BGuthrie Photos: DC -- Smithsonian Gardens & USBG -- Orchid Show @ museum

BGuthrie Photos: DC -- Smithsonian Gardens & USBG -- Orchid Show @ museum DC -- Smithsonian Gardens & USBG -- Orchid Show @ museum:

Bruce Guthrie Photos Home Page: [Click here] to go to Bruce Guthrie Photos home page.

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Copyrights: All pictures were taken by amateur photographer Bruce Guthrie (me!) who retains copyright on them. Free for non-commercial use with attribution. See the [Creative Commons] definition of what this means. "Photos (c) Bruce Guthrie" is fine for attribution. (Commercial use folks including AI scrapers can of course contact me.) Feel free to use in publications and pages with attribution but you don't have permission to sell the photos themselves. A free copy of any printed publication using any photographs is requested. Descriptive text, if any, is from a mixture of sources, quite frequently from signs at the location or from official web sites; copyrights, if any, are retained by their original owners.

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[319] ORCHID_220226_517.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[320] ORCHID_220226_519.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[321] ORCHID_220226_520.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[322] ORCHID_220226_524.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[323] ORCHID_220226_539.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[324] ORCHID_220226_545.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[325] ORCHID_220226_546.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[326] ORCHID_220226_547.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[327] ORCHID_220226_548.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[328] ORCHID_220226_549.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[329] ORCHID_220226_555.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[330] ORCHID_220226_563.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[331] ORCHID_220226_565.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[332] ORCHID_220226_566.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[333] ORCHID_220226_567.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[334] ORCHID_220226_568.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[335] ORCHID_220226_569.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[336] ORCHID_220226_574.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[337] ORCHID_220226_575.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[338] ORCHID_220226_577.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[339] ORCHID_220226_578.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[340] ORCHID_220226_581.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[341] ORCHID_220226_582.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[342] ORCHID_220226_583.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[343] ORCHID_220226_584.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[344] ORCHID_220226_588.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[345] ORCHID_220226_594.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[346] ORCHID_220226_599.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[347] ORCHID_220226_615.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[348] ORCHID_220226_624.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[349] ORCHID_220226_626.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[350] ORCHID_220226_627.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[351] ORCHID_220226_628.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[352] ORCHID_220226_630.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[353] ORCHID_220226_644.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[354] ORCHID_220226_650.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[355] ORCHID_220226_654.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[356] ORCHID_220226_660.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[357] ORCHID_220226_662.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[358] ORCHID_220226_666.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[359] ORCHID_220226_672.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[360] ORCHID_220226_673.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[361] ORCHID_220226_678.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[362] ORCHID_220226_679.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[363] ORCHID_220226_683.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[364] ORCHID_220226_686.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[365] ORCHID_220226_689.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[366] ORCHID_220226_690.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[367] ORCHID_220226_692.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[368] ORCHID_220226_694.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[369] ORCHID_220226_695.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[370] ORCHID_220226_696.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[371] ORCHID_220226_704.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[372] ORCHID_220226_705.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[373] ORCHID_220226_709.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[374] ORCHID_220226_710.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[375] ORCHID_220226_711.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[376] ORCHID_220226_712.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[377] ORCHID_220226_714.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[378] ORCHID_220226_716.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[379] ORCHID_220226_725.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[380] ORCHID_220225_001.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[381] ORCHID_220225_005.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[382] ORCHID_220225_009.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[383] ORCHID_220225_017.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[384] ORCHID_220225_019.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[385] ORCHID_220225_021.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[386] ORCHID_220225_031.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[387] ORCHID_220225_035.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[388] ORCHID_220225_039.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[389] ORCHID_220225_041.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[390] ORCHID_220225_049.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[391] ORCHID_220225_055.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[392] ORCHID_220225_068.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[393] ORCHID_220225_071.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[394] ORCHID_220225_075.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[395] ORCHID_220225_099.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[396] ORCHID_220225_111.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[397] ORCHID_220225_113.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[398] ORCHID_220225_118.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[399] ORCHID_220225_120.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[400] ORCHID_220225_135.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[401] ORCHID_220225_138.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[402] ORCHID_220225_140.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[403] ORCHID_220225_149.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[404] ORCHID_220225_154.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[405] ORCHID_220225_157.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[406] ORCHID_220225_164.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[407] ORCHID_220225_168.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[408] ORCHID_220225_174.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[409] ORCHID_220225_178.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[410] ORCHID_220225_181.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[411] ORCHID_220225_187.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[412] ORCHID_220225_190.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[413] ORCHID_220225_197.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[414] ORCHID_220225_199.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[415] ORCHID_220225_208.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[416] ORCHID_220225_213.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[417] ORCHID_220225_215.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[418] ORCHID_220225_217.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[419] ORCHID_220225_219.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[420] ORCHID_220225_222.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[421] ORCHID_220225_227.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[422] ORCHID_220225_230.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[423] ORCHID_220225_234.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[424] ORCHID_220225_236.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[425] ORCHID_220225_239.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[426] ORCHID_220225_241.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[427] ORCHID_220225_242.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[428] ORCHID_220225_243.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[429] ORCHID_220225_244.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[430] ORCHID_220225_245.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[431] ORCHID_220225_246.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[432] ORCHID_220225_247.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[433] ORCHID_220225_248.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[434] ORCHID_220225_249.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[435] ORCHID_220225_253.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[436] ORCHID_220225_259.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[437] ORCHID_220225_260.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[438] ORCHID_220225_265.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[439] ORCHID_220225_267.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[440] ORCHID_220225_271.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[441] ORCHID_220225_274.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[442] ORCHID_220225_277.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[443] ORCHID_220225_281.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[444] ORCHID_220225_285.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[445] ORCHID_220225_287.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[446] ORCHID_220225_293.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[447] ORCHID_220225_301.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[448] ORCHID_220225_303.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[449] ORCHID_220225_308.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[450] ORCHID_220225_311.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[451] ORCHID_220225_317.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[452] ORCHID_220225_318.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[453] ORCHID_220225_320.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[454] ORCHID_220225_324.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[455] ORCHID_220225_327.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[456] ORCHID_220225_340.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[457] ORCHID_220225_341.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[458] ORCHID_220225_359.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[459] ORCHID_220225_364.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[460] ORCHID_220225_371.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[461] ORCHID_220225_378.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[462] ORCHID_220225_379.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[463] ORCHID_220225_380.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[464] ORCHID_190214_001.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[465] ORCHID_190214_008.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[466] ORCHID_190214_010.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[467] ORCHID_190214_014.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[468] ORCHID_190214_020.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[469] ORCHID_190214_024.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[470] ORCHID_190214_027.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[471] ORCHID_190214_030.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[472] ORCHID_190214_033.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[473] ORCHID_190214_036.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[474] ORCHID_190214_039.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[475] ORCHID_190214_047.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[476] ORCHID_190214_049.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[477] ORCHID_190214_055.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[478] ORCHID_190214_057.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[479] ORCHID_190214_059.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[480] ORCHID_190214_062.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[481] ORCHID_190214_066.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[482] ORCHID_190214_069.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[483] ORCHID_190214_073.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[484] ORCHID_190214_078.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[485] ORCHID_190214_081.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[486] ORCHID_190214_086.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[487] ORCHID_190214_088.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[488] ORCHID_190214_091.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[489] ORCHID_190214_093.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[490] ORCHID_190214_097.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[491] ORCHID_190214_103.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[492] ORCHID_190214_113.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[493] ORCHID_190214_117.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[494] ORCHID_190214_122.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[495] ORCHID_190214_124.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[496] ORCHID_190214_134.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[497] ORCHID_190214_138.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[498] ORCHID_190214_144.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[499] ORCHID_190214_148.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[500] ORCHID_190214_152.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[501] ORCHID_190214_155.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[502] ORCHID_190214_169.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[503] ORCHID_190214_176.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[504] ORCHID_190214_180.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[505] ORCHID_190214_187.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[506] ORCHID_190214_192.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[507] ORCHID_190214_197.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[508] ORCHID_190214_202.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[509] ORCHID_190214_205.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[510] ORCHID_190214_206.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[511] ORCHID_190214_209.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[512] ORCHID_190214_211.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[513] ORCHID_190214_222.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[514] ORCHID_190214_232.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[515] ORCHID_190214_233.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[516] ORCHID_190214_239.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[517] ORCHID_190214_248.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[518] ORCHID_190214_251.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)

[519] ORCHID_170118_01_STITCH.JPG

Medium (Email) (Bigger?)

[520] ORCHID_170118_02_STITCH.JPG

Medium (Email) (Bigger?)

