BGuthrie Photos: DC -- Donald W. Reynolds Center (NPG) -- Exhibit: America's Presidents

BGuthrie Photos: DC -- Donald W. Reynolds Center (NPG) -- Exhibit: America's Presidents DC -- Donald W. Reynolds Center (NPG) -- Exhibit: America's Presidents:

Bruce Guthrie Photos Home Page: [Click here] to go to Bruce Guthrie Photos home page.

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Slide Show: Want to see the pictures as a slide show? [Click here for Slideshow]

Copyrights: All pictures were taken by amateur photographer Bruce Guthrie (me!) who retains copyright on them. Free for non-commercial use with attribution. See the [Creative Commons] definition of what this means. "Photos (c) Bruce Guthrie" is fine for attribution. (Commercial use folks including AI scrapers can of course contact me.) Feel free to use in publications and pages with attribution but you don't have permission to sell the photos themselves. A free copy of any printed publication using any photographs is requested. Descriptive text, if any, is from a mixture of sources, quite frequently from signs at the location or from official web sites; copyrights, if any, are retained by their original owners.

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[293] SIPGPR_160504_62.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[294] SIPGPR_160310_10.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[295] SIPGPR_160310_16.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[296] SIPGPR_160310_24.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[297] SIPGPR_160310_27.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[298] SIPGPR_160310_46.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[299] SIPGPR_160305_02.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[300] SIPGPR_160305_22.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[301] SIPGPR_160305_26.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[302] SIPGPR_160228_46.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[303] SIPGPR_160213_060.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[304] SIPGPR_160213_134.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[305] SIPGPR_160213_155.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[306] SIPGPR_160213_180.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[307] SIPGPR_160213_186.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[308] SIPGPR_160213_201.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[309] SIPGPR_160213_206.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[310] SIPGPR_160213_215.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[311] SIPGPR_160213_226.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[312] SIPGPR_160213_235.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[313] SIPGPR_160213_241.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[314] SIPGPR_160213_248.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[315] SIPGPR_160213_258.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[316] SIPGPR_160213_261.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[317] SIPGPR_160213_273.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[318] SIPGPR_160213_291.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[319] SIPGPR_160213_314.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[320] SIPGPR_160213_318.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[321] SIPGPR_160213_325.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[322] SIPGPR_160213_342.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[323] SIPGPR_160213_357.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[324] SIPGPR_160213_370.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[325] SIPGPR_160213_374.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[326] SIPGPR_160213_394.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[327] SIPGPR_160213_416.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[328] SIPGPR_151028_08.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[329] SIPGPR_151028_17.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[330] SIPGPR_151028_22.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[331] SIPGPR_151028_26.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[332] SIPGPR_151028_31.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[333] SIPGPR_151028_49.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[334] SIPGPR_151028_62.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[335] SIPGPR_151028_80.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[336] SIPGPR_151028_82.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[337] SIPGPR_151028_85.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[338] SIPGPR_151028_89.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[339] SIPGPR_151028_93.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[340] SIPGPR_150414_01.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[341] SIPGPR_150414_08.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[342] SIPGPR_150414_13.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[343] SIPGPR_150307_01.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[344] SIPGPR_150307_13.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[345] SIPGPR_150307_28.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[346] SIPGPR_150307_37.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)

[347] SIPGPR_150224_02_STITCH.JPG

Medium (Email) (Bigger?)

[348] SIPGPR_150224_14.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[349] SIPGPR_150224_22.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[350] SIPGPR_150215_01.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[351] SIPGPR_150213_22.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[352] SIPGPR_150213_27.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[353] SIPGPR_150213_37.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[354] SIPGPR_141014_01.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[355] SIPGPR_141014_06.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[356] SIPGPR_141014_18.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[357] SIPGPR_141014_39.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[358] SIPGPR_141014_47.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[359] SIPGPR_141014_57.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[360] SIPGPR_141014_66.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[361] SIPGPR_141014_78.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[362] SIPGPR_140425_01.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[363] SIPGPR_140425_07.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[364] SIPGPR_140425_12.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[365] SIPGPR_140425_15.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[366] SIPGPR_140425_19.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[367] SIPGPR_140425_27.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[368] SIPGPR_140425_33.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[369] SIPGPR_140425_35.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[370] SIPGPR_140131_01.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[371] SIPGPR_140131_08.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[372] SIPGPR_140131_16.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[373] SIPGPR_140131_27.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[374] SIPGPR_140131_36.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[375] SIPGPR_140131_39.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[376] SIPGPR_140131_48.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[377] SIPGPR_140131_55.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[378] SIPGPR_140131_63.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[379] SIPGPR_140131_74.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[380] SIPGPR_130803_01.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[381] SIPGPR_130803_12.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[382] SIPGPR_130803_20.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[383] SIPGPR_130803_27.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[384] SIPGPR_130803_30.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[385] SIPGPR_130803_33.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[386] SIPGPR_130803_36.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[387] SIPGPR_130803_39.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[388] SIPGPR_130803_42.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[389] SIPGPR_130803_54.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[390] SIPGPR_130803_63.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[391] SIPGPR_130504_01.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[392] SIPGPR_130504_12.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[393] SIPGPR_130504_22.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[394] SIPGPR_130129_01.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[395] SIPGPR_130129_08.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[396] SIPGPR_130129_14.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[397] SIPGPR_130129_36.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[398] SIPGPR_130129_39.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[399] SIPGPR_130129_51.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)

[400] SIPGPR_121215_03_STITCH.JPG

Medium (Email) (Bigger?)

[401] SIPGPR_121215_06_STITCH.JPG

Medium (Email) (Bigger?)

[402] SIPGPR_121215_07_STITCH.JPG

Medium (Email) (Bigger?)

