fell to a renovation. Today's glass pavilion is a modern interpretation of the original portico.
191. TRCWCR_150618_47.JPG: Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper published this expose of the Washington Jail in 1861, below. The same year the Washington Infirmary burned as illustrated in Harper's Weekly.
192. TRCWCR_150618_57.JPG: Years before the Law Enforcement Officers Memorial was built just north of this sign, this quiet city park occupied its site.
193. TRCWCR_150618_59.JPG: Superior Court Building A, across E Street towards Fifty Street, opened as DC Police Court in 1938. City officials tours its new, modern holding cells, above.
194. TRCWCR_150618_66.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail The Civil War (1861 - 1865) transformed Washington, DC from a muddy backwater to a center of national power. Ever since, the city has been at the heart of the continuing struggle to realize fully the ideas for which the war was fought. The 25 signs that mark this trail follow the footsteps of Abraham Lincoln, Walt Whitman, Clara Barton, Frederick Douglass, and others, famous and humble, who shaped a nation and its capital city while living and working in historic downtown DC. Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail is an Official Washington, DC Walking Trail. The self-guided tour consists of three distinct loops: West, Center, and East. Each one-mile loop offers about an hour of gentle exercise. A free booklet capturing the trail's highlights is available at local businesses and institutions along the way. To download the free Civil War to Civil Rights Audio Tour, and learn about other DC neighborhoods, please visit www.CuturalTourismDC.org.
195. TRCWCR_150618_69.JPG: The new, underground ceremonial courtroom for the DC Court of Appeals
196. TRCWCR_150615_01.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail e.10 Chinatown dragons to bring rain, prosperity and friendship More than 280 dragons, crowned by 700 glazed tiles, look down from the Chinatown Friendship Archway before you. Symbols of the spirits that bring rain and prosperity in China, these painted and carved dragons are fitted together like a giant jigsaw puzzle in the ancient Chinese building tradition of "gong" balancing. Seven roofs of weighing nine tons each are cantilevered, with no nails almost 50 feet above the street. This is the largest single-span Chinese archway in the world, designed by Chinese-born Washington architect Alfred Liu and erected in 1986. A joint project of the governments of Washington, D.C., and and its sister city, Beijing, it marks the entrance to Washington's Chinatown in a statement of international friendship. Chinese and American craftsmen worked side by side to construct it. The Chinese community in Washington dates back to the 1880s, when the first immigrants settled along Pennsylvania Avenue between Third and Sixth Streets. Forced out by construction of the Federal Triangle in the 1930s, the community relocated here with the help of the On Leong Chinese Merchants Association into homes once occupied by an earlier German and Jewish immigrant population. Some of the city's oldest pre-Civil War buildings, with flat roofs and sloped roofs, can still be seen beneath the neighborhood's colorful Chinese facades. While many Chinese have left the area for newer homes in the city and suburbs, the community is dedicated to preserving a slice of Chinese culture downtown. Calvary Baptist Church on Eighth and H, the first to create a Chinese Sunday School here, is still involved with the community, and St. Mary's Catholic Church near Fifth and H, has regular Masses in Cantonese. Chinese symbols and signs preserve the spirit of this special place, and residents of the metropolitan area flock to the annual Chinese New Year's dragon parade.
197. TRCWCR_150615_07.JPG: Calvary Baptist Church nearby at Eighth and H Streets, as photographed by Matthew Brady just after the Civil War, started the first Chinese Sunday School. Below right, its alter is decorated for a national celebration.
198. TRCWCR_150615_12.JPG: Celebrating Chinese New Year
199. TRCWCR_150615_15.JPG: Behind the Chinese decorations in this neighborhood can be found the 19th-century building styles of an earlier residential community.
200. TRCWCR_150615_20.JPG: Because of restrictive U.S. immigration laws, Washington's original Chinese community was all male. The men formed strong organizations such as the On Leong Chinese Merchants Association, for mutual aid and companionship. The association was housed for many years in this building at 518 Eighth Street, now a Chinese restaurant.
201. TRCWCR_150615_24.JPG: The commercial buildings pictured are still standing across the street from marker, amidst new development north of the Verizon Center.