[521] ORCHID_170118_03.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[522] ORCHID_170118_07.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[523] ORCHID_170118_10.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[524] ORCHID_170118_13.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[525] ORCHID_170118_16.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[526] ORCHID_170118_18.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[527] ORCHID_170118_21.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[528] ORCHID_170118_25.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[529] ORCHID_170118_31.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[530] ORCHID_170118_34.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[531] ORCHID_170118_37.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[532] ORCHID_170118_38.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[533] ORCHID_170118_40.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[534] ORCHID_170118_43.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[535] ORCHID_170118_45.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[536] ORCHID_170118_48.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[537] ORCHID_170118_51.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[538] ORCHID_170118_55.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[539] ORCHID_170118_59.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[540] ORCHID_170118_61.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[541] ORCHID_170118_64.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[542] ORCHID_170118_66.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[543] ORCHID_170118_69.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[544] ORCHID_170118_71.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[545] ORCHID_170118_75.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[546] ORCHID_170118_80.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[547] ORCHID_170118_83.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)

[548]

ORCHID_170107_01_STITCH.JPG

Medium (Email) (Bigger?)

[549] ORCHID_170107_08.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[550] ORCHID_150125_001.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[551] ORCHID_150125_009.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[552] ORCHID_150125_018.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[553] ORCHID_150125_021.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[554] ORCHID_150125_027.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[555] ORCHID_150125_029.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[556] ORCHID_150125_037.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[557] ORCHID_150125_040.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[558] ORCHID_150125_042.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[559] ORCHID_150125_045.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[560] ORCHID_150125_050.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[561] ORCHID_150125_053.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[562] ORCHID_150125_054.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[563] ORCHID_150125_059.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[564] ORCHID_150125_064.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[565] ORCHID_150125_071.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[566] ORCHID_150125_074.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[567] ORCHID_150125_078.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[568] ORCHID_150125_081.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[569] ORCHID_150125_088.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[570] ORCHID_150125_094.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[571] ORCHID_150125_099.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[572] ORCHID_150125_110.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[573] ORCHID_150125_111.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[574] ORCHID_150125_121.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[575] ORCHID_150125_127.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[576] ORCHID_150125_131.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[577] ORCHID_150125_142.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[578] ORCHID_150125_144.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[579] ORCHID_150125_158.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[580] ORCHID_150125_160.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[581] ORCHID_150125_165.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[582] ORCHID_150125_171.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[583] ORCHID_150125_187.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[584] ORCHID_150125_196.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[585] ORCHID_150125_203.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[586] ORCHID_150125_207.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[587] ORCHID_150125_220.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[588] ORCHID_150125_223.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[589] ORCHID_150125_224.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[590] ORCHID_150125_230.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[591] ORCHID_150125_232.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[592] ORCHID_150125_236.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[593] ORCHID_150125_239.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[594] ORCHID_150125_243.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[595] ORCHID_150125_248.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[596] ORCHID_150125_253.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[597] ORCHID_150125_268.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[598] ORCHID_150125_275.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[599] ORCHID_150125_279.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[600] ORCHID_150125_284.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[601] ORCHID_150125_288.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[602] ORCHID_150125_306.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[603] ORCHID_150125_313.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[604] ORCHID_150125_314.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[605] ORCHID_150125_324.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[606] ORCHID_150125_336.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[607] ORCHID_150125_340.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[608] ORCHID_150125_342.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[609] ORCHID_150125_345.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[610] ORCHID_150125_351.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[611] ORCHID_150125_352.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[612] ORCHID_150125_356.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[613] ORCHID_150125_362.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[614] ORCHID_150125_378.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[615] ORCHID_150125_383.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[616] ORCHID_150125_389.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[617] ORCHID_150125_393.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[618] ORCHID_150125_405.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[619] ORCHID_150125_414.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[620] ORCHID_150125_417.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[621] ORCHID_150125_443.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[622] ORCHID_150125_446.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[623] ORCHID_150125_451.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[624] ORCHID_150125_456.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[625] ORCHID_150125_462.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[626] ORCHID_150125_464.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[627] ORCHID_130129_001.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[628] ORCHID_130129_009.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[629] ORCHID_130129_015.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[630] ORCHID_130129_021.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[631] ORCHID_130129_027.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[632] ORCHID_130129_038.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[633] ORCHID_130129_051.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[634] ORCHID_130129_068.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[635] ORCHID_130129_074.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[636] ORCHID_130129_081.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[637] ORCHID_130129_087.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[638] ORCHID_130129_093.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[639] ORCHID_130129_100.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[640] ORCHID_130129_107.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[641] ORCHID_130129_115.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[642] ORCHID_130129_118.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[643] ORCHID_130129_123.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[644] ORCHID_130129_129.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[645] ORCHID_130129_140.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[646] ORCHID_130129_147.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[647] ORCHID_130129_152.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[648] ORCHID_130129_160.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[649] ORCHID_130129_166.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[650] ORCHID_130129_171.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[651] ORCHID_130129_186.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[652] ORCHID_130129_188.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[653] ORCHID_130129_205.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[654] ORCHID_130129_206.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[655] ORCHID_130129_213.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[656] ORCHID_130129_220.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[657] ORCHID_130129_225.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[658] ORCHID_130129_237.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[659] ORCHID_130129_254.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[660] ORCHID_130129_258.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[661] ORCHID_130129_272.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[662] ORCHID_130129_275.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. ORCHID_240128_004.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2024_01_28B2_SIPG_Orchids DC -- Smithsonian Gardens & USBG -- Orchids: The Future of Orchids: Conservation and Collaboration @ Donald Reynolds Center (30 photos from 01/28/2024)
2. ORCHID_240128_043.JPG: Model of Psychopsis phaansteegiana #FutureOfOrchids Inspired by: Psychopsis versteegiana Versteeg's Psychopsis Orchidaceae Ecuador to Bolivia SG Orchid Collection No. 2019-0206*A Phaan Howng FDM and resin 3D print, steel, wood, papier mache, rubber paint, acrylic paint 2023 Learn more about the sculptures in this exhibit
3. ORCHID_240127_001.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2024_01_27E1_SIPG_Orchids DC -- Smithsonian Gardens & USBG -- Orchids: The Future of Orchids: Conservation and Collaboration @ Donald Reynolds Center (185 photos from 01/27/2024)
4. ORCHID_240127_013.JPG: COLLABORATIONS WITH THE PUBLIC "Knowledge we wouldn't otherwise have" - AMY JOHNSON, SMITHSONIAN VIRGINIA WORKING LANDSCAPES Want to contribute to conservation of local orchids? Explore community science-also known as participatory science-which invites the public to join in gathering scientific data. "Here in Virginia so much of the landscape is privately owned. Doing research on private land is opening up a whole new picture of how our land management is influencing biodiversity," says conservation biologist Amy Johnson of Virginia Working Landscapes, a community science program of the Smithsonian National Zoo and Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute. In one recent project, local landowners allowed volunteer community scientists to perform field surveys of orchids on their properties. At each site, volunteers searched for native orchids and recorded pertinent data about them. Scientists then evaluated the diversity, distribution, and abundance of these orchids and compared data with existing forest conditions and land management practices. Understanding how these factors impact forest health will empower more effective conservation work in the future. Through community engagement, scientists use crowdsourcing to expand statistical data that contributes to the development of sustainable solutions.
5. ORCHID_240127_017.JPG: Model of Vanda phaarulea Inspired by: Vanda coerulea The Blue Vanda Orchidaceae China and Indo-China SG Orchid Collection No. 2018-1008*A Phaan Howng FDM and resin 3D print, steel, wood, papier mache, rubber paint, acrylic paint 2023 #FutureOfOrchids Learn more about the sculptures in this exhibit
6. ORCHID_240127_050.JPG: COLLABORATIONS WITH LOCAL COMMUNITIES "Dreams don't build themselves" - JAVIER ARCHILA, ARCHILARUM When communities rely on local resources to provide income, conservation efforts can sometimes be compromised. Alternate pathways can support other means of income development. Guatemala's varied ecosystems support hundreds of varieties of orchids which has made the country vulnerable to a global market eager for rare orchid specimens. By the 1990s the national orchid of Guatemala, Lycaste virginalis f. alba, was nearing extinction. International orchid collectors had removed so many plants that entire populations were put in danger. The white form of Lycaste virginalis only survived in private collections. Botanist Fredy Archila of Archilarum, a multi-generational family research collective in Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, challenged himself to reintroduce Lycaste virginalis f. alba to the wild. Identifying the specific fungi needed for successful orchid propagation, he grew seedlings in a laboratory and then transplanted them outdoors onto tree branches. Archilarum now houses an orchid gene bank and about 35,000 plants. In the future, it hopes to work with local communities to establish sustainable propagation and care processes for commercially grown orchids. By working together to develop alternative sources of economic gain, local communities can help safeguard native orchid populations.