[403] SIPGPR_121215_10.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[404] SIPGPR_121215_31.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[405] SIPGPR_121215_40.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[406] SIPGPR_121215_53.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[407] SIPGPR_120421_02.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[408] SIPGPR_120421_09.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[409] SIPGPR_120421_11.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[410] SIPGPR_120421_16.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[411] SIPGPR_111120_02.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[412] SIPGPR_110902_01.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[413] SIPGPR_110902_21.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[414] SIPGPR_110902_27.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[415] SIPGPR_110902_29.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[416] SIPGPR_110902_32.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[417] SIPGPR_110902_35.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[418] SIPGPR_110902_36.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[419] SIPGPR_110811_10.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[420] SIPGPR_110811_20.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[421] SIPGPR_110811_32.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[422] SIPGPR_110704_12.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[423] SIPGPR_110704_36.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[424] SIPGPR_110704_43.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[425] SIPGPR_110409_01.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[426] SIPGPR_110219_01.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[427] SIPGPR_110219_06.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[428] SIPGPR_110219_12.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[429] SIPGPR_110219_18.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[430] SIPGPR_110219_23.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[431] SIPGPR_110219_30.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[432] SIPGPR_110219_36.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[433] SIPGPR_110219_45.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[434] SIPGPR_101120_07.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[435] SIPGPR_101120_12.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[436] SIPGPR_101120_22.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[437] SIPGPR_101120_31.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[438] SIPGPR_101120_41.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[439] SIPGPR_101120_47.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[440] SIPGPR_101120_53.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[441] SIPGPR_100131_02.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[442] SIPGPR_100131_06.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[443] SIPGPR_100131_25.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[444] SIPGPR_100131_34.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[445] SIPGPR_091121_01.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[446] SIPGPR_091121_08.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[447] SIPGPR_090517_001.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[448] SIPGPR_090517_012.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[449] SIPGPR_090517_030.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[450] SIPGPR_090517_049.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[451] SIPGPR_090517_055.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[452] SIPGPR_090517_064.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[453] SIPGPR_090517_081.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[454] SIPGPR_090517_095.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[455] SIPGPR_090517_109.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[456] SIPGPR_090502_01.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[457] SIPGPR_090426_053.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[458] SIPGPR_090426_071.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[459] SIPGPR_090426_100.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[460] SIPGPR_090426_105.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[461] SIPGPR_090426_110.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[462] SIPGPR_090426_118.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[463] SIPGPR_090426_138.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[464] SIPGPR_090426_198.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[465] SIPGPR_090426_210.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[466] SIPGPR_090426_213.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[467] SIPGPR_090419_02.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[468] SIPGPR_090419_09.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[469] SIPGPR_090419_19.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[470] SIPGPR_090419_26.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[471] SIPGPR_090419_34.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[472] SIPGPR_090419_46.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[473] SIPGPR_090419_50.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[474] SIPGPR_090410_04.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[475] SIPGPR_090405_05.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[476] SIPGPR_090405_12.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[477] SIPGPR_090405_17.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[478] SIPGPR_090405_34.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[479] SIPGPR_090404_05.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[480] SIPGPR_090404_12.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[481] SIPGPR_090404_17.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[482] SIPGPR_090404_29.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[483] SIPGPR_090404_40.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[484] SIPGPR_090404_69.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[485] SIPGPR_090404_72.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[486] SIPGPR_090404_78.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[487] SIPGPR_090404_81.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[488] SIPGPR_090329_013.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?) $John Quincy Adams, 1767-1848 Son of the second president, to whom he owed his formidable intellectual training, John Quincy Adams was fated, like his father, to serve an undistinguished term as president (1824-28). Despite his long experience as an ambassador, senator, and secretary of state, Adams was unable to master the fractious sectional politics of the 1820s. The rigid and humorless New Englander was also out of step with the new popular political style pioneered by Andrew Jackson. Yet these so-called flaws contributed to Adams's success in his life's second act. Returning to Congress in 1831, Adams became known as "Old Man Eloquent" for his passionate opposition to slavery. In defending the African prisoners on the slave ship Amistad, he made the case in Congress that slavery was not just immoral but unconstitutional. William Hudson, Jr., 1844$	[489] SIPGPR_090329_023.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[490] SIPGPR_090329_030.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[491] SIPGPR_090329_045.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[492] SIPGPR_090329_054.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[493] SIPGPR_090329_065.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[494] SIPGPR_090329_074.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[495] SIPGPR_090329_088.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[496] SIPGPR_090329_092.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[497] SIPGPR_090329_103.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[498] SIPGPR_090329_107.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[499] SIPGPR_090329_122.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[500] SIPGPR_090329_142.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[501] SIPGPR_090329_154.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[502] SIPGPR_090329_183.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[503] SIPGPR_090329_189.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[504] SIPGPR_090329_199.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[505] SIPGPR_090329_209.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[506] SIPGPR_090329_213.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[507] SIPGPR_090329_225.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[508] SIPGPR_090328_011.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[509] SIPGPR_090328_018.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[510] SIPGPR_090328_040.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[511] SIPGPR_090328_044.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[512] SIPGPR_090328_052.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[513] SIPGPR_090328_066.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[514] SIPGPR_090328_085.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[515] SIPGPR_090328_099.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[516] SIPGPR_090328_109.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[517] SIPGPR_090328_115.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[518] SIPGPR_090328_124.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[519] SIPGPR_090328_132.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[520] SIPGPR_090328_137.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[521] SIPGPR_090328_146.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[522] SIPGPR_090328_158.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[523] SIPGPR_090328_168.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[524] SIPGPR_090328_196.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[525] SIPGPR_090328_201.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[526] SIPGPR_090328_212.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[527] SIPGPR_090328_217.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[528] SIPGPR_090328_225.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[529] SIPGPR_090328_240.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[530] SIPGPR_090328_242.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[531] SIPGPR_090328_260.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[532] SIPGPR_090328_265.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[533] SIPGPR_090328_271.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[534] SIPGPR_090328_280.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[535] SIPGPR_090328_287.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[536] SIPGPR_090328_303.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[537] SIPGPR_090328_310.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[538] SIPGPR_090328_325.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[539] SIPGPR_090328_333.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[540] SIPGPR_090328_344.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[541] SIPGPR_090328_355.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[542] SIPGPR_090328_360.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[543] SIPGPR_090328_366.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[544] SIPGPR_090328_378.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[545] SIPGPR_090328_393.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[546] SIPGPR_090328_400.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[547] SIPGPR_090328_406.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[548] SIPGPR_090328_415.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[549] SIPGPR_090328_420.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[550] SIPGPR_090328_425.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[551] SIPGPR_090328_431.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[552] SIPGPR_090328_437.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[553] SIPGPR_090328_443.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[554] SIPGPR_090328_450.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[555] SIPGPR_090328_455.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[556] SIPGPR_090328_469.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[557] SIPGPR_090328_484.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[558] SIPGPR_090328_490.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[559] SIPGPR_090328_519.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[560] SIPGPR_090328_526.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[561] SIPGPR_090328_533.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[562] SIPGPR_090328_541.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[563] SIPGPR_090328_543.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[564] SIPGPR_090328_558.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[565] SIPGPR_090328_567.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[566] SIPGPR_090328_603.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[567] SIPGPR_090328_609.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[568] SIPGPR_090328_615.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[569] SIPGPR_090328_621.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[570] SIPGPR_090328_627.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[571] SIPGPR_090328_639.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[572] SIPGPR_090328_677.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[573] SIPGPR_090328_683.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[574] SIPGPR_090328_712.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[575] SIPGPR_090328_716.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[576] SIPGPR_090328_728.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[577] SIPGPR_090328_732.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[578] SIPGPR_090328_738.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[579] SIPGPR_090328_748.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[580] SIPGPR_090328_754.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[581] SIPGPR_090328_766.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[582] SIPGPR_090328_777.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[583] SIPGPR_090328_784.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[584] SIPGPR_090328_794.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[585] SIPGPR_090328_808.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[586] SIPGPR_090328_820.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[587] SIPGPR_090328_822.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[588] SIPGPR_090328_826.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[589] SIPGPR_090328_839.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[590] SIPGPR_090323_002.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[591] SIPGPR_090323_017.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[592] SIPGPR_090323_021.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[593] SIPGPR_090323_030.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[594] SIPGPR_090323_060.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[595] SIPGPR_090323_067.