202. TRCWCR_150613_002.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2015_DC_Trails_CW2CR DC Heritage Trails: Civil War to Civil Rights: Downtown Heritage Trail (69 photos from 2015)
  Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail e.1 Chief Justice John Marshall A bronze likeness of Chief Justice John Marshall, visible on your way to the next Heritage Trail sign, keeps watch over John Marshall Park to your right. Marshall is remembered for molding the U.S. Supreme Court into today's authoritative body. Appointed by President John Adams, Marshall served a record 34 years until his death in 1835. He participated in more than 1,000 decisions, including the 1803 Marbury v. Madison, which defined the court's authority to declare "unconstitutional" laws passed by Congress. John Marshall Park replaced John Marshall Place (originally 4� Street), a few blocks of small shops and law offices that once linked Washington's first City Hall/Courthouse with Pennsylvania Avenue. The monumental buildings and sweeping views here along Pennsylvania Avenue are the result of city planner Peter C. (a.k.a. Pierre) L'Enfant's grand 1791 vision for the Nation's Capital. But in the early 1800s, when Congress met only a few months annually, this stretch of Washington's main street was known as "Hash Row," lined with boarding houses and hotels serving members of Congress and individuals doing business with the Federal Government. Guests at Elizabeth Peyton's boarding house on this spot included Chief Justice Marshall and Senator Henry Clay. A number of photographers recorded city business and ceremonial life here as well. C.M. Bell's studio of the late 1800s rivaled Mathew Brady's for portraits of Washington notables and distinguished visitors. Bell became known especially for photographing hundreds of American Indians in town for treaty negotiations.
203. TRCWCR_150613_011.JPG: The bunting-draped hotel at left replaced a "Hash Row" boarding house on the corner of Pennsylvania Ave. and 4 � St., approximately on this spot. Sen. Henry Clay, upper right, once boarded there. The United States Hotel, once one block east of here, advertised reasonable rates around 1880.
204. TRCWCR_150613_014.JPG: Lawyer John Barthel, below, lived and worked at John Marshall Place, left, (now John Marshall Park) around 1906.
205. TRCWCR_150613_020.JPG: Photographer C.M. Bell's portrait of Fire Lightning, right, and his studio's logo, above.
206. TRCWCR_150613_026.JPG: This creative concept for paving Pennsylvania Ave. captures buildings that existed in 1853, including the National Hotel at left, which once occupied the corner of Sixth St. where the Newseum is today. The Capitol's original, modest dome is seen at center.
207. TRCWCR_150613_028.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail The Civil War (1861 - 1865) transformed Washington, DC from a muddy backwater to a center of national power. Ever since, the city has been at the heart of the continuing struggle to realize fully the ideas for which the war was fought. The 25 signs that mark this trail follow the footsteps of Abraham Lincoln, Walt Whitman, Clara Barton, Frederick Douglas, and others, famous and humble, who shaped a nation and its capital city while living and working in historic downtown DC. Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail is an Official Washington, DC Walking Trail. The self-guided tour consists of three distinct loops: West, Center, and East. Each one-mile loop offers about an hour of gentle exercise. A free booklet capturing the trail's highlights is available at local businesses and institutions along the way. To download the free Civil War to Civil Rights Audio Tour, and learn about other DC neighborhoods, please visit www.CuturalTourismDC.org.
208. TRCWCR_150613_030.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail The Civil War (1861 - 1865) transformed Washington, DC from a muddy backwater to a center of national power. Ever since, the city has been at the heart of the continuing struggle to realize fully the ideas for which the war was fought. The 25 signs that mark this trail follow the footsteps of Abraham Lincoln, Walt Whitman, Clara Barton, Frederick Douglass, and others, famous and humble, who shaped a nation and its capital city while living and working in historic downtown DC. Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail is an Official Washington, DC Walking Trail. The self-guided tour consists of three distinct loops: West, Center, and East. Each one-mile loop offers about an hour of gentle exercise. A free booklet capturing the trail's highlights is available at local businesses and institutions along the way. To download the free Civil War to Civil Rights Audio Tour, and learn about other DC neighborhoods, please visit www.CuturalTourismDC.org.