7. ORCHID_240127_059.JPG: Model of Lycaste phaanalis Inspired by: Lycaste virginalis Nun Orchid Orchidaceae Mexico to Honduras SG Orchid Collection No. 2018-1177*A Phaan Howng FDM and resin 3D print, steel, wood, papier mache, rubber paint, acrylic paint 2023 thsonian Gardens #FutureOfOrchids Learn more about the sculptures in this exhibit
8. ORCHID_240127_089.JPG: The Future of Orchids Conservation and Collaboration Smithsonian Gardens
9. ORCHID_240127_105.JPG: For centuries, orchids have brought us inspiration. Today, orchids also inspire conservation-the work to protect our environment for the future. The beauty of an orchid goes well beyond its handsome blooms. Orchids are an interconnected and integral part of their ecosystems. Orchid species flourish when the soil, light, and temperature are just right. Many rely on certain pollinators to carry their genes from flower to flower for reproduction. Others require the presence of a particular fungus in order to survive to adulthood and flower. Due to their complex relationships with so many elements in their environment, it's fair to say that when orchids thrive it's an indication of a healthy habitat. So how do you conserve and protect such a specialized family of plants? Just as in nature, the key is collaboration. Here you'll find stories of artists, researchers, curators, horticulturists, educators, policy makers, and technologists all working together to discover more about what orchids need to thrive. Explore this exhibit to learn what people are doing to grow, research, protect, preserve, and educate others about these often ultra-specialized plants and habitats-and imagine the future of orchids.
10. ORCHID_240127_163.JPG: Model of Phaanlaenopsis Inspired by: Phalaenopsis amabilis White Moth Orchid Orchidaceae Malesia to Papuasia SG Orchid Collection No. 2019-0352*A Phaan Howng FDM and resin 3D print, steel, wood, papier mache, rubber paint, acrylic paint 2023 #FutureOfOrchids Learn more about the sculptures in this exhibit
11. ORCHID_240127_171.JPG: COLLABORATIONS WITH ARTISTS "Straddle the real and unreal" - PHAAN HOWNG, ARTIST Throughout time, humans have found inspiration in the weird and wild anatomy of orchids. Today, people are also inspired to conserve orchids for the important role they play in the environment. Through art, we can amplify conservation messaging. The boldly-colored sculptures in this exhibit depict varied orchid environments and form an imagined future landscape. Layered paintings and sculptures suggest trees, mountain ranges, and rock formations. They evoke cloud forests, tropical lowlands, craggy cliffs, and temperate meadows that nourish orchid species which hang from trees, cling to rocks, and blanket the ground. Baltimore-based artist Phaan Howng developed this work, The Orchids' Fungi Garden Paradise, in response to the themes of The Future of Orchids: Conservation and Collaboration. Howng drew inspiration from Smithsonian Gardens' vibrant collection of nearly 5,000 orchid specimens. She borrowed patterns of orchids and their habitats to craft adapted speculative landscapes that inspire us all to take action towards a sustainable future.
12. ORCHID_240127_201.JPG: COLLABORATIONS WITH TECHNOLOGISTS "We feel a great sense of urgency in bringing our collections online" -VINCE ROSSI, SMITHSONIAN DIGITIZATION PROGRAM OFFICE Technology can help us study orchids that would otherwise be difficult to access. In the wild, some orchids hang from tall trees or dangle from cliffs. Certain species only grow in remote, ecologically sensitive areas. And some plant parts are too small, complex, or fragile to inspect without special tools. The Smithsonian's Digitization Program Office, which specializes in advanced 3D imaging, is creating a free online 3D model archive of examples from the Smithsonian's collections, including orchids from the Smithsonian Gardens Orchid Collection. With 3D data, scientists can closely observe a plant's structures well after its bloom has wilted. Researchers can use the information to track the condition of plants and their evolution over time. Educators can use 3D data as the basis for telling stories. 3D scans make the morphological, or structural, details of orchids easier to study and share with a global conservation community. Artist Phaan Howng adapted 3D scans of orchids from the Smithsonian Gardens Orchid Collection to create the sculptures in this exhibit. Keep your eyes open! Phaan Howng's sculptures may be hiding in plain sight, nestled among trees, craggy rocks, and mountain faces.
13. ORCHID_240127_237.JPG: Prototype for a Possible Herbarium Specimen of Encyclia phaantempensis Inspired by: Encyclia tampensis var. alba Butterfly Orchid Orchidaceae Florida to Bahamas SG Orchid Collection No. 2021-0826*A Phaan Howng Resin 3D print, steel, wood, papier mache, rubber paint, acrylic paint 2023 Smithsonian Gardens Orchidaceae Stelis gelida Florida to Tropical America #FutureOfOrchids Learn more about the sculptures in this exhibit
14. ORCHID_240127_242.JPG: COLLABORATIONS WITH HERBARIA "Each year is a baseline" - GARY KRUPNICK, SMITHSONIAN NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Field researchers collect plants for future study by gathering specimens, pressing them flat, and drying them for preservation. The dried specimens are attached to sheets of paper and housed in an herbarium -- a library of plant specimens. Herbaria retain crucial examples of rare and extinct species. They document where in the world plants have been found and how their native habitats have changed over time. The United States National Herbarium at the Smithsonian contains nearly 50,000 orchid-related genetic samples, illustrations, photos, and plant specimens-some dating as far back as 1837. Gary Krupnick, a conservation biologist at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, has used herbarium specimens to assess and quantify which plant species are endangered across the globe. Plant records also help conservation biologists and botanists to identify species, track changes in plant populations, understand evolutionary history, measure the effects of climate change, and document plant communities. Because museum collections develop over many generations, herbarium specimens and plant records dating back centuries can be used to chart year-by-year changes that affect the environments where orchids grow and give scientists clues for their conservation.
15. ORCHID_240127_287.JPG: COLLABORATIONS WITH YOU "Saving plants for future generations" - CENTER FOR PLANT CONSERVATION Artists, researchers, horticulturists, educators, policy makers, practitioners, volunteers-and you! All have something to bring to the collaborative work of conserving orchids. What can you do? Here are some ways to get started: * LEARN: Every state in the United States has native orchid species, and orchids grow wild on every continent except Antarctica. Learn about native orchids in your area. * DOCUMENT: When you see an orchid in nature, snap a photo-leave the plant! Share it through crowdsource identification sites like iNaturalist. Special note: Indicate a general location, rather than a specific one, to protect the orchid and its habitat from damage. * DOUBLE CHECK: If you are an orchid collector purchasing rare plants, be sure to buy from a reputable nursery to ensure that the specimens were not poached. * VOLUNTEER: Look up community science programs in your area. In Washington, D.C., you can start with PolliNation DC, a pollinator crowdsource identification project. * SHARE: Share your conservation ideas with us using the hashtag #FutureOfOrchids. Learn more about The Future of Orchids: Conservation and Collaboration
16. ORCHID_240127_323.JPG: COLLABORATIONS WITHIN PUBLIC GARDENS "A refuge for orchids" - SARAH HEDEAN, SMITHSONIAN GARDENS We're all in this together. The more we collaborate, the more we understand about our natural world. Collaborative approaches help build a sustainable future. Smithsonian Gardens, the U.S. Botanic Garden, and many other public gardens around the world are investing in orchid conservation by: * Providing a refuge for orchids in greenhouses and conservatories to protect germplasm and genetic material for later use and reintroduction into the wild. * Propagating orchids to grow in public and botanic gardens. * Showcasing local orchids in public and botanic gardens to model what can be grown in home and community gardens. * Collaborating with researchers at the North American Orchid Conservation Center. This public-private alliance presents a model for conserving orchids and protecting diverse and increasingly endangered orchid habitats. * Developing exhibits, programs, and online content to broadly share orchid conservation stories and why orchids are relevant to people and the environment.
17. ORCHID_240127_355.JPG: COLLABORATIONS WITH FUNGI "All wild orchids need fungi" - MELISSA MCCORMICK, SMITHSONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER Early in life, orchids get their nutrition by digesting mycorrhizal fungi (fungi living in plant roots). As they grow, most orchids supplement this food with nutrients created through the process of photosynthesis. Orchids can live off fungi when the orchids are dormant underground and during times of trouble, such as droughts or after a sudden increase in shade when photosynthesis is reduced. Fungi that sustain orchids are selective about where they grow. They don't always compete well against other fungi, many of which grow faster than orchid mycorrhizal fungi. According to Smithsonian molecular ecologist and orchid expert Melissa McCormick, the fungal network "tells the story of the environment." McCormick is using DNA sequencing to identify and describe the myriad types of fungi that live in orchid roots, most of which have yet to be described by scientists, or even named. Knowing what orchids need to grow is one more step toward being able to successfully reintroduce threatened species back into the wild.