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[596] SIPGPR_090323_092.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[597] SIPGPR_090323_110.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[598] SIPGPR_090323_116.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[599] SIPGPR_090323_119.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[600] SIPGPR_090323_124.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[601] SIPGPR_090323_129.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[602] SIPGPR_090323_134.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[603] SIPGPR_090323_145.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[604] SIPGPR_090323_149.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[605] SIPGPR_090323_171.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[606] SIPGPR_090323_177.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[607] SIPGPR_090323_199.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[608] SIPGPR_090323_208.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[609] SIPGPR_090323_252.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[610] SIPGPR_090323_258.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[611] SIPGPR_090323_267.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[612] SIPGPR_090323_277.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[613] SIPGPR_090323_282.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[614] SIPGPR_090323_292.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. SIPGPR_231021_02.JPG: Theodore Roosevelt 1858-1919 Twenty-sixth president, 1901-1909 When Theodore Roosevelt took office in 1901, he became the youngest U.S. president. Yet he was among the most uniquely experienced, having been an historian, civil service commissioner, assistant secretary of the navy, soldier, New York governor, and vice president. Roosevelt belonged to the cross-party Progressive movement, whose many aims included regulating businesses and protecting workers and the environment. His administration battled monopolies, settled labor disputes, and conserved millions of acres of land. Although Roosevelt supported women’s rights, he believed a woman’s primary role was “the helpmeet, the housewife, and mother.” He opposed segregated schools for Asian students, but proposed restrictions on Asian immigration. And he failed to prevent discrimination against African Americans. In foreign affairs, Roosevelt chose to “Speak softly and carry a big stick.” His belief that the United States should exercise “international police power” in the Western Hemisphere helped drive military interventions in the Caribbean and Latin America. He began constructing the Panama Canal, and, in 1907, sent the Great White Fleet on a global tour showcasing U.S. naval might. Illustrator Sigismund de Ivanowski shows Roosevelt with monsters symbolizing unconstrained capitalism. Mirroring popular political cartoons, the snakes represent the Standard Oil monopoly, which Roosevelt successfully sued to dissolve. Sigismund de Ivanowski, c 1908-10
2. SIPGPR_231021_24.JPG: Theodore Roosevelt 1858-1919 Born New York City Theodore Roosevelt posed for this photograph at Montauk, Long Island, shortly before his First Volunteer Cavalry Regiment was mustered out of service in September 1898. The "Roosevelt Rough Riders," as they were known, fought in Cuba during the Spanish-American War (War of 1898). Later Roosevelt described in a letter how he looked and dressed in the war. In contrast to his appearance here, he said, "In Cuba I did not have the side of my hat turned up." Pach Brothers Studio (active 1867-1993) Platinum print, c. 1898 Gift of Joanna Sturm NPG.81.122
3. SIPGPR_231021_30.JPG: Eleanor Roosevelt 1884-1962 Born New York City As the nation's first lady from March 1933 to April 1945, Eleanor Roosevelt proved to be a vital force in Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration. She took public stands on issues ranging from exploitive labor practices to civil rights. Her activism did not end when she left the White House. As a U.S. delegate to the United Nations (1945-53), she was instrumental in formulating the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and securing its ratification by the General Assembly in 1948. A prolific author, she wrote in 1944, "In political life I have never felt that anything really mattered but the satisfaction of knowing that you stood for the things in which you believed, and had done the best you could." Polish artist Bernard Tadeusz Frydrysiak may have presented this 1946 painting to Roosevelt as a gesture of gratitude. That year, she repeatedly called attention to the terrible conditions in Poland following World War II. Bernard Tadeusz Frydrysiak (1908-1970) Oil on canvas, 1946 Lent by Ford and Marni Roosevelt
4. SIPGPR_231021_39.JPG: The Winner John F. Kennedy 1917-1963 Born Brookline, Massachusetts Jacques Lowe captured this candid photograph in July 1960, after John F. Kennedy won the nomination for president at the Democratic Convention in Los Angeles, California. In securing the victory, Kennedy overcame concerns about his lack of experience, his health, and -- as only the second Catholic presidential nominee up to that point in U.S. history -- his faith. During his acceptance speech, Kennedy introduced the "New Frontier," a slogan he would use throughout his campaign and presidency. He described the 1960s as a turning point of "unknown opportunities" and "unfilled hopes," and asked: "Can we carry through in an age where we will witness not only new breakthroughs in weapons of destruction-but also a race for mastery of the sky and the rain, the ocean and the tides, the far side of space, and the inside of men's minds? That is the question of the New Frontier." Jacques Lowe (1930-2001) Gelatin silver print, 1960 (printed 1999) Acquired through the generosity of Tommie L. Pegues and Donald A. Capoccia
5. SIPGPR_231021_48.JPG: Donald J. Trump born 1946 Forty-fifth president, 2017-2021 Donald J. Trump was elected president of the United States after tapping into populist American sentiment. Having led a career in business and television, he created an identity that was anti-traditional government and put forth an "America First" agenda. During his tenure, Trump appointed a record number of federal judges, including three Supreme Court justices. He brokered the Abraham Accords, significantly restricted immigration, and reduced government regulations. In February 2020, the unemployment rate was a record low at 3.5 percent. Throughout his term, he was impeached two times: the first on charges of abusing power and obstruction of Congress and the second for incitement of insurrection. He was acquitted by the Senate in both trials. On June 18, 2019, Trump officially announced his decision to seek a second term. The COVID-19 pandemic, which resulted in a devastating loss of human lives and an economic crisis, became a key issue during his reelection campaign. More Americans voted in the 2020 presidential election than ever before, and the majority elected Joseph R. Biden Jr. However, Trump did not concede, and a mob of his supporters, who refused to accept the results, attacked the U.S. Capitol complex on January 6, 2021, when Congress was working to certify Biden's win. Matt McClain (born 1975) Inkjet print, 2017 (printed 2020) NPG.2022.158.1
6. SIPGPR_230518_12.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2023_DC_SIPG_Pres DC -- Donald W. Reynolds Center (NPG) -- Exhibit: America's Presidents (11 photos from 2023)
  Theodore Roosevelt, 1858-1919 When Theodore Roosevelt took office in 1901, he became the youngest U.S. president. Yet he was among the most uniquely experienced, having been an historian, civil service commissioner, assistant secretary of the navy, soldier, New York governor, and vice president. Roosevelt belonged to the cross-party Progressive movement, whose many aims included regulating businesses and protecting workers and the environment. His administration battled monopolies, settled labor disputes, and conserved millions of acres of land. Although Roosevelt supported women’s rights, he believed a woman’s primary role was “the helpmeet, the housewife, and mother.” He opposed segregated schools for Asian students, but proposed restrictions on Asian immigration. And he failed to prevent discrimination against African Americans. In foreign affairs, Roosevelt chose to “Speak softly and carry a big stick.” His belief that the United States should exercise “international police power” in the Western Hemisphere helped drive military interventions in the Caribbean and Latin America. He began constructing the Panama Canal, and, in 1907, sent the Great White Fleet on a global tour showcasing U.S. naval might. Illustrator Sigismund de Ivanowski shows Roosevelt with monsters symbolizing unconstrained capitalism. Mirroring popular political cartoons, the snakes represent the Standard Oil monopoly, which Roosevelt successfully sued to dissolve. Sigismund De Ivanowski, c. 1908-10
7. SIPGPR_230518_29.JPG: Theodore Roosevelt, 1858-1919 Born New York City On Labor Day 1910, President Theodore Roosevelt addressed more than ten thousand people during the laying of the cornerstone ceremony for the Fargo College Library, which housed the first Carnegiefunded library in North Dakota. Roosevelt was regarded as the state’s honorary son because of the time he spent ranching near Medora, North Dakota, in the 1880s. The president began his speech praising the state for its role in his unofficial education: “North Dakota gave me my post-graduate course.” Further, he argued for the well-being of the worker, stating, “The nation’s first consideration should be the average man’s welfare and if it isn’t this it should be and shall be. With this we should give the exceptional man the chance to achieve that which he alone can achieve. The best possible means shall be given to all men to allow them to show what is in themselves.” Unidentified photographer, 1910
8. SIPGPR_221201_01.JPG: Barack Obama, born 1961 Forty-forth president, 2009–2017 Barack Obama made history in 2009 by becoming the first African American president. The former Illinois state senator’s election signaled a feeling of hope for the future even as the U.S. was undergoing its worst financial crisis since the Great Depression. While working to improve the economy, Obama enacted the Affordable Care Act, extending health benefits to millions of previously uninsured Americans. Overseas, he oversaw the drawdown of American troops in the Middle East—a force reduction that was controversially replaced with an expansion of drone and aviation strikes. Though his mission to kill al-Qaeda founder Osama bin Laden was successful, his pledge to close the Guantanamo prison went unrealized. Artist Kehinde Wiley is known for his vibrant, large-scale paintings of African Americans posing as famous figures from the history of Western art. This portrait does not include an underlying art historical reference, but some of the flowers in the background carry special meaning for Obama. The chrysanthemums, for example, reference the official flower of Chicago. The jasmine evokes Hawaii, where he spent the majority of his childhood, and the African blue lilies stand in for his late Kenyan father. Kehinde Wiley, 2018 Credit Line National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; gift of Kate Capshaw and Steven Spielberg; Judith Kern and Kent Whealy; Tommie L. Pegues and Donald A. Capoccia; Clarence, DeLoise, and Brenda Gaines; The Stoneridge Fund of Amy and Marc Meadows; Robert E. Meyerhoff and Rheda Becker; Catherine and Michael Podell; Mark and Cindy Aron; Lyndon J. Barrois and Janine Sherman Barrois; The Honorable John and Louise Bryson; Paul and Rose Carter; Bob and Jane Clark; Lisa R. Davis; Shirley Ross Davis and Family; Alan and Lois Fern; Conrad and Constance Hipkins; Sharon and John Hoffman; Daniel and Kimberly Johnson; John Legend and Chrissy Teigen; Eileen Harris Norton; Helen Hilton Raiser; Philip and Elizabeth Ryan; Roselyne Chroman Swig; Josef Vascovitz and Lisa Goodman; Michele J. Hooper and Lemuel Seabrook III; The Skylark Foundation; Cleveland and Harriette Chambliss; Anna Chavez and Eugene Eidenberg; Carla Diggs & Stephen M. Smith; Danny First; Peggy Woodford Forbes and Harry Bremond; Stephen Friedman Gallery; Sean and Mary Kelly, Sean Kelly Gallery; Jamie Lunder; Joff Masukawa and No�lle Kennedy Masukawa; Derek McGinty and Cheryl Cooper; Robert and Jan Newman; The Raymond L. Ocampo Jr. and Sandra O. Ocampo Family Trust; Julie and Bennett Roberts; Paul Sack; Gertrude Dixon Sherman; Michael and Mary Silver; V. Joy Simmons, MD; Andrea Lavin Solow and Alan P. Solow; John Sykes; Galerie Templon; Henry L. Thaggert III
9. SIPGPR_221014_001.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2022_DC_SIPG_Pres DC -- Donald W. Reynolds Center (NPG) -- Exhibit: America's Presidents (20 photos from 2022)
  Theodore Roosevelt, 1858-1919 Unidentified photographer, 1910
10. SIPGPR_221014_012.JPG: Theodore Roosevelt, 1858-1919 Edward S. Curtis, 1904
11. SIPGPR_221014_023.JPG: Wheeler and the Court Fight Artist Clifford Kennedy Berryman, 2 Feb 1869 - 11 Dec 1949 Sitter Homer Still� Cummings, 30 Apr 1870 - 10 Sep 1956 Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 30 Jan 1882 - 12 Apr 1945 Charles Evans Hughes, 11 Apr 1862 - 27 Aug 1948 Burton Kendall Wheeler, 27 Feb 1882 - Jan 1975
12. SIPGPR_221014_029.JPG: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 1882-1945 Edward Jean Steichen, 1933
13. SIPGPR_221014_039.JPG: John F. Kennedy, 1917-1963 George Tames, 1961
14. SIPGPR_221014_053.JPG: John F. Kennedy, 1917-1963 Lyndon B. Johnson, 1908-1973 George Tames, c 1961
15. SIPGPR_221014_056.JPG: Barack Obama, born 1961 44th president, 2009–2017 Barack Obama made history in 2009 by becoming the first African American president. The former Illinois state senator’s election signaled a feeling of hope for the future even as the United States was undergoing its worst financial crisis since the Great Depression. While working to improve the economy, Obama enacted the Affordable Care Act, extending health benefits to millions of previously uninsured Americans. Overseas, he oversaw the drawdown of American troops in the Middle East—a force reduction that was controversially replaced with an expansion of drone and aviation strikes. Though his mission to kill al-Qaeda founder Osama bin Laden was successful, his pledge to close the Guantanamo prison went unrealized. Early in 2008, Shepard Fairey, a Los Angeles–based graphic designer and street artist, made his first portraits of the future president. He created a stencil, based on a photograph by Mannie Garcia, to convey Obama’s visionary upward glance and incorporated inspiring words into his designs. The “Hope” portrait circulated widely on the internet and was adapted by campaign supporters, who applied the image to T-shirts, posters, and stickers. For this fine-art version, Fairey translated the portrait into a collage with a rich surface of decorative papers and old newsprint. Shepard Fairey, 2008 Gift of the Heather and Tony Podesta Collection, in honor of Mary K. Podesta