209. TRCWCR_150613_035.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail The Civil War (1861 - 1865) transformed Washington, DC from a muddy backwater to a center of national power. Ever since, the city has been at the heart of the continuing struggle to realize fully the ideas for which the war was fought. The 25 signs that mark this trail follow the footsteps of Abraham Lincoln, Walt Whitman, Clara Barton, Frederick Douglass, and others, famous and humble, who shaped a nation and its capital city while living and working in historic downtown DC. Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail is an Official Washington, DC Walking Trail. The self-guided tour consists of three distinct loops: West, Center, and East. Each one-mile loop offers about an hour of gentle exercise. A free booklet capturing the trail's highlights is available at local businesses and institutions along the way. To download the free Civil War to Civil Rights Audio Tour, and learn about other DC neighborhoods, please visit www.CuturalTourismDC.org.
210. TRCWCR_150613_038.JPG: These buildings once stood on Indiana Ave., at the corner of John Marshall Pl., where today's Moultrie Courthouse stands.
211. TRCWCR_150613_041.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail e.4 Sitting in Judgment This imposing, Greek Revival style structure was designed by George Hadfield as Washington's first City Hall/Courthouse. Throughout its history, the building has housed the local and federal courts for DC, presided over by judges appointed by the U.S. president with the consent of the U.S. Senate. In 1874 Congress took over city operations, ending home rule. DC lost the right to elect a mayor and city council. The courts and municipal offices remained in the mayor-less City Hall. For nearly a century, until limited home rule was restored, three commissioners appointed by the U.S. president ran the city. As part of steps to return home rule to the city in 1970, Congress reorganized DC's judicial system. It removed local cases from federal jurisdiction and created the Superior Court of the District of Columbia to hear everything from traffic violations to criminal matters. The Superior Court's Family Division moved into the Old City Hall/Courthouse. An expanded DC Court of Appeals became the District's court of last resort. In 1999 the worn-out courthouse closed to await rehabilitation. Ten years later, after extensive renovation, the building re-opened as the DC Court of Appeals. Some of the most noteworthy trials in our city's history have taken place here. In 1867 John Surratt faced trial for conspiring with John Wilkes Booth to kill President Lincoln. Surratt was acquitted after testifying that, when the assassination occurred, he was in New York on a Confederate spying mission. Charles Guiteau fared worse. In 1882, despite evidence of insanity, Guiteau was convicted of mortally wounding President James Garfield. He received the death penalty.
212. TRCWCR_150613_046.JPG: In the foreground of this post-Civil War photo of Old City Hall is a platform for the boarding a horse-drawn carriage. The street was still unpaved.
213. TRCWCR_150613_049.JPG: Acquitted Lincoln conspirator John Surratt, photographed in the uniform of the Papal guard.
214. TRCWCR_150613_054.JPG: The scene at the Baltimore and Potomac train station on the Mall where Charles Guiteau morally wounded President James Garfield, 1881.
215. TRCWCR_150613_057.JPG: Abolitionist and U.S. Marshall Frederick Douglass receives visitors in his City Hall office. He also served here as the appointed DC recorder of deeds.
216. TRCWCR_150613_065.JPG: Lott Flannery's Lincoln statue, originally atop a 35-foot pedestal, was paid for by DC residents and dedicated in 1868 as the nation's first public Lincoln memorial.
217. TRCWCR_150613_070.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail The Civil War (1861 - 1865) transformed Washington, DC from a muddy backwater to a center of national power. Ever since, the city has been at the heart of the continuing struggle to realize fully the ideas for which the war was fought. The 25 signs that mark this trail follow the footsteps of Abraham Lincoln, Walt Whitman, Clara Barton, Frederick Douglass, and others, famous and humble, who shaped a nation and its capital city while living and working in historic downtown DC. Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail is an Official Washington, DC Walking Trail. The self-guided tour consists of three distinct loops: West, Center, and East. Each one-mile loop offers about an hour of gentle exercise. A free booklet capturing the trail's highlights is available at local businesses and institutions along the way. To download the free Civil War to Civil Rights Audio Tour, and learn about other DC neighborhoods, please visit www.CuturalTourismDC.org.
218. TRCWCR_150613_074.JPG: Trinity Episcopal Church, now demolished, shares the skyline with the unfinished Capitol during the Civil War. It was one of many churches in this neighborhood at the time. (The Historical Society of Washington, D.C.)