18. ORCHID_240127_390.JPG: COLLABORATIONS WITH RESEARCHERS "There is no research without conservation" - KATIA SILVERA, SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE The Orchid Family (Orchidaceae) has one of the largest numbers of plant species in the world. Across the globe, there are an estimated 29,000-31,000 species of orchids. Scientists do not know the exact number because new species are discovered each year. Studying the colossal variety of orchids is key to their conservation. "The diversity of orchids is best seen in the tropics, where, unfortunately, their habitat is being destroyed at a fast rate," says Katia Silvera, an ecophysiologist and research associate at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama. "As a result, we are rapidly losing the diversity of orchid species. Although there are many orchid species unnamed in nature, identifying new orchid species is rewarding and important for our knowledge of biodiversity. There is a lot to discover about how these species evolved and became such a successful group. Orchid research will only thrive if efforts to conserve tropical rainforests are put in place." Cataloging new species and understanding their physiology, or how they function, can provide insights into their conservation and adaptability in a changing climate.
19. ORCHID_240127_446.JPG: COLLABORATIONS WITH POLLINATORS "I love orchids... they make bees possible" - DAVID ROUBIK, SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE Orchids form close relationships with the animals in their habitats. Orchids depend on insects and other pollinators to transport pollen from one orchid to another. Cross-pollination helps orchids produce more viable seeds. In return, orchids benefit insects. Some orchids supply insects with nectar. Some provide a more specialized reward. Euglossine bees gather volatile "perfumes" from the large and showy flowers of Coryanthes, Catasetum, or Stanhopea orchids which they combine to attract mates. These powerful scents enable male orchid bees to attract females while at the same time warding off other males. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute entomologist David Roubik has studied bees for over forty years. Euglossine bees support tropical life from the top to the bottom by pollinating numerous types of flowering plants. Many tropical birds and mammals then feed off those flowering plants-"all of which should say 'thank you' to the orchids for sustaining these very special bees," says Roubik. "When people disturb and destroy tropical forest they disrupt pollination systems," says Roubik. Like orchidologists, entomologists trust that a greater understanding of how different parts of the environment interact can help us protect habitats for the future.
20. ORCHID_240127_450.JPG: Oh, That's How it Works! Model of Anguloa clifonii & Eulaema bee pollinator Inspired by: Anguloa cliftonii Clifton's Anguloa Orchidaceae Colombia SG Orchid Collection No. 2018-0853*A Phaan Howng FDM and resin 3D print, steel, wood, papier mache, silicone, acrylic paint 2023 #FutureOfOrchids
21. ORCHID_220226_334.JPG: Orchids Named in Honor of Women This planter features orchids named in honor of women. The National Portrait Gallery’s collection includes portraits of many of these women. Introducing the Mary Vaux Walcott Orchid Smithsonian Gardens has named a new orchid hybrid in honor of artist and naturalist Mary Vaux Walcott.
22. ORCHID_220226_520.JPG: Orchids Hidden Stories of Groundbreaking Women Barrier-breaking botanists. Cutting-edge conservationists. Inspired illustrators. Women have played many roles in the quest to discover, document, and conserve orchids. Women have discovered and described new orchid species, developed new orchid hybrids, protected orchid habitats, and created breathtaking artworks inspired by orchids. Despite their achievements, many of these women have not received the recognition they deserve. Yet their scientific and artistic contributions have enriched our understanding and appreciation of these remarkable plants. In support of the Smithsonian American Women’s History Initiative, this exhibition reveals the hidden stories of these unsung heroines.
23. ORCHID_220226_549.JPG: Botanical Art and Illustration A Woman’s Work Botanical art and illustration provided women with a path into the scientific world at a time when there were few female scientists. Women who had the talent, opportunity, and means became professional botanical artists and illustrators. Although they were often overlooked and underappreciated in their field, women made lasting contributions to our understanding of botany. Sarah Drake Prolific Plant Painter British botanical artist Sarah Drake (1803–1857) specialized in painting orchids. She illustrated several books, including The Orchidaceae of Mexico and Guatemala, which has been called “the finest orchid book ever issued.” The Australian orchid genus Drakaea is named in her honor.
24. ORCHID_220225_001.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2022_DC_SIPG_Orchids DC -- Smithsonian Gardens & USBG -- Orchids: Hidden Stories of Groundbreaking Women @ Donald Reynolds Center (248 photos from 2022)
25. ORCHID_220225_005.JPG: Botanical Art and Illustration Blanche Ames Artist and Activist American artist Blanche Ames (1878–1969) was one of the foremost botanical illustrators of her time. For 50 years, she traveled the world with her husband, renowned orchidologist Oakes Ames, documenting rare orchids with her detailed pen-and-ink drawings. A free-spoken feminist, Ames campaigned tirelessly for women's suffrage and reproductive rights. Marianne North Intrepid Explorer British botanical artist Marianne North (1830–1890) defied convention by traveling independently to remote regions of the world, where she recorded rare plants with her paintbrush. Her supporters included naturalist Charles Darwin. Today, more than 800 of her paintings cover the walls of the Marianne North Gallery at London’s Kew Gardens.
26. ORCHID_220225_021.JPG: Botanical Art and Illustration Regina Hughes Unstoppable Illustrator Regina Hughes (1895–1993) studied art at Washington, D.C.’s Gallaudet University for the deaf. She worked as a botanical illustrator at the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) for nearly 40 years. After retiring from USDA, Hughes volunteered at the Smithsonian, where she continued to illustrate plant specimens, including many orchids, until the age of 95. Margaret Mee Rainforest Conservationist British botanical artist Margaret Mee (1909–1988) spent more than 30 years studying and painting the tropical plants of the Amazon rainforest, including several species previously unknown to science. A passionate environmentalist, Mee was one of the first people to speak out about the damage caused to the rainforest by illegal mining and logging.
27. ORCHID_220225_035.JPG: I loved how they decorated the columns like that.
28. ORCHID_220225_068.JPG: Orchid Hybridization What Is an Orchid Hybrid? An orchid hybrid is the result of cross- pollinating two orchids to create a new variety. Orchid growers hybridize orchids for specific traits, including flower form, color, size, fragrance, and longevity. How Do You Make an Orchid Hybrid? To make an orchid hybrid, orchid growers select two parent orchids with specific traits they want to combine. Only certain varieties of orchids can be crossed successfully. Using a toothpick, the orchid grower takes the pollen from one parent and uses it to pollinate the other parent. If the cross- pollination is successful, the result is a hybrid with both traits. With tens of thousands of orchids to choose from, the possibilities are virtually endless.
29. ORCHID_220225_075.JPG: Orchids Named in Honor of Women This planter features orchids named in honor of women. The National Portrait Gallery’s collection includes portraits of many of these women. Introducing the Mary Vaux Walcott Orchid Smithsonian Gardens has named a new orchid hybrid in honor of artist and naturalist Mary Vaux Walcott.
30. ORCHID_220225_149.JPG: Mary Vaux Walcott The Audubon of Botany American artist and naturalist Mary Vaux Walcott (1860–1940) developed a passion for the natural world on summer trips to the Canadian Rockies, where she hunted for rare specimens of wildflowers, including orchids. During her lifetime, Walcott painted hundreds of watercolor studies of native flowers, including many orchids. Today, her paintings are in the collection of the Smithsonian American Art Museum. North American Wildflowers Between 1925 and 1929, the Smithsonian Institution published 400 of Walcott’s illustrations in a five-volume edition titled North American Wildflowers. The book established a new printing technique known as the Smithsonian Process, which was said to have produced the “most faithful color reproduction” of its day.
31. ORCHID_220225_154.JPG: Mary Vaux Walcott The Audubon of Botany American artist and naturalist Mary Vaux Walcott was known for her beautiful and scientifically accurate paintings of flowers. When she found a rare specimen, she often painted on site, working for up to 17 hours to capture the delicate blossoms before they withered and lost their color. Mary Vaux Walcott was compared to John James Audubon, a famous ornithologist who documented the birds of North America.