16. SIPGPR_210521_05.JPG: Gerald R. Ford, 1913-2006 Thirty-eighth president, 1974–1977 Gerald Ford's rise to the presidency was historic. Appointed vice president by Richard Nixon after Spiro Agnew resigned in disgrace in 1973, Ford was then sworn in as president on August 9, 1974, after Nixon resigned. He became the first president to hold office without ever having been elected by the people. Ford announced: "Our long national nightmare is over," and then he immediately set about restoring credibility to the position. In a controversial gesture to heal the nation -- and to prevent a lengthy trial -- he pardoned Nixon of any wrongdoing. He also offered amnesty to Vietnam War deserters and draft evaders. Ford would pay a price for his leniency in his election campaign in 1976. Although he staved off a bitter challenge by Ronald Reagan for the Republican Party nomination, he lost to Jimmy Carter in the general election. This portrait by Everett R. Kinstler was painted at Ford's request, specifically for the National Portrait Gallery. The artist based the likeness on sketches he had made in the late 1970s, when he was working on Ford's official White House portrait. Everett Raymond Kinstler, 1987
17. SIPGPR_210521_18.JPG: Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1890-1969 Thirty-fourth President, 1953-1961 Thomas E. Stephens, 1955 Lent by the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum
18. SIPGPR_210521_28.JPG: John F. Kennedy, 1917-1963 Born Brookline, Massachusetts When elected to the U.S. Senate in 1953, Democrat John Fitzgerald Kennedy was no stranger to the U.S. Capitol Building, having served Massachusetts in the House of Representatives from 1947 to 1953. He then won the Senate seat from Republican incumbent Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., even though the Republican candidate Dwight D. Eisenhower carried Massachusetts in the presidential election. During his time in the Senate, Kennedy was especially responsive to constituent issues, despite suffering major health issues in the first years of his term. At the height of Joseph McCarthy's Red Scare, Kennedy condemned the senator's methods. In doing so, he risked political backlash in his home state, where McCarthy was popular. As senator, Kennedy crusaded for labor reform and civil rights, concerns that would characterize his political career. In 1961, eight years after being elected senator, Kennedy would become the thirty-fifth president of the United States. Arnold A. Newman, 1953
19. SIPGPR_210521_43.JPG: John and Jacqueline Kennedy The 1953 marriage of John F. Kennedy (1917–1963) and Jacqueline Bouvier (1929–1994) was the event of the season. Both were from wealthy, influential New England families in the public eye. John was a war hero and rising political star, and Jackie was a stylish photographer-reporter, who had covered high-profile events such as the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. Portrayed by the world-renowned photographer Yousuf Karsh in 1957, the Kennedys epitomized the power couple at the time. That year, Jackie gave birth to their oldest child, Caroline Kennedy. Additionally, John F. Kennedy's book, Profiles in Courage (1956), was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for biography. Still four years from his presidency, Kennedy was working in the Senate to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1957, which would uphold progress made toward desegregation. Soon after, the couple began campaigning for his reelection to the Senate. Yousuf Karsh, 1957
20. SIPGPR_210514_009.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2021_DC_SIPG_Pres DC -- Donald W. Reynolds Center (NPG) -- Exhibit: America's Presidents (18 photos from 2021)
  America's Presidents
21. SIPGPR_210514_039.JPG: Donald J. Trump ,born 1946 Forty-fifth president, 2017–2021 Donald J. Trump was elected president of the United States after tapping into populist American sentiment. Having led a career in business and television, he created an identity that was antitraditional government and put forth an "America First" agenda. During his tenure, Trump appointed a record number of federal judges, including three Supreme Court justices. He brokered the Abraham Accords, significantly restricted immigration, and reduced government regulations. In February 2020, the unemployment rate was a record low at 3.5 percent. Throughout his term, he was impeached two times: the first on charges of abusing power and obstruction of Congress and the second for incitement of insurrection. He was acquitted by the Senate in both trials. This photograph of Trump, from June 17, 2019, was taken on the day before he officially announced he would seek a second term. The beginning of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19), which resulted in a devastating loss of human lives and an economic crisis, became a key issue during his reelection campaign. More Americans voted in the 2020 presidential election than ever before, and the majority elected Joseph R. Biden Jr. Nevertheless, Trump did not concede, and a mob of his supporters, who refused to accept the results, attacked the U.S. Capitol complex on January 6, 2021, when Congress was working to certify Biden's win.
22. SIPGPR_210514_070.JPG: Barack Obama, born 1961 Forty-fourth president, 2009-2017 Alternate Title: Hope Artist: Shepard Fairey, born 1970 2008
23. SIPGPR_201114_01.JPG: The Obama portrait was covered with protective glass.
24. SIPGPR_201114_20.JPG: Before the Obama portrait was covered with glass, there was a guard who stood next to it the entire time the museum was open.
25. SIPGPR_201015_01.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2020_DC_SIPG_Pres DC -- Donald W. Reynolds Center (NPG) -- Exhibit: America's Presidents (14 photos from 2020)
  Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1890-1969 Thomas E. Stephens, 1955 Lent by the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum
26. SIPGPR_201015_22.JPG: Ronald Reagan, 1911-2004 Fortieth president, 1981–1989 The ascension of Ronald Reagan, a former actor and governor of California, marked the revitalization of the conservative western wing of the Republican party that many thought had died with the defeat of Barry Goldwater in 1964. As president, he challenged many of the liberal programs that had dominated the federal government since the New Deal, and throughout his presidency, he strove to cut the size of government. Reagan unapologetically reduced social welfare programs and encouraged a conservative social ethic regarding the role of religion in public life and reproductive rights, but his conservative stance led him to largely ignore the AIDS crisis. Finally, in foreign policy, Reagan guided the United States through the end of the Cold War. When he left office in 1989, the Soviet Union was already falling apart, but it did not officially break up until two years later. Everett Raymond Kinstler, 1991
27. SIPGPR_201015_45.JPG: Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1882-1945 Born Hyde Park, New York Artist Herman Perlman was born in Poland and lived in Russia until 1914, when his family immigrated to Columbus, Ohio. In 1924, he moved to Washington, D.C., and studied art at the Maryland Institute College of Art in nearby Baltimore. When he created this likeness, Perlman had already been drawing portraits, particularly caricatures, for nearly ten years. Here, he depicts the president as a debonair yet slightly self-satisfied figure, emphasizing his patrician background. Perlman often made caricatures for the Washington Post. When the paper periodically laid him off during the Depression, he took side jobs for theaters and other organizations. Perlman drew caricatures of many public figures, including Andrew Mellon, Will Rogers, Herbert Hoover, and Dean Acheson. His subjects were rarely offended by his clever likenesses. In fact, many autographed the original drawings, just as Roosevelt signed this portrait. Herman Perlman, 1935
28. SIPGPR_201015_49.JPG: Franklin Delano Roosevelt at Yalta Despite his failing health leading up to 1945, Franklin Delano Roosevelt was determined to end the Second World War. After he was elected to an unprecedented fourth term in 1944, Roosevelt threw himself into discussions with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin. He met them in Yalta, Soviet Crimea, where they negotiated the division of Germany, the governance of liberated Europe, and aid from the U.S.S.R. on the Pacific front. The conference resulted in the re-mapping of Poland's borders. Free elections in Poland became a condition of the conference -- but Stalin immediately defaulted. Though Roosevelt expressed his outrage over the betrayal, he never made it to the follow-up conference that would have addressed Stalin's duplicity. Roosevelt died of a cerebral hemorrhage on April 12, just weeks before the allies would reconvene and mere months before the war's end. Samariy Gurariy, 1945
29. SIPGPR_191017_005.JPG: Martha Washington, 1831-1802 In 1749, Martha Dandridge married Daniel Parke Custis, the wealthiest planter in the colony. Seven years and four children later, she was a very wealthy widow. She married George Washington in 1759, pulling hum upward in Virginia's social and economic strata. Martha was viewed by contemporaries as a quiet, reserved woman capable of managing an estate, a comfortable fit for an ambitious planter. She contributed to her husband's climb to national leadership in numerous ways. During the Revolutionary War, Martha stayed with her husband in the army's winter encampment; she was a great comfort to George and a major factor in his being able to keep the army intact. She was also, along with her husband, influential in setting the atmosphere and tone of the presidency, which was so important to the new republic. Rembrandt Peale based his portrait on his father's (Charles Willson Peale's) 1795 likeness, adding a "porthole" as he did in his George Washington on view across the room. Rembrandt Peale, 1853
30. SIPGPR_191017_023.JPG: George Washington and Benjamin Franklin This print, depicting George Washington (1732–1799) and Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790) facing each other in profile, was published in the Columbian Magazine (Philadelphia, March 1788). However, it was copied from an early edition of the Swiss author Johan Caspar Lavater's Essays on Physiognomy (1775–78), which proposed a person's character was evident in their expressions, facial features, and head shape. The magazine's author quoted Lavater's analysis of Washington's silhouetted profile, noting his good qualities and adding, "the original must be distinguished by an indefatigable activity -- a man who acts with prudence, and always with dignity." Unidentified artist, 1788
31. SIPGPR_191017_059.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 Born Westmoreland County, Virginia Edward Savage's mezzotint engraving portrays George Washington as the nation's president rather than as a general: he wears a black velvet suit and not a military uniform. In his hand is a plan of the new capital city named in his honor. While in London, Savage adapted the pose of this elegant print from one of his own paintings. Washington's face, however, was based on an earlier portrait that Savage had painted from life between 1789, the year he was inaugurated as president, and 1790. The caption at the bottom of this print refers to the latter work. On October 6, 1793, Savage sent his subject an impression of this mezzotint, along with a portrait print he had made of Benjamin Franklin. In the accompanying letter, the artist expressed his hope that "it will meet with the approbation of yourself and Mrs. Washington as it is the first I ever published in that method of Engraving." Edward Savage, 1793
32. SIPGPR_191017_064.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 In 1795, the Philadelphia artist Charles Willson Peale persuaded President George Washington to pose for his seventeen-year-old son Rembrandt, who wanted to paint the president's portrait. Upon learning that Rembrandt was joined in the painting room by his father, his brother Raphaelle, and his Uncle James (all artists), Gilbert Stuart quipped that the president was in danger of being "Pealed all around." Rembrandt Peale's original life portrait is now in the collection of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. He once stated that he had painted ten replicas, but only two are known -- this example and one in the collection of the Detroit Institute of Arts. Rembrandt Peale (1778–1860), 1795
33. SIPGPR_191017_078.JPG: Andrew Jackson, 1767-1845 Thomas Sully, c 1819
34. SIPGPR_191017_095.JPG: John Quincy Adams, 1767-1848 Born Braintree, Massachusetts Created in March 1843, this daguerreotype is the earliest known photographic portrait of an American president. John Quincy Adams completed his single presidential term in 1829 and was serving as a congressman from Massachusetts when he visited the Washington, D.C., studio of Philip Haas. Intrigued by daguerreotypy, which Haas had described to him as "a chemical process upon mercury, silver, gold and iodine," Adams noted in his diary, "The operation is performed in half a minute but is yet altogether incomprehensible to me." Philip Haas, 1843
35. SIPGPR_191017_117.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 Rembrandt Peale, son of American artist Charles Willson Peale, painted George Washington from life in 1795 when he was seventeen. He later made numerous portraits of the president based on his memory of this sitting and on likenesses by other artists. From these he developed an idealized image -- known by the Latin name "Patriae Pater" (Father of His Country) -- which served as a model for his many so-called "porthole" portraits of Washington. In these compositions, the subject's face is seen through an oval stonework frame -- an honorific convention in European art dating from the Renaissance. Rembrandt Peale, 1853
36. SIPGPR_191017_129.JPG: Theodore Roosevelt and His Cabinet In this photograph, President Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919) sits with the members of his executive cabinet. The year 1906, when this photograph was taken, was especially productive for the reform- minded administration. For example, Roosevelt signed the Hepburn Act, which increased federal regulation of such giant monopolies as John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company and J.P. Morgan's Northern Securities Company. Previously, these companies and others had been fixing railroad shipping rates to their advantage. Roosevelt also signed the Pure Food and Drug Act, as well as the Meat Inspection Act, to provide basic levels of consumer protections. As president, he initiated many new conservation measures, including the Antiquities Act, which he ultimately used to designate eighteen new national monuments. Finally, Roosevelt was awarded the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize for his successful efforts the previous year to mediate an end to the Russo-Japanese War. Harris & Ewing Studio, 1906
37. SIPGPR_191017_141.JPG: Theodore Roosevelt, 1858-1919 Born New York City Pirie MacDonald described Theodore Roosevelt's sitting in 1915 as one of his most difficult, and it is not hard to speculate why. Roosevelt had recently returned from an exploratory scientific expedition in South America, where he contracted malaria and an infection in his leg, both of which would plague him the rest of his life. Moreover, Roosevelt spent the first part of that year defending himself against libel charges levied by Albany Times-Union owner William Barnes Jr., whom the former president had accused of corruption and political meddling. In May of that year, a German U-boat sank the ocean liner Lusitania, resulting in the drowning of almost 1,200 passengers, among them 128 Americans. Afterwards, Roosevelt traveled the country speaking about military preparedness and decrying President Wilson's attempts to stay out of World War I. He also engaged in unlovely politics, ridiculing immigrants from Germany and Ireland as unpatriotic. Pirie MacDonald, 1915