219. TRCWCR_150613_077.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail e.3 Senator Daniel Webster "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable," -- Senator Daniel Webster, January 1830. Senator Daniel Webster, eloquent advocate for the preservation of the Union and a political giant in pre-Civil War America, lived and worked here. His home and office buildings, now demolished, were similar to the two surviving pre-Civil War buildings alongside this sign. Wester's buildings began where the ally is today, stretching to the west. In the mid-19th century this was a fashionable neighborhood of fine homes and magnificent churches within easy walking distance to the Capitol and near Washington's City Hall/Courthouse. Webster's unmatched speaking ability helped bring about the Compromise of 1850. The compromise helped delay the Civil War for about ten years and ended the notorious slave trade in District of Columbia. But at the same time strengthened the fugitive slave law that compelled citizens to help capture and return individuals fleeing slavery. In 1850, at 69 years of age and near the end of his life, Webster made his last great speech on the floor of the Senate in defense of the Union. He filed the galleries with spectators, many of whom were Washingtonians who regularly attended the entertaining and educational congressional debates. Webster likely developed his arguments here in his office. Among the dignitaries who lived nearby were Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri, John C. Calhoun, vice president under President John Quincy Adams; and Salmon P. Chase, President Lincoln's secretary of the Treasury. President Lincoln attended the wedding of Kate Chase in the family home at Sixth and D Streets, now demolished. Lincoln attended the wedding of Chase's daughter Kate at the family home at Sixth and E Streets, now demolished. In Webster's day, the First Unitarian Church of Washington stood at the corner of Sixth and D. The Unitarians were among the city's loudest anti-slavery voices. When they tolled the church bell endlessly the day abolitionist John Brown was executed in 1859, the city ordered the bell silenced for good. The former Recorder of Deeds building now occupies the church site.
220. TRCWCR_150613_082.JPG: Senator Daniel Webster, above, speaks in the U.S. Senate. He lived and worked in the buildings pictured at left (Photo reproduced below) which once stood in this block.
221. TRCWCR_150613_086.JPG: Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase lived in this fashionable home, now demolished, at Sixth and E Streets, below. His daughter Kate married Senator William Sprague in a ceremony at the Chase mansion attended by President Lincoln, right.
222. TRCWCR_150613_091.JPG: The abolitionist First (later All Souls) Unitarian Church, built in 1822, served as a Civil War hospital.
223. TRCWCR_150613_097.JPG: War Department, Washington, D.C. , April 20, 1865 $100,000! THE MURDERER of our late beloved President ABRAHAM LINCOLN IS STILL AT LARGE . . .
224. TRCWCR_150613_107.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail e.9 Mary Surratt's Boarding House "The nest in which the egg was hatched." -- President Andrew Johnson, April 1865. The building at 604 H Street is intimately connected to the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theater, just five blocks from here. During the Civil War, this modest brick house was occupied by Mary Surratt, a Maryland-born widow, who took in boarders. Like many in this Southern history, she was quietly sympathetic to the Confederacy, though living in the capital of the Union. She had a son in the Confederate Army. Another son, John, had become friends with the famous actor, John Wilkes Booth. Booth, it turned out, had been plotting to capture President Lincoln. On April 14, 1865, the plot changed to murder. Booth, one of a famous theatrical family, was the matinee idol of his day. His dashing appearance caused women to swoon, and both men and women were taken with the handsome young man. He attracted co-conspirators, several of whom, including John Surratt, lived in this house. Booth himself visited several times. Although there was never a formal meeting here, President Andrew Johnson reflected a popular belief in calling it "the nest in which the egg was hatched." Three days after the assassination, police came to see Mrs. Surratt. By unlucky chance, Louis Powell, already identified as part of the plot, showed up at the time. The coincidence was enough for the authorities to implicate Mrs. Surratt. She was arrested, tried and hanged with three others at Fort McNair in Southwest Washington on July 7, 1865. Booth escaped to a Virginia tobacco shed, where pursuers found him and shot him to death. John Surratt escaped to Canada and went free. More than a century later, Mary Surratt's guilt continues to be a subject of debate.
225. TRCWCR_150613_113.JPG: A number of the Lincoln conspirators pictured here frequented the Surratt house. Though this image puts Surratt in the center, her guilt is still a subject of debate.
226. TRCWCR_150613_125.JPG: Mary Surratt's boarding house stands to the left in this 1910 photograph; Surratt, right, was hanged as a Lincoln conspirator.