32. ORCHID_220225_168.JPG: Orchids Hidden Stories of Groundbreaking Women Barrier-breaking botanists. Cutting-edge conservationists. Inspired illustrators. Women have played many roles in the quest to discover, document, and conserve orchids. Women have discovered and described new orchid species, developed new orchid hybrids, protected orchid habitats, and created breathtaking artworks inspired by orchids. Despite their achievements, many of these women have not received the recognition they deserve. Yet their scientific and artistic contributions have enriched our understanding and appreciation of these remarkable plants. In support of the Smithsonian American Women’s History Initiative, this exhibition reveals the hidden stories of these unsung heroines.
33. ORCHID_220225_187.JPG: Orchids Hidden Stories of Groundbreaking Women
34. ORCHID_220225_217.JPG: Botanical Art and Illustration A Woman’s Work Botanical art and illustration provided women with a path into the scientific world at a time when there were few female scientists. Women who had the talent, opportunity, and means became professional botanical artists and illustrators. Although they were often overlooked and underappreciated in their field, women made lasting contributions to our understanding of botany. Sarah Drake Prolific Plant Painter British botanical artist Sarah Drake (1803–1857) specialized in painting orchids. She illustrated several books, including The Orchidaceae of Mexico and Guatemala, which has been called “the finest orchid book ever issued.” The Australian orchid genus Drakaea is named in her honor.
35. ORCHID_220225_230.JPG: Botanical Art and Illustration Picturing Plants People have been drawing plants for thousands of years. Early botanical drawings were used for medicinal purposes to distinguish safe plants from poisonous ones. Botanical illustration entered its golden age during the Enlightenment in the 1600s and 1700s. Illustrators accompanied explorers on epic voyages around the world, documenting newly discovered plants through drawings and paintings. Despite advances in photography, botanical illustrations are still used today to highlight specific details in a way that photographs cannot. Art vs. Illustration Botanical art and botanical illustration are terms used to refer to drawings of plants. Botanical illustration emphasizes scientific accuracy while botanical art emphasizes artistic expression.
36. ORCHID_220225_249.JPG: Collecting Orchids Smithsonian Gardens Orchid Collection Since it was established in the 1970s, the Smithsonian Gardens Orchid Collection has grown to more than 6,000 specimens from all over the world. Collections like these are valuable resources for education, research, and conservation. They protect species from threats, such as habitat change and over-collecting, and can be used to reintroduce and restore orchid species in the wild. Sarah Hedean Living Collections Manager Sarah Hedean is the Living Collections Manager for Smithsonian Gardens’ Collections, Education, and Access department. She began her career at the Smithsonian in 2006 as an orchid horticulturist. Thanks to her work, the Smithsonian Gardens Orchid Collection became the first Nationally Accredited Orchid Collection in North America.
37. ORCHID_220225_259.JPG: Collecting Orchids Orchidelirium In the 1800s, wealthy Europeans and Americans went wild for orchids in a craze that became known as “orchidelirium.” Collectors traveled the world, racing to acquire rare orchids to fill their greenhouses with exquisite blooms. In the 1900s, orchid cultivators engineered new hybrids to meet the changing tastes of consumers, creating fast-growing, vigorous plants with multiple blooms in a wide range of colors. Rebecca Northen The Julia Child of Orchids American biologist Rebecca Northen (1910–2004) traveled the world studying and collecting orchids. Her 1950 book, Home Orchid Growing, did for orchid growing what Julia Child did for French cooking: demystifying it for a general audience. Seventy years later, it is still one of the best- known reference books on how to cultivate orchids.
38. ORCHID_220225_260.JPG: In 1881, railroad magnate Jay Gould and his wife, Helen, built a 380-foot-long greenhouse at their Hudson River estate of Lyndhurst to house their impressive collection of orchids. Courtesy Smithsonian Institution, Archives of American Gardens, Richard Marchand Historical Postcard Collection
39. ORCHID_220225_265.JPG: The Science of Orchids Hanna Bogna Margońska Trailblazing Taxonomist Polish botanist Hanna Bogna Margońska is known for her work in orchid taxonomy—the science of naming, describing, and classifying orchids. A prolific scientific writer, Margońska has authored or coauthored descriptions of nearly 500 orchids, mainly in Southeast Asia, the Western Pacific, and Australia. Melissa McCormick Smithsonian Scientist Melissa McCormick is an ecologist at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Edgewater, Maryland, and a founding member of the North American Orchid Conservation Center. She specializes in studying the symbiotic relationships between mycorrhizal fungi and orchids.
40. ORCHID_220225_271.JPG: The Science of Orchids Orchidology Orchidology is the scientific study of orchids. Orchidologists study all aspects of these plants, including their physical forms and structures, genetics, pollination, and scientific classification. Edith Coleman Pollination Pioneer Australian naturalist Edith Coleman (1874–1951) made a groundbreaking discovery about orchid pollination. After observing wasps entering certain species of orchids, she found that the orchids mimicked the shape of female wasps to entice male wasps to pollinate them. Her discovery revolutionized the field of orchid pollination.
41. ORCHID_220225_293.JPG: Art Inspired by Orchids Orchids have inspired female artists throughout history and across cultures. Orchids in Chinese Art Orchids have a long history in Chinese art. Cymbidiums, also known as boat orchids, have been cultivated in China for hundreds of years. They became a popular subject for Chinese artists starting in the Song dynasty (960–1279). Gu Mei Poet and Painter Chinese courtesan Gu Mei (1619–1664) defied traditional gender barriers to become a respected poet and painter. She was famous for her paintings of orchids, which are featured in the collection of the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Asian Art.
42. ORCHID_220225_320.JPG: Art Inspired by Orchids Georgia O’Keeffe American Modernist Georgia O’Keeffe (1887–1986) was a leader of American Modernism who paved the way for other female artists. Flowers are a common theme in her art. She painted many species, including calla lilies, irises, petunias, poppies,and orchids. "When you take a flower in your hand and really look at it, it’s your world for the moment. I want to give that world to someone else." — Georgia O’Keeffe The Feminist Art Movement In the 1970s, feminist artists and activists influenced by Georgia O’Keeffe adopted the orchid as a symbol of female empowerment and sexuality.
43. ORCHID_220225_324.JPG: "When you take a flower in your hand and really look at it, it’s your world for the moment. I want to give that world to someone else." — Georgia O’Keeffe
44. ORCHID_220225_340.JPG: Art Inspired By Orchids Debora Moore Glassblowing Sculptor American artist Debora Moore is known for her intricate, colorful glass sculptures, which combine traditional glassblowing skills with new techniques. Many of her sculptures depict orchids, which Moore describes as “a metaphor of the human condition in its tenuous and essential relationship with the earth.”
45. ORCHID_220225_341.JPG: Moore has been making glass sculptures of orchids and other plants for over 30 years.
46. ORCHID_220225_380.JPG: Orchids Hidden Stories of Groundbreaking Women
47. ORCHID_190214_001.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2019_DC_SIPG_Orchids DC -- Smithsonian Gardens & USBG -- Orchid Show @ Donald Reynolds Center (55 photos from 2019)
48. ORCHID_170118_07.JPG: A collaborative effort with Smithsonian Gardens, the United States Botanic Garden, and Smithsonian Exhibits, Orchids: A Moment invites viewers to pause and observe and diverse selection of these exotic, alluring plants. Artists have a long history of depicting still lifes, particularly flowers, and this presentation connections to that tradition. The display also highlights the uniqueness of each orchid, showing visitors a small sample of the infinite compositions that nature provides. The Smithsonian Gardens Orchid Collection has grown from five plants to over 8,000 specimens since 1974. This is the first time that the annual Orchid Exhibit is being held at the Hirshhorn.
49. ORCHID_170107_01_STITCH.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2017_DC_SIHIR_Orchids DC -- Smithsonian Gardens & USBG -- orchids: A MOMENT @ Hirshhorn (31 photos from 2017)
  The orchid exhibit would start in a week
50. ORCHID_150125_001.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2015_DC_SINH_Orchids DC -- Smithsonian Gardens & USBG -- Orchids: Interlocking Science and Beauty @ Natural History Museum (77 photos from 2015)
  Orchids: Interlocking Science and Beauty: Like pieces of a puzzle, each new advance in orchid research, conservation, and cultivation contributes to the larger picture of these spectacular plants.
51. ORCHID_150125_021.JPG: Orchids Set Sail: A single 19th-century invention allowed plant hunters to ship plants from distant jungles to patrons, conservatories, and botanic gardens, forever transforming our relationship with orchids. The Wardian case, a deceptively simple glass-and-wood box, enabled collectors in the Victorian era (1837-1901) to transport live orchids for the first time. Explorers could ship plants across vast distances while the orchids remained protected inside these microhabitats. In 1829, London doctor Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward (1791-1868) discovered that plants even under conditions where they'd normally wither. This breakthrough revolutionized international plant transport.