38. SIPGPR_191017_149.JPG: Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1882-1945 Born Hyde Park, New York Artist Herman Perlman was born in Poland and lived in Russia until 1914, when his family immigrated to Columbus, Ohio. In 1924, he moved to Washington, D.C., and studied art at the Maryland Institute College of Art in nearby Baltimore. When he created this likeness, Perlman had already been drawing portraits, particularly caricatures, for nearly ten years. Here, he depicts the president as a debonair yet slightly self-satisfied figure, emphasizing his patrician background. Perlman often made caricatures for the Washington Post. When the paper periodically laid him off during the Depression, he took side jobs for theaters and other organizations. Perlman drew caricatures of many public figures, including Andrew Mellon, Will Rogers, Herbert Hoover, and Dean Acheson. His subjects were rarely offended by his clever likenesses. In fact, many autographed the original drawings, just as Roosevelt signed this portrait. Herman Perlman, 1935
39. SIPGPR_191017_165.JPG: Franklin Delano Roosevelt at Yalta Despite his failing health leading up to 1945, Franklin Delano Roosevelt was determined to end the Second World War. After he was elected to an unprecedented fourth term in 1944, Roosevelt threw himself into discussions with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin. He met them in Yalta, Soviet Crimea, where they negotiated the division of Germany, the governance of liberated Europe, and aid from the U.S.S.R. on the Pacific front. The conference resulted in the re-mapping of Poland's borders. Free elections in Poland became a condition of the conference -- but Stalin immediately defaulted. Though Roosevelt expressed his outrage over the betrayal, he never made it to the follow-up conference that would have addressed Stalin's duplicity. Roosevelt died of a cerebral hemorrhage on April 12, just weeks before the allies would reconvene and mere months before the war's end. Samariy Gurariy, 1945
40. SIPGPR_191017_174.JPG: John and Jacqueline Kennedy The 1953 marriage of John F. Kennedy (1917–1963) and Jacqueline Bouvier (1929–1994) was the event of the season. Both were from wealthy, influential New England families in the public eye. John was a war hero and rising political star, and Jackie was a stylish photographer-reporter, who had covered high-profile events such as the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. Portrayed by the world-renowned photographer Yousuf Karsh in 1957, the Kennedys epitomized the power couple at the time. That year, Jackie gave birth to their oldest child, Caroline Kennedy. Additionally, John F. Kennedy's book, Profiles in Courage (1956), was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for biography. Still four years from his presidency, Kennedy was working in the Senate to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1957, which would uphold progress made toward desegregation. Soon after, the couple began campaigning for his reelection to the Senate. Yousuf Karsh, 1957
41. SIPGPR_191017_188.JPG: John F. Kennedy, 1917-1963 Born Brookline, Massachusetts When elected to the U.S. Senate in 1953, Democrat John Fitzgerald Kennedy was no stranger to the U.S. Capitol Building, having served Massachusetts in the House of Representatives from 1947 to 1953. He then won the Senate seat from Republican incumbent Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., even though the Republican candidate Dwight D. Eisenhower carried Massachusetts in the presidential election. During his time in the Senate, Kennedy was especially responsive to constituent issues, despite suffering major health issues in the first years of his term. At the height of Joseph McCarthy's Red Scare, Kennedy condemned the senator's methods. In doing so, he risked political backlash in his home state, where McCarthy was popular. As senator, Kennedy crusaded for labor reform and civil rights, concerns that would characterize his political career. In 1961, eight years after being elected senator, Kennedy would become the thirty-fifth president of the United States. Arnold A. Newman, 1953
42. SIPGPR_191017_204.JPG: Gerald Ford, Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, and Jimmy Carter This photograph captures the first time that four U.S. presidents gathered in the White House at once. They came together in order to make a plan to represent the United States during an important ally's funeral. On October 6, 1981, Egyptian president Anwar Sadat, the author of significant peace negotiations with Israel, was assassinated during a parade in Cairo. Sitting President Ronald Reagan had survived an assassination attempt earlier that year, and government security agencies recommended that he not attend the funeral. Instead, the U.S. was represented by a delegation of the three former presidents Jimmy Carter, Gerald Ford, and Richard Nixon. Despite their combative election campaigns and differing ideologies, the presidents ultimately agreed to come together to honor Sadat. Although they made a show of solidarity, photographers noticed Carter's discomfort during the send-off. Carter, who considered Sadat a close friend, viewed Reagan's decision not to attend as cowardly. George Tames, 1981
43. SIPGPR_191017_212.JPG: Ronald Reagan, 1911-2004 Born Tampico, Illinois This photograph of Ronald Reagan leading his beloved horse El Alamein undoubtedly captures a lesser-known side of him. According to Reagan's biographer Edmund Morris, to truly understand the man, one must visit Reagan's retreat, Rancho del Cielo. The 688-acre property is located seven miles up a steep canyon road from the Pacific Ocean and nestled in the Santa Ynez Mountains. After Reagan bought the ranch in 1974, it became his favorite home. Despite objections from aides, Reagan returned there often during his presidency. He had learned to ride horseback in the late 1930s while serving in the U.S. Cavalry Reserve. The president's joyful quotation of Xenophon's Art of Horsemanship conveys his love of horses: "There is nothing quite so good for the inside of a man as the outside of a horse." Henry Benson, 1983
44. SIPGPR_190129_64.JPG: The Smithsonian museums reopened on Tuesday (except for the Renwick Gallery which is still removing the Burning Man exhibit) after the 35-day Trump Shutdown. But rain, snow, and ice forecasts kept most people away. As a result, I got to see something at the National Portrait Gallery that I'd never seen before -- the President Barack Obama portrait without a huge crowd of people waiting to stare, photograph, and be photographed with.
45. SIPGPR_190101_01.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2019_DC_SIPG_Pres DC -- Donald W. Reynolds Center (NPG) -- Exhibit: America's Presidents (28 photos from 2019)
  The black border has been removed, after being around the frame for 30 days.
46. SIPGPR_190101_15.JPG: You can see the faint impression on the floor (bottom right) of the stand where the comment book rested.
47. SIPGPR_181211_33.JPG: Ulysses S. Grant, 1822-1885 Ulysses S. Grant was a West Point graduate who had no real ambition to be in the military: he wanted to be a teacher. Nonetheless, he served with distinction in the Mexican-American War. After resigning from the army in peacetime, he reenlisted during the Civil War. Following a series of victories, Grant was brought east by Lincoln to command the Union armies. His unrelenting campaign against Robert E. Lee, in 1864–65, finally won the war for the North. Grant was ultimately elected president, but the powers of command he displayed in the army seemed to abandon him when he reached the White House. He was unable to manage the politics of Reconstruction, and his hands-off attitude spawned an outbreak of federal corruption. Shortly after his presidency, Grant posed for the artist Thomas Le Clear. Grant owned this portrait, while a second, larger version entered the White House collection. Thomas Le Clear, c 1880
48. SIPGPR_181211_39.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 In 1795, the Philadelphia artist Charles Willson Peale persuaded President George Washington to pose for his seventeen-year-old son Rembrandt, who wanted to paint the president's portrait. Upon learning that Rembrandt was joined in the painting room by his father, his brother Raphaelle, and his Uncle James (all artists), Gilbert Stuart quipped that the president was in danger of being "Pealed all around." Rembrandt Peale's original life portrait is now in the collection of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. He once stated that he had painted ten replicas, but only two are known -- this example and one in the collection of the Detroit Institute of Arts. Rembrandt Peale (1778–1860), 1795
49. SIPGPR_181211_45.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 Charles Willson Peale, 1795 or later
50. SIPGPR_181211_57.JPG: Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1890-1969 by Thomas E. Stephens, 1955
51. SIPGPR_181205_01.JPG: Ronald Reagan, 1911-2004 Midway through the first term of Ronald Reagan's presidency, Time magazine ran this cover and an accompanying story, titled "How Reagan Decides." At the time, Reagan and his chief advisers were preparing a budget with a proposed deficit of about $155 billion, more "than twice as large as any recorded by a previous administration" and contrary to Reagan's major tenets of restrained government spending and balanced budgets. In spite of the record-high tallies, in Reagan's mind he was not violating his long-held principles, but rather working toward them in the long run. He believed that his tax cuts, "slashes in social spending," and a revived economy would soon shrink the deficits. Reagan's reelection in 1984 was yet another testament to his optimism and to his uncanny ability to communicate with the American people. Mark English (born 1933) Oil and pastel on canvas mounted on board, 1982 Time cover, December 13, 1982
52. SIPGPR_181205_14.JPG: Ronald Reagan, 1911-2004 Ronald Wilson Reagan, 6 Feb 1911 - 5 Jun 2004 Walter Leland Cronkite, Jr., 4 Nov 1916 - 17 Jul 2009 James Scott Brady, 29 Aug 1940 - 4 Aug 2014 David Richmond Gergen, born 9 May 1942 Edwin Meese, III, born 1931 George Herbert Walker Bush, 12 Jun 1924 - 30 Nov 2018 James Addison Baker III, born 28 Apr 1930 Burton Benjamin, 1917 - 1988 Diana Walker, 1981 (printed 2011)
53. SIPGPR_181205_23.JPG: Mariners Jacques Lowe, 1960 (printed 1999)
54. SIPGPR_181205_30.JPG: John F. Kennedy, 1917-1963 Pietro Annigoni, 1961
55. SIPGPR_181205_38.JPG: I Want You When James Montgomery Flagg drew his famous World War I "I Want You" recruiting poster, he turned to the mirror for his craggy image of Uncle Sam. Although inspired by the British image of a pointing Lord Kitchener, Flagg's version captured the public's imagination with special effectiveness. Along with the stern features of the self-portrait, the foreshortened hand gesture forged a personal connection with the viewer. A generation later, Flagg translated that familiar image into this presidential campaign piece promoting Franklin D. Roosevelt's unprecedented fourth term. The poster coyly avoids asking for votes, suggesting instead that America's duty was to convince the incumbent to run in order to "finish the job." The poster was issued by the Independent Voters Committee of the Arts and Sciences for Roosevelt, founded in 1944 to promote a fourth term, with the expectation that the president could deliver both victory and a progressive peace settlement. James Montgomery Flagg, c 1944
56. SIPGPR_181205_48.JPG: Franklin D. Roosevelt Harris & Ewing Studio, 1933
57. SIPGPR_181205_64.JPG: Andrew Jackson Thomas Sully, c 1819
58. SIPGPR_181205_70.JPG: Andrew Jackson Born in the Waxhaw Settlement, South Carolina Beginning with George Washington's administration, presidential portrait medals were created to promote peace and friendship between Euro-Americans and Native Americans. Typically manufactured at the U.S. Mint, these "peace medals" were most often given to Native American representatives during treaty negotiations. While some of the original intentions may have been good-willed, a number of government policies, particularly Andrew Jackson's Indian Removal Act, undermined the purpose of these medals. Obverse: Moritz Furst Reverse: John Reich 1831-1832, medal inscribed 1829
59. SIPGPR_181205_76.JPG: Dead March and Monody Unidentified artist, after Gilbert Stuart Song by composer Benjamin Carr, 1799-1800
60. SIPGOB_180322_58.JPG: I have no idea who she is but her pictures weren't coming out so I volunteered.
61. SIPGOB_180317_05.JPG: The Michelle Obama portrait had been moved up to the third floor to take care of traffic problems.
62. SIPGOB_180317_20.JPG: Once the picture of the little girl staring at Michelle's picture went viral, every parent wanted to replicate it with their own kids.
63. SIPGOB_180317_29.JPG: This portrait was done by the same artist, Kehinde Wiley, who did the Barack Obama portrait so folks wanted to photograph this one as well.
64. SIPGPR_180228_001.JPG: Michelle LeVaughn Robinson Obama Born Chicago, Illinois Michelle Obama remembers growing up on the South Side of Chicago and thinking, "being smart is cooler than anything in the world." After earning degrees from Princeton University and Harvard Law School, she joined Sidley Austin LLP, where she met Barack Obama in 1989. Guided by the desire to improve her community, she left the firm in the mid-1990s to begin a career in public service. She directed community and external affairs for the University of Chicago Medical Center prior to moving to Washington in 2009. During her husband's two presidential campaigns, Mrs. Obama delivered poignant speeches that centered on her family's commitment to serving others and highlighted the importance of her role as a parent. As first lady, she focused on women's rights, LGBTQ rights, children's health, and military families. Mrs. Obama selected Amy Sherald, winner of the 2016 Outwin Boochever Portrait Competition, to create her official portrait for the museum. The Baltimore-based artist considers the former first lady to be someone "women can relate to -- no matter what shape, size, race, or color. . . . We see our best selves in her." Here, she portrays Mrs. Obama as both confident and approachable, in a dress by Michelle Smith's label Milly. Amy Sherald, 2018
65. SIPGPR_180228_024.JPG: Abraham Lincoln, 1809-1865 Born Hardin County, Kentucky Abraham Lincoln was becoming a national celebrity during the summer of 1860, but some worried that his appearance might cost him votes. Philadelphia supporter John M. Read hired John Henry Brown to make a good, small portrait that would serve as the basis for a printed campaign image. Brown had five sittings with the candidate but also based the image on several ambrotypes taken in Illinois. Lincoln's secretary thought the result was "so well executed that when magnified to life size one cannot discover any defects of brush marks on it at all." John Henry Brown, 1860