227. TRCWCR_140228_01.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2014_DC_Trails_CW2CR DC Heritage Trails: Civil War to Civil Rights: Downtown Heritage Trail (17 photos from 2014)
  Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail The Civil War (1861 - 1865) transformed Washington, DC from a muddy backwater to a center of national power. Ever since, the city has been at the heart of the continuing struggle to realize fully the ideas for which the war was fought. The 25 signs that mark this trail follow the footsteps of Abraham Lincoln, Walt Whitman, Clara Barton, Frederick Douglass, and others, famous and humble, who shaped a nation and its capital city while living and working in historic downtown DC. Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail is an Official Washington, DC Walking Trail. The self-guided tour consists of three distinct loops: West, Center, and East. Each one-mile loop offers about an hour of gentle exercise. A free booklet capturing the trail's highlights is available at local businesses and institutions along the way. To download the free Civil War to Civil Rights Audio Tour, and learn about other DC neighborhoods, please visit www.CuturalTourismDC.org.
228. TRCWCR_140228_15.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail .3 Clara Barton, Angel of the Battlefield at Home "I have paid the rent of a room in Washington ... retaining it merely as a shelter to which I might return when my strength should fail me under exposure and labor at the field." -- Clara Barton, December 1863. In November 1997, Richard Lyons peered into the dark clutter in the attic of 437 Seventh Street, inspecting the building in preparation for its planned demolition. His eyes settled on a sign, "Missing Soldiers Office, Clara Barton, 3rd Story, Room 9." He had stumbled upon, and saved, the home and office of the Civil War nurse and Red Cross founder, known as the Angel of the Battlefield. It was a time capsule. Room 9 was still stenciled on the door; 19th-century wallpaper hung from the walls in shreds. It was from the spot where you now stand that Barton began her work on the Civil War battlefield in 1862, leaving for the front lines at Antietam atop a supply wagon loaded with donated food and medical supplies. She worked as a copyist in the Patent Office at Ninth and F Streets from 1861 to 1865. As a woman, she could not serve in the Union Army, so she devoted herself to feeding , nursing and comforting thousands of Union wounded in the nation's most costly war, a conflict that took more than 600,000 American lives. After the war, at her own initiative and expense, Barton made her Seventh Street home a headquarters for the search for missing soldiers. She was eventually paid a flat fee of $15,000 by the government for her efforts. Thus she was the first woman to run a federal office. She received more than 63,000 letters of inquiry and wrote 41,855 replies, in the end identifying about 22,000 of 62,000 missing soldiers. Plans are being made to open this building and Clara Barton's rooms to the public. Above: Clara Barton as she looked during the Civil War [and image of sign discovered by Richard Lyons in 1997]. (Library of Congress). "Through the weary years of the war Clara Barton stayed at her post." ([Drawing by] W.M. Allison. Library of Congress.) Below: Seventh and O Streets in 1863 when Clara Barton's office was just a few steps up the street off the left side of the picture. (Library of Congress.)
229. TRCWCR_140228_18.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail e.4 Sitting in Judgment This imposing, Greek Revival style structure was designed by George Hadfield as Washington's first City Hall/Courthouse. Throughout its history, the building has housed the local and federal courts for DC, presided over by judges appointed by the U.S. president with the consent of the U.S. Senate. In 1874 Congress took over city operations, ending home rule. DC lost the right to elect a mayor and city council. The courts and municipal offices remained in the mayor-less City Hall. For nearly a century, until limited home rule was restored, three commissioners appointed by the U.S. president ran the city. As part of steps to return home rule to the city in 1970, Congress reorganized DC's judicial system. It removed local cases from federal jurisdiction and created the Superior Court of the District of Columbia to hear everything from traffic violations to criminal matters. The Superior Court's Family Division moved into the Old City Hall/Courthouse. An expanded DC Court of Appeals became the District's court of last resort. In 1999 the worn-out courthouse closed to await rehabilitation. Ten years later, after extensive renovation, the building re-opened as the DC Court of Appeals. Some of the most noteworthy trials in our city's history have taken place here. In 1867 John Surratt faced trial for conspiring with John Wilkes Booth to kill President Lincoln. Surratt was acquitted after testifying that, when the assassination occurred, he was in New York on a Confederate spying mission. Charles Guiteau fared worse. In 1882, despite evidence of insanity, Guiteau was convicted of mortally wounding President James Garfield. He received the death penalty.