52. ORCHID_150125_029.JPG: Orchidelirium: In the 19th century, wealthy Europeans and North Americans went wild for orchids. They filled their greenhouses with species extracted from habitats worldwide, as well as newly "engineered" hybrids. The tropical orchids that collectors brought to Europe and North America needed the natural environmental conditions of their native climates; some required heat and moisture, others cool breezes. So orchid lovers developed elaborate greenhouses to shelter their expanding collections.
53. ORCHID_150125_042.JPG: Surviving at Sea: Before the invention of Wardian cases, plants almost always died on long sea voyages. Soil, fresh water, light, and stable temperatures are difficult to maintain on a ship. Wardian cases recycle moisture through condensation, retain soil, and let in light while keeping out salty ocean sprays.
54. ORCHID_150125_050.JPG: Building on the Past: In recent decades, new technologies and shifting attitudes have transformed our relationship with orchids both at home and in nature. Today's growers produce new hybrids for the mass market. Meanwhile scientists work to understand orchid biology and protect wild populations. Each of these efforts adds to the larger picture of orchids.
55. ORCHID_150125_053.JPG: Orchids Came at a Steep Price: Rare, exotic orchids fetched enormous sums in European markets. Prices were high because expeditions to find new orchids were often long and dangerous. The craze for new orchids also decimated wild populations. As Victorian explorers traveled the world looking for new species to collect and sell, they ripped out countless plants and sometimes destroyed orchid habitats to maintain their exclusive access. During the orchid craze, a living plant could cost more than the yearly salary of a well-paid gardener!
56. ORCHID_150125_054.JPG: Greenhouses Grow Up: 15th Century: Korean horticulturists using oiled-paper windows and underground flues built greenhouses with heat, light, and humidity controls. 16th Century: Across Europe, "orangeries" with enormous glass windows housed citrus plants in winter. 19th Century: High-quality glass and ornate cast iron helped create the first modern greenhouses. 20th Century: Electricity controlled heat, water, and light systems. 21st Century: Today's vast commercial greenhouse complexes use computers to regulate energy use and environmental conditions.
57. ORCHID_150125_099.JPG: Why Hybrids? To mass produce orchids, growers moved away from wild species and developed hybrids that were easier to grow, and matched consumer preferences for everything from smell and color to flower size and shape. What's a hybrid? Hybrids are crosses between different orchid species -- which are native to specific places or environments -- or even other hybrids. Corsages were once a very popular way to enjoy cut orchids. An orchid corsage showed off the high statue of both wearer and buyer. Though less common today, many people still buy elaborate orchid corsages for special occasions. Changing Fashions, Changing Flowers: Late 1800s to early 1900s: Horticulturists hybridized orchids to make exotic-looking parlor plants. 1920s-1960s: Orchids for the cut-flower market were large, fragrant and often frilly. 1960s-1980s: Consumer preference shifted back to potted plants, particularly unique and unusual-looking hybrids. 1980s to Present: Today's mass-market hybrids are bred to be easy for even non-hobbyists to care for.
58. ORCHID_150125_127.JPG: A Growing Industry: Today, we no longer need to remove orchids from the wild to enjoy them -- modern labs produce hundreds of millions of plants each year. Industrial growers rely on efficient production strategies and technological breakthroughs such as cloning to cultivate affordable, consistent orchid crops on a mass scale. Each step of this complex process fits together to create these living commodities.
59. ORCHID_150125_203.JPG: Flower Shop Hybrids Galore: Hybrids shape our idea of orchids. But public demand also influences the styles of hybrids that horticulturists create. Consumer preferences drive growers to engineer different orchid varieties: some better suited to life in pots, others designed to be sold as cut flowers, and still others with fantastical shapes, sizes, colors -- and even spots!
60. ORCHID_150125_220.JPG: Test Tube Flowers: Most of today's mass-produced orchids aren't grown from seeds -- they're clones! Using tissue culture techniques, orchid cultivators can produce an infinite number of identical plants. Clones are grown from cells taken from the tip of a plant's shoot. Under sterile conditions, grower place these cells in a flask filled with nutrients and hormones. The resulting plantlets grow up in a series of flasks, until finally they're ready to leave the lab for the greenhouse. Along with poinsettias, orchids are the best-selling potted flowers in the United States. Long Journey from Lab to Store: How is an orchid like a car? They're both created through mass production. Industrial-scale labs and greenhouses around the world have honed each part of the production process to a science, with specialized treatment for each new growth stage -- like a factory assembly line. Even this streamlined process takes a long time to produce a mature flowering plant. Some Cattleya orchids can take up to eight years before they're ready to go to market.
61. ORCHID_150125_224.JPG: What are mycorrhizal fungi? Mycorrhizal fungi are species of fungus that have a close, interdependent relationship with plant roots. Orchids in particular depend on these fungi for nutrients -- especially the dust-like orchid seeds that need energy to sprout, and the young plants that can't yet support themselves. By knowing which orchids use which species of mycorrhizal fungi, conservationists have a better chance of cultivating orchids in labs and understanding their ecological needs.
62. ORCHID_150125_230.JPG: Innovative Conservation: Not all labs mass-produce orchids for sale -- some focus on conserving wild species. The North American Orchid Conservation Center (NAOCC) stores orchid seeds, identifies and banks their mycorrhizal fungi, and aims to cultivate these endangered species. NAOCC's goal is to ensure that native orchids survive for future generations.
63. ORCHID_150125_236.JPG: Conservation Close to Home: Not all orchid conservation efforts are taking place in the tropics. The Smithsonian's own Environmental Research Center (SERC) in Maryland is home to some endangered native orchids. Scientists there study orchid ecology while preserving the natural habitat.
64. ORCHID_150125_239.JPG: Small Purple Fringed Orchid: Platanthera psycodes is just one of the many native orchids whose seeds and symbiotic fungi are stored in SERC's labs. By learning about this orchid's biology, SERC scientists hope to propagate and conserve Platanthera, and eventually help gardeners grow it in their own yards.
65. ORCHID_150125_275.JPG: Restoring the Small-Whorled Pogonia: The Small-Whorled Pogonia (Isotria medeloides) isn't the flashiest orchid, but it has a major claim to fame as the rarest orchid east of the Mississippi River. SERC ecologists try to protect and restore Istoria populations by identifying the orchid's particular mycorrhizal fungi, determining which factors control the fungi's abundance in the soil, and learning about the plant's life cycle and population dynamics. Want to get involved? Help NAOCC track wild orchid populations at iNaturalist.org. You can also use the Go Orchids website to identify orchid species and learn more. Trouble for Isotria: Isotria's fungi depend on oaks, hickories, and beeches found in forests older than 100 years. As old-growth forests disappear and shrink, so do orchid populations. It may take decades or centuries for the trees, fungi, and orchids to recover. Unfortunately, some Isotria populations may not have much time left. Plants in the southern part of the species' range are at risk as the climate becomes too warm. Because these orchids are so isolated, they may not be able to spread quickly enough to beat the heat.
66. ORCHID_150125_313.JPG: Plant Reserve Protecting Our Orchids: Mass-produced hybrids have taken pressure off of wild orchids. But now other factors like habitat loss threaten many wild populations. Nature reserves are often their last refuge. Scientists in the field and the lab come together to ensure orchids' survival. Conservation groups monitor orchids in protected areas, store seeds and fungi, and study orchids' biology to better preserve them on a changing plant.
67. ORCHID_150125_314.JPG: Orchids Under Threat: There are more than 22,000 species of orchids found around the world in jungles, mountains, wetlands, and prairies. And yet, many orchids are threatened, endangered, or already extinct because of human-caused pollution, habitat loss, and climate change. Orchids are extremely sensitive to environmental changes. Like canaries in a coal mine, they are often the primary indicators of a habitat's health. When orchids struggle to survive, other species are soon endangered. Many orchids rely on one or a few specific pollinators. To protect the orchids, we must also protect birds, bees, and moths -- and the other plants they pollinate. Orchids Entangled with Their Environment: Wild orchids are key conservation targets, but because of their complex life cycles and ecological needs, we're only just beginning to understand how to protect them. Orchids often have strong relationships with particular animal pollinators, and they depend on specific fungi for nutrients. Orchids are so interconnected with their habitat that we can't isolate individual pieces of the puzzle -- we need to protect entire ecosystems. Reserva Ecologica de Guapi Acu (REGUA) has reclaimed more than 18,500 acres of previously deforested land in Brazil. The reserve purchases or manages land with other organizations to protect and restore as much forest and biodiversity as possible.