66. SIPGPR_180228_032.JPG: Abraham Lincoln, 1809-1865 Born Hardin County, Kentucky Mathew Brady's first portrait of Abraham Lincoln played a significant role in shaping Lincoln's public image during the 1860 presidential campaign. Taken on February 27, 1860 -- the day Lincoln delivered his stirring address on slavery at the Cooper Union in New York -- the photograph revealed a candidate whose dignified bearing stood in sharp contrast to the unflattering characterizations spread by his detractors. The portrait circulated in a variety of formats, including this broochlike campaign pin, made by the Boston photographer George Clark, who had copied Brady's original print. George Clark, after Mathew Brady, 1860
67. SIPGPR_180228_047.JPG: William McKinley, 1843-1901 Twenty-fifth president 1897–1901 Like other presidents elected during the post–Civil War era, William McKinley served in the Union army, where he rose from private to major. He then progressed from U.S. representative to governor of Ohio, and finally, to president. In the 1896 election, he defeated the populist Democrat William Jennings Bryan in a landslide victory, thereby cementing the Republican Party's conservative pro-business platform. The Spanish-American War, which lasted from April to August of 1898, was conducted under the pretext of freeing Cuba. The war guided much of McKinley's foreign policy and resulted in the United States acquiring the territories of Guam, the Philippines, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico -- marking the young nation as a budding global power. After his reelection in 1900, McKinley was assassinated by an anarchist at the 1901 Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York, underscoring the unending social and political unrest of the 1890s. McKinley is remembered for his patience and kindness, and for the dedication he showed his wife, Ida, who struggled with epilepsy and the deaths of their infant daughters. August Benziger, 1897
68. SIPGPR_180228_052.JPG: William McKinley, 1843-1901 (August Benziger portrait) (detail) Photographing wedding rings. Four presidential portraits had rings before the Baby Bush portrait was unveiled.
69. SIPGPR_180228_061.JPG: Benjamin Harrison, 1833-1901 Twenty-third president, 1889-1893 Although the United States is a popular democracy, the American electorate has shown a predisposition for political dynasties such as the Adamses, the Kennedys, and the Bushes. Benjamin Harrison, an Indianapolis lawyer, came from a political family and was the grandson of the ninth president, William Henry Harrison. Benjamin's political career, like his grandfather's, was aided by his military service. During the Civil War, he raised the Seventieth Indiana Regiment, which would be instrumental in the capture of Atlanta. Ending his military career in 1865 as a brigadier general, Harrison became involved in Indiana politics and was elected to the Senate in 1881. A compromise nominee of the Republican Party for the presidency in 1888, he defeated incumbent Democrat Grover Cleveland in the general election. Harrison's presidency was dominated by economic issues, especially high taxes -- or tariffs -- but the growth of government spending on his watch caused a backlash, and Cleveland came back to defeat him in the 1892 election. Theodore Clement Steele, 1900 Lent by Harrison Residence Hall, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
70. SIPGPR_180228_065.JPG: Benjamin Harrison, 1833-1901 (Theodore Clement Steele portrait) (detail) One of the presidential portraits with rings. Benjamin Harrison. This one actually looks like a wedding band.
71. SIPGPR_180228_073.JPG: Warren G. Harding, 1865-1923 Twenty-ninth president, 1921–1923 On November 2, 1920, less than three months after the nineteenth amendment had been signed into law, men -- and women -- elected Warren Harding to serve as their president. The former governor and senator from Ohio, who entered the White House following an era of upheaval, promised to restore "normalcy" after a period marked by sweeping social reforms and World War I. Under Harding's leadership, the U.S. dampened a naval arms race with Japan and Great Britain, but in doing so, it agreed to provisions that in effect ceded naval control of the western Pacific to the Japanese, and that set the stage for future conflicts. Harding, who was an inept judge of character, is often criticized for having trusted corrupt cronies with positions of power. Scandals plagued his administration, but because he died in office just as the accounts of wrongdoing were surfacing, they remain opaque. Margaret Lindsay Williams, 1923
72. SIPGPR_180228_079.JPG: Warren G. Harding, 1865-1923 (Margaret Lindsay Williams portrait) (detail) Warren G. Harding's ring. It doesn't look like a wedding band to me.
73. SIPGPR_180228_086.JPG: Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1882-1945 Thirty-second president, 1933–1945 Franklin Delano Roosevelt, whose presidency began in the throes of the Great Depression, led the United States out of its devastating financial crisis. During his first few months in office, he established the New Deal -- a set of ambitious government programs that supported public works projects, put forth banking and business regulations, and offered other forms of federal relief. After the United States entered World War II in 1941, he decided to seek a third term, pointing out that one should never change horses in midstream. In the diplomatic summits with Britain's Winston Churchill and the Soviet Union's Joseph Stalin, Roosevelt not only prosecuted the war but helped lay the groundwork for the postwar world. In March 1945, Douglas Chandor spent several days at the White House, where he made sketches for a group portrait of Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin to mark their conference the previous month at Yalta, a resort on the Black Sea. The artist wished the painting to be "a conversation about peace," but it was never realized because Stalin refused to sit for the portrait. Chandor included the composition for the painting on this canvas, along with studies of Roosevelt's hands. Douglas Chandor, 1945
74. SIPGPR_180228_095.JPG: Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1882-1945 (Douglas Chandor portrait) (detail) Nope. Not a wedding band either.
75. SIPGPR_180228_101.JPG: Richard M. Nixon, 1913-1994 Thirty-seventh president, 1969–1974 Coming of political age during the Cold War, Richard Nixon used national security issues to gain prominence in Congress and later served as Eisenhower's vice president. After he lost both the election for the presidency, in 1960, and the race for California governor, in 1962, it seemed as though his career may have peaked in the 1950s. However, as the Democratic Party unraveled over such topics as the Vietnam War and civil rights, Nixon won the presidency in 1968. During his tenure, which was cut short, he focused on foreign policy, particularly with regard to ending the Vietnam War and establishing a relationship with China. The scandal over the Watergate break-in and the subsequent cover-up morphed into a crisis over presidential misconduct, and in 1974, he became the first -- and so far the only -- president to resign. In 1968, Look magazine hired Norman Rockwell to portray the newly elected president. Admitting that Nixon's appearance was troublesomely elusive, Rockwell chose to intentionally flatter him. If he was going to err in his portrayal, he said, he wanted it to be in the direction that would please his subject. Norman Rockwell, 1968
76. SIPGPR_180228_107.JPG: Richard M. Nixon, 1913-1994 (Norman Rockwell portrait) (detail) The first presidential portrait wearing a watch.
77. SIPGPR_180228_120.JPG: George W. Bush, born 1946 Forty-third president, 2001–2009 Like John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts, Texasborn Republican George W. Bush was the eldest son of a president. Also like Adams, Bush was elected in a close and controversial election against a Democratic vice president. Bush's victory over Al Gore was ultimately decided by a Supreme Court ruling with regard to recounting votes in Florida. Expecting that his presidency would center largely on domestic issues, he instead found his two terms dominated by a series of cataclysmic events. Above all, there were the terrorist attacks of 9/11, which required the development of a policy to fight al-Qaeda and worldwide terrorism. Abroad, Bush mounted major military actions in Afghanistan and Iraq. At home, he faced the devastation wrought by Hurricane Katrina and a major financial crisis. Despite Bush's efforts to safeguard the country's security and welfare, criticism that his administration had been ineffectual caused him to leave office with his reputation at a low ebb. Bush selected Robert Anderson, a Connecticut portraitist and a Yale classmate of his, to create this painting for the National Portrait Gallery. He requested an informal image and posed at Camp David, the presidential retreat in Maryland. Robert Anderson, 2008
78. SIPGPR_180228_129.JPG: George W. Bush, born 1946 (Robert Anderson portrait) (detail) George W. Bush, trying to avoid the "scandal" of the Clinton portrait not having a wedding band, is the second presidential portrait to include a wedding band. It is the second (after Richard Nixon) to have a wristwatch.
79. SIPGPR_180228_138.JPG: George W. Bush, born 1946 (Robert Anderson portrait) (detail) The George W. Bush wrist watch has an American flag on it.
80. SIPGPR_180228_167.JPG: Barack Obama, born 1961 Forty-fourth president, 2009–2017 Barack Obama made history in 2009 by becoming the first African American president. The former Illinois state senator's election signaled a feeling of hope for the future even as the U.S. was undergoing its worst financial crisis since the Great Depression. While working to improve the economy, Obama enacted the Affordable Care Act, extending health benefits to millions of previously uninsured Americans. Overseas, he oversaw the drawdown of American troops in the Middle East -- a force reduction that was controversially replaced with an expansion of drone and aviation strikes. Though his mission to kill al-Qaeda founder Osama bin Laden was successful, his pledge to close the Guantanamo prison went unrealized. Artist Kehinde Wiley is known for his vibrant, large-scale paintings of African Americans posing as famous figures from the history of Western art. This portrait does not include an underlying art historical reference, but some of the flowers in the background carry special meaning for Obama. The chrysanthe�mums, for example, reference the official flower of Chicago. The jasmine evokes Hawaii, where he spent the majority of his childhood, and the African blue lilies stand in for his late Kenyan father. Kehinde Wiley, 2018
81. SIPGPR_180221_005.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2018_DC_SIPG_Pres DC -- Donald W. Reynolds Center (NPG) -- Exhibit: America's Presidents (57 photos from 2018)
  Barack Obama, born 1961 Forty-fourth president, 2009–2017 Barack Obama made history in 2009 by becoming the first African American president. The former Illinois state senator's election signaled a feeling of hope for the future even as the U.S. was undergoing its worst financial crisis since the Great Depression. While working to improve the economy, Obama enacted the Affordable Care Act, extending health benefits to millions of previously uninsured Americans. Overseas, he oversaw the drawdown of American troops in the Middle East -- a force reduction that was controversially replaced with an expansion of drone and aviation strikes. Though his mission to kill al-Qaeda founder Osama bin Laden was successful, his pledge to close the Guantanamo prison went unrealized. Artist Kehinde Wiley is known for his vibrant, large-scale paintings of African Americans posing as famous figures from the history of Western art. This portrait does not include an underlying art historical reference, but some of the flowers in the background carry special meaning for Obama. The chrysanthe�mums, for example, reference the official flower of Chicago. The jasmine evokes Hawaii, where he spent the majority of his childhood, and the African blue lilies stand in for his late Kenyan father. Kehinde Wiley, 2018
82. SIPGPR_180221_017.JPG: Barack Obama, born 1961 (Kehinde Wiley portrait) (detail) Like with George W. Bush, Obama's portrait has both a wedding band and a wrist watch. Apparently this is now standard on presidential portraits.
83. SIPGPR_180221_036.JPG: Gift of Kate Capshaw and Steven Spielberg; Judith Kern and Kent Whealy; Tommie L. Pegues and Donald A. Capoccia; Clarence, DeLoise, and Brenda Gaines; The Stoneridge Fund of Amy and Marc Meadows; Robert E. Meyerhoff and Rheda Becker; Catherine and Michael Podell; Mark and Cindy Aron; Lyndon J. Barrois and Janine Sherman Barrois; The Honorable John and Louise Bryson; Paul and Rose Carter; Bob and Jane Clark; Lisa R. Davis; Shirley Ross Davis and Family; Alan and Lois Fern; Conrad and Constance Hipkins; Sharon and John Hoffman; Daniel and Kimberly Johnson; John Legend and Chrissy Teigen; Eileen Harris Norton; Helen Hilton Raiser; Philip and Elizabeth Ryan; Roselyne Chroman Swig; Josef Vascovitz and Lisa Goodman; Michele J. Hooper and Lemuel Seabrook III; The Skylark Foundation; Cleveland and Harriette Chambliss; Anna Chavez and Eugene Eidenberg; Carla Diggs & Stephen M. Smith; Danny First; Peggy Woodford Forbes and Harry Bremond; Stephen Friedman Gallery; Sean and Mary Kelly, Sean Kelly Gallery; Jamie Lunder; Joff Masukawa and No�lle Kennedy Masukawa; Derek McGinty and Cheryl Cooper; Robert and Jan Newman; The Raymond L. Ocampo Jr. and Sanda O. Ocampo Family Trust; Julie and Bennett Roberts; Paul Sack; Gertrude Dixon Sherman; Michael and Mary Silver; V. Joy Simmons, MD; Andrea Lavin Solow and Alan P. Solow; John Sykes; Galerie Templon; Henry L. Thaggert III
84. SIPGPR_180221_054.JPG: Michelle Obama Born Chicago, Illinois Michelle Obama remembers growing up on the South Side of Chicago and thinking, "being smart is cooler than anything in the world." After earning degrees from Princeton University and Harvard Law School, she joined Sidley Austin LLP, where she met Barack Obama in 1989. Guided by the desire to improve her community, she left the firm in the mid-1990s to begin a career in public service. She directed community and external affairs for the University of Chicago Medical Center prior to moving to Washington in 2009. During her husband's two presidential campaigns, Mrs. Obama delivered poignant speeches that centered on her family's commitment to serving others and highlighted the importance of her role as a parent. As first lady, she focused on women's rights, LGBTQ rights, children's health, and military families. Mrs. Obama selected Amy Sherald, winner of the 2016 Outwin Boochever Portrait Competition, to create her official portrait for the museum. The Baltimore-based artist considers the former first lady to be someone "women can relate to -- no matter what shape, size, race, or color. . . . We see our best selves in her." Here, she portrays Mrs. Obama as both confident and approachable, in a dress by Michelle Smith's label Milly. Amy Sherald, 2018