230. TRCWCR_140228_23.JPG: The scene at the Baltimore and Potomac train station on the Mall where Charles Guiteau morally wounded President James Garfield, 1881.
231. TRCWCR_140228_28.JPG: Acquitted Lincoln conspirator John Surratt, photographed in the uniform of the Papal guard.
232. TRCWCR_140228_34.JPG: In the foreground of this post-Civil War photo of Old City Hall is a platform for the boarding a horse-drawn carriage. The street was still unpaved.
233. TRCWCR_140228_38.JPG: Abolitionist and U.S. Marshall Frederick Douglass receives visitors in his City Hall office. He also served here as the appointed DC recorder of deeds.
234. TRCWCR_140228_44.JPG: Lott Flannery's Lincoln statue, originally atop a 35-foot pedestal, was paid for by DC residents and dedicated in 1868 as the nation's first public Lincoln memorial.
235. TRCWCR_140228_50.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail The Civil War (1861 - 1865) transformed Washington, DC from a muddy backwater to a center of national power. Ever since, the city has been at the heart of the continuing struggle to realize fully the ideas for which the war was fought. The 25 signs that mark this trail follow the footsteps of Abraham Lincoln, Walt Whitman, Clara Barton, Frederick Douglass, and others, famous and humble, who shaped a nation and its capital city while living and working in historic downtown DC. Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail is an Official Washington, DC Walking Trail. The self-guided tour consists of three distinct loops: West, Center, and East. Each one-mile loop offers about an hour of gentle exercise. A free booklet capturing the trail's highlights is available at local businesses and institutions along the way. To download the free Civil War to Civil Rights Audio Tour, and learn about other DC neighborhoods, please visit www.CuturalTourismDC.org.
236. TRCWCR_140228_57.JPG: Civil War to Civil Rights Downtown Heritage Trail e.5 Building Out the Square The great depression (1929-1941) meant economic catastrophe for millions of Americans, but in Washington it meant a building boom as the Federal Government staffed up to the end the economic crisis. In 1931 alone Congress approved new government buildings and schools, street paving, bridges, and sewers Thousands found badly needed work. By this time, the Old City Hall/Courthouse had lost most of its DC government functions. The city's commissioners, police and fire chiefs, and engineers had moved to the 1908 District Building (now the John A. Wilson Building) on Pennsylvania Avenue. But as the city needed more offices, planners looked again at Judiciary Square. By 1943, the Judiciary Square courthouses and offices you can see from here were complete. Municipal architect Nathan C. Wyeth designed the 1941 Art Deco style Municipal Center across Indiana Avenue for the police and fire departments' headquarters and other agencies. For Judiciary Square, Wyeth designed three courthouses to harmonize with the Old City Hall; the Juvenile Court at 409 E. Street, and the Police and Municipal Courts framing today's National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial. One Judiciary Square, across Fourth Street, became DC's city hall between 1992 and 2001, while the District Building on Pennsylvania Avenue underwent renovation. In 2007, as part of Mayor Adrian Fenty's "Greening the District" program, the building received a green roof. The Francis Perkins U.S. Department of Labor building, ahead of you along D Street, honors President Franklin D. Roosevelt's secretary of labor, the first woman Cabinet member and the principal architect of the Social Security Acct and other worker protections.
237. TRCWCR_140228_67.JPG: Municipal Building under Construction
238. TRCWCR_140228_68.JPG: DC municipal architect Nathan Wyeth, center, explains the new Municipal Center's switchboard, 1941. At right, commissioners inspect the new Cosmetology Operators Examination Room.
239. TRCWCR_140228_71.JPG: Labor Secretary Francis Perkins, with Sen. Hugo Black, left, and Rep. William P. Connery, Jr., testified to Congress in favor of abolishing child labor, June 1937.
240. TRCWCR_140228_85.JPG: President Jimmy Carter renames the Department of Labor building to honor Frances Perkins, 1980.
241. TRCWCR_140228_89.JPG: These rowhouses once occupied the site of One Judiciary Square
242. TRCWCR_140228_96.JPG: The line at the Municipal Building to buy new automobile license plates, 1943.
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