68. ORCHID_150125_340.JPG: Where do we go from here? The puzzle is far from finished. The future of orchid research, conservation, and cultivation may lie in tools that haven't even been invented yet. Some emerging technologies are just beginning to change the way we view and think about orchids. The future is full of exciting possibilities!
69. ORCHID_150125_342.JPG: Designer Genes: Scientists can directly manipulate orchid genes for desired effects. In 2013, Japanese researchers engineered the first truly blue Phalaenopsis using a gene from the blue Asiatic dayflower. Some consider these "frankenflowers" unnatural and unsettling. Others see potential for new orchid varieties.
70. ORCHID_150125_417.JPG: De-drawing the Orchid Family Tree: Comparing DNA from different orchid species, scientists were surprised to find that some lookalikes are only distant kind, while seemingly dissimilar orchids are actually close relatives. Future botanists will be able to quickly compare entire orchid genomes to trace orchid evolution.
71. ORCHID_130129_001.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2013_DC_SINH_Orchids DC -- Smithsonian Gardens & USBG -- Orchids of Latin America @ Natural History Museum (62 photos from 2013)
72. ORCHID_130129_068.JPG: Orchids to Honor the Dead: In early November, Mexicans celebrate the Day of the Dead to honor their dead relatives. In Chilapa de Alvarez in southern Mexico, grave sites are elaborately decorated with the brightly colored orchid Laelia anceps subspecies dawsonli variety chilaponsis, which blooms in late October and early November.
73. ORCHID_130129_074.JPG: Orchids of Latin America: Thousands of orchid species flourish throughout Mexico, Central and South America, and the Caribbean islands. Indigenous people in Latin America have long used orchids in their daily lives. Scientists study these species and their intricate ecology. Conservationists work to save orchid habitats, while horticultists grow brightly colored beauties.
74. ORCHID_130129_081.JPG: Not just a Pretty Flower: Indigenous people throughout Mexico and Central America used orchid plants for a variety of purposes. The Aztecs of central Mexico made a delicate but strong adhesive from the fleshy roots of terrestrial Bletha and Govenia orchids.
75. ORCHID_130129_093.JPG: The Mystery of the Aguilas: In 1935, Costa Rica naturalist Anastasio Alfaro noted that the gold aguilas, or eagles, of the Chibcha culture looked much like the flowers of the orchid Trichocentrum cebolleta. Since then, there has been a flurry of speculation that this orchid was sacred to the Chibcha people and that it may have been used as a hallucinogen in religious rituals. But is that true?
76. ORCHID_130129_118.JPG: Orchids in Danger: Orchids in Latin America and around the world are under severe threat as their habitats are destroyed. Orchids struggle to survive that we cut down forests, build houses, and pollute the air. But while humans can destroy habitats, we can also protect them.
77. ORCHID_130129_140.JPG: Protecting Orchid Habitats: The survival of many orchid species depends on the preservation of their natural habitats. Many orchids rely on very specific environmental conditions and intricate relationships with other organisms. National parks and privately funded reserves throughout Latin America protect the wild environments in which orchids thrive.
78. ORCHID_130129_171.JPG: A New Home for Orchids: Some orchid specimens can be collected before their habitat is lost. Botanical gardens and ecotourist destinations give scientists and the public better access to epihytic (tree-dwelling) orchids by removing them from the threatening tree canopy areas and planting them at eye-level.
79. ORCHID_130129_206.JPG: Saving the Seeds: The seeds of many plants can be preserved to protect biodiversity in case the living plants are destroyed. Orchid Seed Stores for Sustainable Use (OSSSU) works with universities and botanic gardens throughout Latin America to teach orchid seed banking techniques and establish storage facilities.
80. ORCHID_130129_339.JPG: Orchid Science at the Smithsonian: The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) in Panama hosts scientists from around to [sic] world who study many species, including orchids and orchid bees. Their work helps us to better understand the processes that shape biological diversity, the ecological roles species play in their environments, and how they adapt to change.
81. ORCHID_130129_346.JPG: What's Happening in the World of North American Orchids? The North American Orchid Conservation Center (NAOCC) works to safeguard orchids native to North America. NAOCC promotes biodiversity through orchid conservation by: * Establishing a national collection of seeds and fungi, * Promoting habitat conservation and restoration, * Developing techniques to propagate orchids, and * Creating a web-based national educational program. NAOCC is a partnership between the Smithsonian Institution, the US Botanic Garden, and public and private organizations, and is located at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC) in Edgewater, Maryland.
82. ORCHID_130129_375.JPG: Vanilla: The Orchid in the Kitchen: Natural vanilla flavoring is extracted from the cured and fermented seed pod, or "bean," of Vanilla plafolia, a climbing, vine-like orchid native to southern Mexico, Central America, and northern South America. One of world's most popular spices, vanilla is one of the few orchids whose economic value is not in its ornamental flowers.
83. ORCHID_130129_450.JPG: Pleurothallis circumplexa Orchid family -- Orchidaceae Costa Rica It was interesting seeing the little pieces growing out of the leaves.
84. ORCHID_110223_001.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2011_DC_SINH_Orchids DC -- Smithsonian Gardens & USBG -- Orchids: A View From The East @ Natural History Museum (78 photos from 2011)
85. ORCHID_110223_017.JPG: Orchids: Orchids have been a part of Chinese culture for many centuries, permeating Chinese history, legends, literature, and art. Since ancient times, orchids have been celebrated in China for their beauty and fragrance, and appreciated as symbols of nobility, friendship, and refinement. This reverence for orchids expresses itself in many ways, from the contemplation of a single plant to an enthusiasm for color, new forms, and mass display. Age-old traditions have evolved into the extravagances of the contemporary Asian orchid world. The orchid displays in this exhibit are interpretations of these themes. Enter and explore reflections of this enchanting plant through Chinese culture, from ancient times to the present day.
86. ORCHID_110223_020.JPG: Smithsonian Gardens: The Smithsonian Gardens cares for the Smithsonian's living plant collections around the National Mall. Their elegant and inspiring displays bring living beauty inside the museums. With close to 8,000 orchid plants in their collection, SI Gardens horticulturalists nurture a remarkably diverse array of orchids from all over the world. They carefully select new acquisitions based on each plant's display quality, educational value, beauty, and rarity. The Smithsonian collaborates with the United States Botanic Garden each year to keep the orchid exhibit full of colorful blooms for four months. They also alternate planning and hosting the exhibit. In 2012, the orchids will be displayed at the Botanic Garden, but you can see them at the Smithsonian again in 2013.
87. ORCHID_110223_022.JPG: Lan means "orchid" in Chinese. More specifically, it refers to the orchid Cymbidium ensifolium. The word lan is also used to convey such "orchid-like" qualities as elegance, refinement, purity, nobility, and goodness.
88. ORCHID_110223_037.JPG: Orchid Tea: In China, the dried flowers and stems of orchids are sometimes added to tea for their medicinal properties. According to traditional Chinese medicine, a tea made with the dried stalk of a Dendrobium orchid helps to restore strength and improve eyesight. Many plants and fungi -- not only orchids -- are ingredients in medicinal teas. The mushroom in the fan painting no the wall is Ganoderma lucidum, traditionally called the "fungus of immortality" for its healthful properties. Known in Chinese as lingzhi, it is still sold widely in China, both in traditional pharmacies and by peasants outside temples and monasteries.
89. ORCHID_110223_057.JPG: Scholars's Stone: Why is this unusual rock here? The furnishings of a scholar's room often included a "scholar's stone" (sometimes called a viewing stone). Scholars collected such stones, worn and eroded into rugged shapes, for personal enjoyment and contemplation. Some stones look like miniature mountains. Others have textures and crevices that suggest great age. Chinese scholars found delight and inspiration in surprising and unusual shapes found in nature.
90. ORCHID_110223_069.JPG: Scholars's Stone: Why is this unusual rock here? The furnishings of a scholar's room often included a "scholar's stone" (sometimes called a viewing stone). Scholars collected such stones, worn and eroded into rugged shapes, for personal enjoyment and contemplation. Some stones look like miniature mountains. Others have textures and crevices that suggest great age. Chinese scholars found delight and inspiration in surprising and unusual shapes found in nature.
91. ORCHID_110223_084.JPG: Beauty Standing Near a Pot of Orchids: China, Qing dynasty, 1720s-1730s (reproduction) The woman in the window is said to be Lady Liu, concubine to the Yongzheng emperor (reigned 1722-35). She holds a pale green orchid (and wears one in her hair, right). In the foreground, the dish on a garden table of eroded stone holds two orchid plants, whose blossoms are barely visible among the narrow leaves. Set in this context, orchids stand for feminine charm and beauty, and for deep emotional connection between two people.