85. SIPGPR_180221_074.JPG: The Inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt With the exception of Abraham Lincoln, no president has ever taken office against a darker backdrop than Franklin D. Roosevelt did on March 4, 1933. With banks failing and unemployment at 28 percent, a total national collapse seemed possible, and the day's gray weather only reinforced the bleak mood. The carefully chosen words of Roosevelt's inaugural speech, however, briefly lifted the gloom, and when he broke into a confident smile at the close, the crowd cheered in relief. The optimism of that moment grew in the coming months as Roosevelt's New Dealers launched a series of innovative measures to end the Great Depression. Mexican caricaturist Miguel Covarrubias produced this rendering of Roosevelt's inauguration for Vanity Fair, which billed it as a panorama of "magnificos, diplomats, and military commanders." In the lower right is the doleful "Forgotten Man," wearing a sandwich board -- a grim reminder of the country's dire straits. Miguel Covarrubias, 1933
86. SIPGPR_180221_090.JPG: The misspelling of the word "inauguration" irks me
87. SIPGOB_180217_002_STITCH.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2018_DC_SIPG_Pres_Obamas DC -- Donald W. Reynolds Center (NPG) -- Exhibit: America's Presidents -- Lines for Barack and Michelle Obama (55 photos from 2018)
88. SIPGOB_180217_010.JPG: For the first month or two, the Michelle Obama portrait was on the first floor near the H street entrance. Due to crowd problems, it was later moved to the 3rd floor, 20th century American gallery.
89. SIPGOB_180217_058.JPG: The crowds assemble to see the new Barack and Michelle Obama portraits at the National Portrait Gallery.
90. SIPGPR_170928_007.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2017_DC_SIPG_Pres DC -- Donald W. Reynolds Center (NPG) -- Exhibit: America's Presidents (74 photos from 2017)
91. SIPGPR_170928_018.JPG: America's Presidents Throughout the history of the American presidency, from George Washington's inauguration to the present day, the chief executive's duties have encompassed more than politics. Our presidents are charged with responding to the hopes and aspirations of the American people, and this is a tremendous burden -- one that has crushed some and elevated others. The Constitution only minimally defines the powers of the president because the Founders sought to create an office that could change and develop as the course of American history unfolded. They trusted in posterity and relied upon the character and wisdom of American citizenry. in our democracy, the power of the office is subject to the leader's relationship with the electorate, and the most influential American presidents have transcended their own eras to shape the country's present as well as its future. When these individuals took the oath of office, they all accepted an enormous responsibility. But their specific circumstances and their distinct personalities leave us with unique stories of both triumph and failure. On their own, each of the portraits in America's Presidents depicts a leader whose life offers lessons in governance, endurance, and character. Collectively, they reveal the contours of the history of the United States.
92. SIPGPR_170928_039.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 Born Westmoreland County, Virginia In 1784, the French sculptor Jean-Antoine Houdon agreed to execute a full-length marble statue of George Washington for the Virginia State Capitol in Richmond. The following year, he raveled across the Atlantic and spent two weeks at Mount Vernon. While there, he made a life mask of Washington. That mask became the basis for several plaster and terra-cotta busts, including this one. Jean-Antoine Houdon, c. 1786
93. SIPGPR_170928_048.JPG: Washington to J.Q. Adams
94. SIPGPR_170928_053.JPG: Building the Presidency
95. SIPGPR_170928_055.JPG: Washington in His Last Illness American engravers enjoyed a steady market in the late eighteenth century with the booming demand for illustrations and popular prints. Following the Revolutionary War, George Washington's status as a national icon spurred the fledgling industry into supplying inexpensive portraits to meet public demand. Washington's death on December 14, 1799, would prompt an outpouring of oratorical and pictorial tributes. This deathbed scene, which alludes to published accounts of the president's final moments, shows a physician taking Washington's pulse with the aid of a stopwatch. Americans purchased souvenir handkerchiefs that featured this image on one side and a complementary mourning picture on the other. Unidentified artist, 1800
96. SIPGPR_170928_064.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 Born Westmoreland County, Virginia In October or early November of 1795, President George Washington granted Charles Willson Peale a seventh -- and last -- portrait sitting. Peale, who had been commissioned by Henry William De Saussure to paint the president's likeness, decided to offer the opportunity to his extremely talented but inexperienced son, Rembrandt. In order to make the atmosphere of the sitting less formal, Peale invited his brother James and his oldest son, Raphaelle, to participate in the session. The older men engaged Washington in conversation and painted their own portraits of him so that Rembrandt could feel more at ease. This is one of several "cabinet-size" replicas of Charles Willson Peale's image from his famous group sitting. Charles Willson Peale, 1795
97. SIPGPR_170928_071.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 ("Athenaeum" Portrait) Gilbert Stuart first painted George Washington in 1795 (in a work now known only from copies). That painting was so successful that, according to artist Rembrandt Peale, Martha Washington "wished a Portrait for herself." She persuaded her husband to sit again for Stuart "on the express condition that when finished it should be hers." Stuart, however, did not want to part with the picture and left it unfinished so that he could refer to it when producing future commissions. Known as the "Athenaeum" portrait because it went to the Boston Athenaeum after Stuart's death, this painting served as the basis for the engraving of Washington that appears on the one-dollar bill. John Neal, an early-nineteenth-century writer and art critic, wrote, "Though a better likeness of him were shown to us, we should reject it; for, the only idea that we now have of George Washington, is associated with Stuart's Washington." Gilbert Stuart, 1796
98. SIPGPR_170928_077.JPG: Martha Washington, 1731-1802 ("Athenaeum" Portrait) Although Gilbert Stuart made many copies of the president's portrait over the years, this is thought to be his only painting of Martha Washington. Commissioned at the same time as the "Athenaeum" portrait of George Washington, Stuart's portrait of the first lady has a similar history; the artist never finished it, and he kept it until his death. In as early as 1800, when she was grieving the death of her husband, Martha Washington asked her friend Tobias Lear to press Stuart to deliver both portraits. Lear wrote to Stuart, "with all the persuasive language of which I [am] master, [I] prevail upon you to let Mrs. Washington have the Painting of her dear deceased husband, our late illustrious and beloved Chief." Gilbert Stuart (1755–1828) Oil on canvas, 1796 Owned jointly with the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston NPG.80.116
99. SIPGPR_170928_093.JPG: Letter from George Washington to Gilbert Stuart, April 11, 1796 Pennsylvania Senator William Bingham and his wife commissioned Gilbert Stuart to paint a portrait of George Washington in 1796. They presented the likeness to the Marquess of Lansdowne, who as prime minister had negotiated the end of the Revolutionary War. In this original letter, Washington asks where the artist would like to meet him. Stuart annotated the document in 1823, noting that the "Lansdowne" portrait, as it had come to be known, was "the only original painting I ever made of Washington except one I own myself... I painted a third, but rubbed it out." Long-term loan to the National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution
100. SIPGPR_170928_102.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 ("Lansdowne" Portrait) First President, 1789-1797 As a military and political figure, George Washington was a unifying force during the country's formative years. He fought in the French and Indian War and later served as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in the Revolutionary War. After being unanimously elected as the first president of the United States, in 1789, he installed the Supreme Court and the cabinet, quelled the Whiskey Rebellion, and defeated the Western Lakes Confederacy in the Northwest Indian War (and facilitated the subsequent peace negotiations with the alliance). Washington enjoyed immense popularity at the end of his second term, but he declined to run again, insisting that the United States needed to take proper precautions to avoid hereditary leadership or dictatorship. While mapping out the composition for this painting, American artist Gilbert Stuart, who had previously worked in England and Ireland, drew from European traditions of state portraiture to evoke Washington's leadership. The artist made a number of direct references to the newly formed United States, and the pose he chose for the president is believed to allude to Washington's annual address in front of Congress in December 1795. Stuart completed several replicas of the image, which spread rapidly through popular engravings. Gilbert Stuart, 1796
101. SIPGPR_170928_112.JPG: This is how the new gallery designates the primary portrait for each president. The medallion says "1 -- 1789-1797" which is the term of George Washington.
102. SIPGPR_170928_141.JPG: John Adams, 1735-1826 Second president, 1797–1801 Of all the Founding Fathers, John Adams was perhaps the most intellectual and accomplished. He helped craft the argument supporting the independence of the Continental Congress and later served on the diplomatic mission that ended the Revolutionary War. When George Washington chose him as his vice president, Adams complained that his lack of official duties meant that he occupied "the most insignificant office that ever the invention of man contrived." Nevertheless, he used the position as his ticket to the presidency and was elected in 1796 after a bitter campaign against Thomas Jefferson. During Adams's single term as president, political posturing and bickering inhibited him at home, and France's interference with American commerce created a challenge for him abroad. Adams managed to keep the nation at peace, but he left the White House largely discredited on all sides.When Adams was vice president, he had portraits done by the artist John Trumbull, who based this painting on one of those original portraits. Trumbull incorporated the likeness into his depiction of the signing of the Declaration of Independence that is on display in the U.S. Capitol Rotunda. John Trumbull, 1793
103. SIPGPR_170928_149.JPG: Thomas Jefferson, 1743-1826 Third president, 1801–1809 A scientist, an Enlightenment philosopher, and one of the most accomplished and complicated personalities in American history, Thomas Jefferson authored the Declaration of Independence and served his country as statesman, diplomat, and president. In 1803, during his first term as president, he orchestrated the Louisiana Purchase, which doubled the size of the United States and established the nation as a continental power. This expansion, more than any other, forced politicians to confront the growing slave economy, and Jefferson, who like many of the early American presidents held slaves, wrestled with the rift between his philosophical beliefs and the country's dependence on slavery. John Adams, who served as the American minister to England when Jefferson served as the American minister to France, hosted his friend in the spring of 1786, when both of them were more than a decade away from becoming president. During the visit, Adams suggested that Jefferson pose for the Boston-born artist Mather Brown, who created this portrait -- the earliest known likeness of Jefferson. Mather Brown, 1786
104. SIPGPR_170928_160.JPG: Martin Van Buren, 1782-1862 Eighth president, 1837-1841 A consummate politician, Martin Van Buren was clever, strategic, and a master of political patronage. He helped found the Democratic Party, which put Andrew Jackson in the White House, and succeeded Jackson after serving as his vice president. Van Buren, however, had the misfortune of becoming president just a few months before the Panic of 1837 -- an unprecedented financial crisis that brought about an economic depression and earned him the epithet "Martin Van Ruin." Van Buren also faced the growing problem of slavery in the United States. He attempted to navigate between those who supported the spread of the slave labor system and those who called for its abolition, but this was a challenge. After losing his bid for reelection, Van Buren noted, "the two happiest days of my life were those of my entrance upon the office and my surrender of it." George Peter Alexander Healy, 1858 (signed 1864) Lent by the White House, Washington DC
105. SIPGPR_170928_167.JPG: Andrew Jackson, 1767-1845 Seventh president, 1829-1837 Andrew Jackson's life was colored by struggle, conflict, and aggression. The orphan of impoverished immigrants, he was the only American president to have been a prisoner of war or to have killed a man in a duel. After serving as a general in the U.S. military during the Battle of New Orleans in 1815, he became a national hero. During Jackson's presidency, he signed the Indian Removal Act into law, defeated the National Bank through the power of the veto, and threatened to use military force to preserve the Union when South Carolina challenged the federal government. Once viewed as a symbol of the country's expansive democracy, Jackson is now a controversial figure for his uncompromising nationalism and punitive Indian policies. Thomas Sully only painted Jackson from life on two occasions, but he made many portraits of him. This work was a gift from Jackson to his friend Francis Preston Blair. Thomas Sully, 1824 Private collection
106. SIPGPR_170928_181.JPG: Jackson to Buchanan Democracy and Expansion
107. SIPGPR_170928_197.JPG: Andrew Jackson, 1767-1845 Born in the Waxhaw Settlement, South Carolina Ferdinand Pettrich grew up in Dresden and worked as an apprentice for his father, a court sculptor. After studying in Rome with the renowned Dutch artist Bertel Thorvaldsen, Pettrich moved to the United States. The artist reportedly met Jackson in the spring of 1836. That year, he created an original marble portrait of the future president, which served as the model for several replicas. While marble is an intractable medium, Jackson's hair is treated with a great dimensionality that contributes to the drama of this likeness. Ferdinand Pettrich, marble, after 1836 original
108. SIPGPR_170928_202.JPG: Lincoln to McKinley
109. SIPGPR_170928_206.JPG: The Crisis of the Union
110. SIPGPR_170928_208.JPG: Abraham Lincoln, 1809-1865 Sixteenth president, 1861–1865 Abraham Lincoln, a self-educated frontier lawyer from Illinois, faced one of the greatest challenges as president: preserving the Union. He initially framed the Civil War as a Constitutional crisis over secession, but as fighting intensified, his aims evolved to include reunification based on the abolition of slavery. In 1865, when the war ended, he proposed a program of Southern reconstruction that would require African American civil rights, but before he could implement it, he was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth. George Peter Alexander Healy painted a life portrait of Lincoln in 1860, but he had to rely on other portraits to make this image, one of four he created after Lincoln's death. All are derived from Healy's 1869 group portrait The Peacemakers, which features the president, Generals William T. Sherman and Ulysses S. Grant, and Admiral David D. Porter as they discuss strategy near the end of the Civil War. George Peter Alexander Healy, 1887