92. ORCHID_110223_100.JPG: Ink Orchid copy, after Zheng Sixiao The artist Zheng Sixiao (1241-1318) used orchids as the emblem of patriotic devotion. In this dramatic ink painting, Zheng expresses anger at the Mongol invasion of China. The absence of earth in the painting symbolizes the Mongols' theft of Chinese lands, while the orchid itself represents Zheng's loyalty to the fallen dynasty.
93. ORCHID_110223_140.JPG: Orchids in Chinese Art: Orchids have appeared in Chinese art for more than a thousand years, embodying a variety of social, poetic, philosophical, and political meanings. But, above all, their undisputed beauty -- especially their delicate arching leaves -- has long enraptured China's artists. The paintings on display in this exhibit are reproductions of works from the Smithsonian's treasury of Asian art in the Freer Gallery of Art and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery.
94. ORCHID_110223_143.JPG: Portrait of Yinli, Prince Guo probably by Mangguri (1672-1736) China, Qing dynasty, 1731 (reproduction) The philosopher Confucius compared the virtuous man to an orchid. Echoing this thought, Chinese artists sometimes placed orchids in their work to evoke the Confucian qualities of humility, integrity, refinement -- in fact, all the virtues of a perfectly cultured gentleman and scholar. Yinli was the brother of the Yongzheng emperor (reigned 1722-35). The planted by his feet contains a traditional grouping of orchids, rocks, and lingzhi (fungus of immortality) that symbolizes the prince's virtues. "An orchid in a deep forest sends out its fragrance even if no one is around to appreciate it. Likewise, men of noble character hold firm to their high principles, undeterred by poverty." -- Confucius (551 - 479 BC)
95. ORCHID_110223_150.JPG: Orchids, Bamboo, and Rock by Shitao (1642-1707) China, Qing dyntasty, ca 1700 (reproduction) For artists of the Qing dynasty, orchids, bamboo, and rocks all represent admirable human qualities. An orchid stands for integrity; bamboo represents resilience and hardiness; and a rock expresses strength and endurance. Together, they form a symbolic portrait of an ideal gentleman.
96. ORCHID_110223_163.JPG: Orchids in Chinese Medicine: In traditional Chinese medicine, the body is a small universe containing an array of opposing forces -- yin/yang, cold/warm, passive/active, and more. Medicines, often including plants and herbs, balance those oppositional forces. Orchids are essential ingredients in many Chinese medicines that are still used today. The oldest Chinese pharmaceutical text, Shen Nong's Materia Medica [Shen Nong bencoa jing], lists 364 plant, animal, and mineral substances and their medicinal properties. It includes orchids such as various Bletilla and Dendrobium species. Allegedly written by the mythical emperor Shen Nong (his name means "Divine Farmer") around 2800 BC, the book was actually composed during the Han dynasty (206 BC-AD 220).
97. ORCHID_110223_168.JPG: Shen Nong tasing herbs, illustration from an herbal handbook, 18th-19th century
98. ORCHID_110223_172.JPG: Cymbidiums: For many centuries in China, cymbidiums were the most desirable orchids, prized especially for their delicate fragrance and gracefully arching leaves. Connoisseurs regarded the blossoms -- smaller and more subtly colored than the vivid varieties we are familiar with today -- as less important. The Chinese philosopher Confucius (551-479 BC) admired the cymbidium's gentle yet enveloping scent, which he compared to wise and virtuous men, whose good qualities influence others without being oppressive. Even today, many orchid-lovers in China esteem variegated leaf forms even more than the flowers.
99. ORCHID_110223_217.JPG: Chinese Scholar's Stone Educated Chinese gentlemen collected rocks that were eroded into unusual and interesting shapes. Called "scholar's stones" or "viewing stones," these objects bring nature into the home for peaceful and private contemplation.
100. ORCHID_110223_269.JPG: Ink Orchids, from album Landscapes, Flowers, and Birds Finger paintings by Luo Ping (1733-1799) China, Qing dynasty, 1780 (reproductions) One of a group of artists known as "the Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou," Luo Ping dipped his fingers in ink to paint these orchids. On one page he wrote, "Fragrance is born from my fingers." On the other page, the inscription follows the contours of a leaf: "It is not because these leaves are so very dense and green, but when spring has come and cold is gone, its scent remains."
101. ORCHID_110223_285.JPG: Saving Tian-Ma: Tian-ma is the Chinese name for Gastrodia elata, an orchid species that in endangered in the wild. Because it requires the assistance of two fungi in order to thrive and is very sensitive to its environment, Gastroia elata is an extremely difficult orchid to cultivate. It is also an extremely important plant in traditional Chinese medicine, and its effectiveness in treating hypertension makes it valuable today. Despite the challenges, researchers in China are developing ways to cultivate Gastroia artificially in labs and greenhouses, using cloning and other techniques.
102. ORCHID_110223_286.JPG: Smithsonian Research: Orchids and Fungi: Many orchids need to interact with a friendly fungus in order to flourish. Scientists at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC) in Maryland are working to identify the specific fungi that various orchid species require. This research will help horticulturists to propagate and re-establish endangered orchids in their natural habitats.
103. ORCHID_110223_288.JPG: Good for What Ails You: Orchid remedies make use of dried flowers, leaves, roots, and/or tubers, and are usually consumed in the form of tea, soups, or food additives. Here are a few medicinal orchids: Shi-hu: Dendrobium species taken to cure "deficiencies in the yin," such as kidney disease and indigestion. This is the oldest and most widely used orchid treatment. Bai-ju: Uses Bietella striata ingested to stop bleeding. Tian-ma: Tubers or rhizomes of Gastrodia elata used to treat conditions such as dizziness, convulsions, and hypertension. Jin-xian-lian: Anoectochilus species taken to treat diseases such as pneumonia and nephritis. Shan-ci-gu: Cremastra appendiculata, an orchid known as the Chinese tulip, used to treat tonsillitis and cancer.
104. ORCHID_110223_326.JPG: Taiwan International Orchid Show: With its color, inventiveness, and floral abundance, the annual Taiwan International Orchid Show presents an awe-inspiring display. Imaginative plantings bring different orchid varieties together, creating stunning arrangements that give orchid-lovers new ways to view these unique plants.
105. ORCHID_110223_346.JPG: YOU be the judge! What makes an orchid a prizewinner? Orchid breeders have been creating hybrids for centuries, hoping to improve on nature by growing hardier and more beautiful plants. With 25,000 known species and over 100,000 hybrids, who decided which orchids are the best? The American Orchid Society (AOS) has created a judging system to determine which orchids display the finest qualities. Judges train for years to achieve the title of an accredited orchid judge. But you, too, can give your opinion. Study these flowers for color, form, and impact -- and cast your vote for Best in Show!
106. ORCHID_110223_442.JPG: Orchid Extravaganza: Today, the world of orchids is one of color and excitement. Orchid cultivation has become an international industry in which China and many other parts of Asia compete. Orchids that originated in all parts of the world are now grown in mass quantities in Asia. Leading the way is Taiwan, which in unrivaled in Phalaenopsis orchid cultivation and marketing. By making these blooms at once more extravagant and more available, Taiwan's orchid breeders have changed the way people around the world see orchids. The annual Taiwan International Orchid Show is an eye-dazzling spectacle of horticultural showmanship.
107. ORCHID_110223_446.JPG: Taiwan: Just a Holland is known for tulips, now Taiwan is known for its Phalaenopsis orchids. With a climate that ranges from subtropical to tropical, the island of Taiwan is an ideal habitat for orchids. Since 1980, it has used this advantage to become the world's leading cultivator and exporter of orchids -- specifically, the popular Phaaenopsis orchids (or "moth orchid"). And Taiwanese growers are constantly using new techniques to develop amazing new varieties. If you have purchased a Phalaenopsis orchid recently, it probably came from Taiwan.
108. ORCHID_090410_003.JPG: Mom (Joan Kollins) at the orchid display at Natural History
109. ORCHID_090410_005.JPG: Mom (Joan Kollins) at the orchid display at Natural History.
110. ORCHID_090209_003.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2009_DC_SINH_Orchids DC -- Smithsonian Gardens & USBG -- Orchids Through Darwin's Eyes @ Natural History Museum (69 photos from 2009)
111. ORCHID_070305_011.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2007_DC_SINH_Orchids DC -- Smithsonian Gardens & USBG -- Orchid Show @ Natural History Museum (18 photos from 2007)
112. ORCHID_041217_032.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2004_DC_SINH_Orchids DC -- Smithsonian Gardens & USBG -- Orchid Express @ Natural History Museum (9 photos from 2004)
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