111. SIPGPR_170928_218.JPG: Adopt-a-Portrait This portrait adopted by Christie G. Harris
112. SIPGPR_170928_221.JPG: Abraham Lincoln, 1809-1865 Born Hardin County, Kentucky Abraham Lincoln was becoming a national celebrity during the summer of 1860, but some worried that his appearance might cost him votes. Philadelphia supporter John M. Read hired John Henry Brown to make a good, small portrait that would serve as the basis for a printed campaign image. Brown had five sittings with the candidate but also based the image on several ambrotypes taken in Illinois. Lincoln's secretary thought the result was "so well executed that when magnified to life size one cannot discover any defects of brush marks on it at all." John Henry Brown, 1860
113. SIPGPR_170928_233.JPG: Abraham Lincoln, 1809-1865 Born Hardin County, Kentucky Mathew Brady's first portrait of Abraham Lincoln played a significant role in shaping Lincoln's public image during the 1860 presidential campaign. Taken on February 27, 1860 -- the day Lincoln delivered his stirring address on slavery at the Cooper Union in New York -- the photograph revealed a candidate whose dignified bearing stood in sharp contrast to the unflattering characterizations spread by his detractors. The portrait circulated in a variety of formats, including this broochlike campaign pin, made by the Boston photographer George Clark, who had copied Brady's original print. George Clark, after Mathew Brady, 1860
114. SIPGPR_170928_244.JPG: Abraham Lincoln, 1809-1865 Born Hardin County, Kentucky In February of 1865, just two months before Abraham Lincoln's assassination, Alexander Gardner created this "cracked-plate" portrait, now considered one of the most important and evocative photographs in American history. Aside from the detail in the center of Lincoln's face, much of the picture appears diffused or out of focus. Deep, dark grooves in Lincoln's skin may evoke his weariness at the end of the Civil War, but he also exhibits a slight smile -- perhaps a sign of relief as the restoration of the Union draws near. Lincoln had looked forward to continuing his presidency but was assassinated only weeks after beginning his second term. At some point, possibly when the glass-plate negative was heated to receive a coat of varnish, a crack appeared in the upper half of Gardner's plate. He made a single print and then discarded the damaged plate, so only one such portrait exists. Alexander Gardner, internal dye-diffusion print copied from the original 1865 albumen silver print, printed 1981 This modern copy is being shown to protect the original from further exposure to light.
115. SIPGPR_170928_256.JPG: Ulysses S. Grant, 1822-1885 Eighteenth president, 1869–1877 Ulysses S. Grant was a West Point graduate who had no real ambition to be in the military: he wanted to be a teacher. Nonetheless, he served with distinction in the Mexican-American War. After resigning from the army in peacetime, he reenlisted during the Civil War. Following a series of victories, Grant was brought east by Lincoln to command the Union armies. His unrelenting campaign against Robert E. Lee, in 1864–65, finally won the war for the North. Grant was ultimately elected president, but the powers of command he displayed in the army seemed to abandon him when he reached the White House. He was unable to manage the politics of Reconstruction, and his hands-off attitude spawned an outbreak of federal corruption. Shortly after his presidency, Grant posed for the artist Thomas Le Clear. Grant owned this portrait, while a second, larger version entered the White House collection. Thomas Le Clear, c 1880
116. SIPGPR_170928_262.JPG: T. Roosevelt to Hoover
117. SIPGPR_170928_267.JPG: Social Reform
118. SIPGPR_170928_274.JPG: Theodore Roosevelt, 1858-1919 Born New York City Theodore Roosevelt entered the White House in 1901 with a dynamic view of the presidency. He infused vigor into a branch of government that for thirty years had been dominated by Congress. For Roosevelt, whose personal energy mirrored his professional drive, riding and hiking were part of his routine. One senator even quipped that those wishing to have any influence on the president should first buy a horse. This photograph by Peter A. Juley shows Roosevelt dressed in his riding clothes. The image appeared on the cover of Harper's Weekly on July 2, 1904. Peter A. Juley, 1903
119. SIPGPR_170928_280.JPG: Theodore Roosevelt, 1858-1919 Born New York City This bas-relief of Theodore Roosevelt was commissioned by his friend Jacob Riis, a noted journalist and photographer who, at the turn of the twentieth century, advocated for New York City's disadvantaged tenement population. When Roosevelt served as a city police commissioner between 1895 and 1897, Riis proved to be a valuable source of information because he understood what reforms were needed in the police department. He was also intimately familiar with the harsh realities of the slums. Sally James Farnham sculpted this bas-relief of President Roosevelt when he was in his second term. Farnham had the chance to sketch the president at an informal cabinet meeting and later made the work for placement in the Jacob A. Riis Neighborhood Settlement House, which Riis established in the 1890s. The original settlement house was sold in 1952, but the organization continues to operate in Long Island City. Sally James Farnham, 1906
120. SIPGPR_170928_294.JPG: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, 1884-1980 Born New York City Nicholas Longworth, 1869-1931 Born Cincinnati, Ohio Alice Roosevelt Longworth, the first child of President Theodore Roosevelt, once noted, "I was the daughter of an enormously popular president, and . . . I looked upon the world as my oyster." This photograph by Edward Curtis was taken in 1906, the year Alice married Congressman Nicholas Longworth, and also the year that Curtis published The North American Indian. The photographer's ambitious publication documents Native American life and provides a photographic record of "more than eighty of North America's native nations." Edward S. Curtis, 1906
121. SIPGPR_170928_308.JPG: Grover Cleveland, 1837-1908 Twenty-second and twenty-fourth president, 1885–1889 and 1893–1897 Grover Cleveland, the only president to serve two nonconsecutive terms, vetoed more legislation than any prior president, earning the nickname "Old Veto." He believed in a "hands-off" government and often rejected bills that favored individual groups. For instance, he vetoed what he thought were unnecessary pension bills for Civil War veterans. After being ousted from office in 1889 by Benjamin Harrison, Cleveland returned to the presidency four years later, but the Panic of 1893 plagued his second term. He had to call on federal troops to suppress labor unrest and did not succeed in restoring the nation's economy. Swedish artist Anders Zorn portrayed numerous statesmen and society figures during his frequent trips to the United States. He painted this portrait in 1899, two years after Cleveland had completed his second term. The sittings took place at the former president's estate in Princeton, New Jersey, where the artist and subject bantered happily for several days. Cleveland expressed satisfaction with this portrait, declaring, "As for my ugly mug, I think the artist has ‘struck it off' in great shape." Anders Zorn, 1899
122. SIPGPR_170928_312.JPG: This is how they had to handle Grover Cleveland who had two non-contiguous terms.
123. SIPGPR_170928_321.JPG: Woodrow Wilson, 1856-1924 Twenty-eighth president, 1913–1921 Elected president after earning a sterling reputation as the governor of New Jersey, Woodrow Wilson remained committed to curbing abusive business practices and improving conditions for workers. In the wake of World War I, he tried to create a world order that would choose to prioritize peace over national self-interest, but his idealism was dismissed, both at home and abroad. The frustration Wilson felt from this rejection was compounded by his failure to convince his own country to support the League of Nations, an international organization he had conceived of as a means for avoiding future wars. He suffered a stroke in 1919 while campaigning for American entry into the League and left office in 1921, broken in both health and spirit. Wilson is most often remembered as a champion of liberal values, but recent scrutiny has drawn attention to his regressive actions with regard to women's voting rights and other civil liberties. In June 1919, John Christen Johansen, a Danish born artist living in Chicago, made portraits of the dignitaries during the negotiations of the Treaty of Versailles. This sketch, which he made for a larger group portrait, depicts Wilson just months before his stroke. John Christen Johansen, c 1919
124. SIPGPR_170928_332.JPG: Woodrow Wilson, 1856-1924 Born Staunton, Virginia After telling the president, "it takes two to make a bust," the sculptor Jo Davidson asked Woodrow Wilson to sit on the back of an armchair, close the book he was reading, and chat. One reviewer, who deemed this bust "a perfect likeness," also commended Davidson for capturing "all the firmness of the face, without any of that sourness by which some artists unconsciously and mistakenly make people think they would not care to know President Wilson personally." Jo Davidson, 1919
125. SIPGPR_170928_340.JPG: F.D. Roosevelt to Reagan
126. SIPGPR_170928_348.JPG: Negotiating World Peace
127. SIPGPR_170928_355.JPG: The Inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 30 Jan 1882 - 12 Apr 1945 Charles Evans Hughes, 11 Apr 1862 - 27 Aug 1948 Anna Eleanor Roosevelt, 11 Oct 1884 - 7 Nov 1962 John Nance Garner, 22 Nov 1868 - 7 Nov 1967 Herbert Clark Hoover, 10 Aug 1874 - 20 Oct 1964 Lou Henry Hoover, 29 Mar 1874 - 7 Jan 1944 Charles Curtis, 25 Jan 1860 - 8 Feb 1936 Alfred Emanuel Smith, 30 Dec 1873 - 4 Oct 1944 James Aloysius Farley, 30 May 1888 - 9 Jun 1976 Raymond Charles Moley, 27 Sep 1886 - 18 Feb 1975 Louis McHenry Howe, 1871 - 1936 Joseph Taylor Robinson, 26 Aug 1872 - 14 Jul 1937 Bernard Mannes Baruch, 19 Aug 1870 - 20 Jun 1965 Owen D. Young, 1874 - 1962 William Gibbs McAdoo, 31 Oct 1863 - 1 Feb 1941 Albert Cabell Ritchie, 1876 - 1936 Claude Augustus Swanson, 1862 - 1939 Byron Patton Harrison, 29 Aug 1881 - 22 Jun 1941 Herbert Henry Lerman, 1878 - 1963 Thomas James Walsh, 12 Jun 1849 - 2 Mar 1933 John William Davis, 13 Apr 1873 - 25 Mar 1955 Carter Glass, 4 Jan 1858 - 28 May 1946 Norman H. Davis, 1878 - 1944 Newton Diehl Baker, 3 Dec 1871 - 25 Dec 1937 Henry Lewis Stimson, 21 Sep 1867 - 20 Oct 1950 Andrew William Mellon, 24 Mar 1855 - 26 Aug 1937 Ogden Livingston Mills, 23 Aug 1884 - 11 Oct 1937 John Pierpont Morgan, Jr., 7 Sep 1867 - 13 Mar 1943 Paul Claudel, 1868 - 1955 Sir Ronald Lindsay, 1875 - 1975? Mark Sullivan, 1874 - 1952 Walter Lippmann, 23 Sep 1889 - Dec 1974 John Joseph Pershing, 13 Sep 1860 - 15 Jul 1948 With the exception of Abraham Lincoln, no president has ever taken office against a darker backdrop than Franklin D. Roosevelt did on March 4, 1933. With banks failing and unemployment at 28 percent, a total national collapse seemed possible, and the day's gray weather only reinforced the bleak mood. The carefully chosen words of Roosevelt's inaugural speech, however, briefly lifted the gloom, and when he broke into a confident smile at the close, the crowd cheered in relief. The optimism of that moment grew in the coming months as Roosevelt's New Dealers launched a series of innovative measures to end the Great Depression. Mexican caricaturist Miguel Covarrubias produced this rendering of Roosevelt's inauguration for Vanity Fair, which billed it as a panorama of "magnificos, diplomats, and military commanders." In the lower right is the doleful "Forgotten Man," wearing a sandwich board -- a grim reminder of the country's dire straits. Miguel Covarrubias, 1933
128. SIPGPR_170928_367.JPG: Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1882-1945 Born Hyde Park, New York When Franklin D. Roosevelt officially declared his willingness to be the Democrats' presidential standard-bearer for a fourth time, his long-delayed declaration of availability surprised no one. When Wendell Willkie, Roosevelt's Republican opponent in 1940, heard about it, he asked, "Is that news?" After all, Roosevelt had already broken with precedent by seeking a third presidential term in 1940, and it was obvious that he did not intend to leave office until he had seen the country to final victory in World War II. George Tames. 1944
129. SIPGPR_170928_379.JPG: The interactive kiosks include the original Bill Clinton portrait which the artist, Nelson Shanks, later said had the shadow of Monica Lewinsky on the fireplace.
130. SIPGPR_170928_384.JPG: John F. Kennedy No. 3 When Elaine de Kooning met with John F. Kennedy in 1962 and 1963, she made a number of small drawings of his features. Some of her images depict the president's entire face, but others, like this one, focus primarily on his eyes. De Kooning recalled that many of her sketches combined her own observations with images that registered in her memory, partly because the president was always shifting and moving in front of her. She was particularly concerned with capturing his expressions and his eyes. She noted, "you never know where ‘likeness' will reside," adding, "It would be possible to portray the man by drawing or painting only his eyes, so that he would be recognized instantly." Elaine de Kooning, 1963
131. SIPGPR_170928_392.JPG: John F. Kennedy, 1917-1963 Thirty-fifth president, 1961–1963 When John F. Kennedy was assassinated in 1963, the country experienced a collective sense of grief that it had not known since the death of Abraham Lincoln. Many Americans found it hard to cope with the sudden loss of this youthful, energetic president whose speeches had inspired citizens to achieve high ideals. In his shortened tenure as president, Kennedy proposed landmark civil-rights legislation, created the Peace Corps, and promoted the goal of landing on the moon. In foreign policy, his administration peacefully resolved a dramatic stand-off with the Soviet Union over the presence of missiles in Cuba, and he oversaw the buildup of the American presence in Vietnam. Elaine de Kooning, known for her gestural portraits, held several informal sessions with him in Palm Beach, Florida, in December 1962 and January 1963. The artist was so moved by the president during these sittings that she went on to create dozens of drawings and paintings of him over the next ten months. Elaine de Kooning, 1963
132. SIPGPR_170928_399.JPG: Pearls Jacqueline Kennedy, John F. Kennedy, and Caroline Bouvier Kennedy When Senator John F. Kennedy began laying the groundwork for a presidential bid, his father Joseph P. Kennedy engaged Jacques Lowe to help craft his son's public image. Lowe became the younger Kennedy's full-time campaign photographer, and after JFK's election in 1960, he documented the Kennedy administration as the president's personal photographer until 1962. Lowe created this appealing Kennedy family portrait in 1958. Jacques Lowe, 1958, printed 1999
133. SIPGPR_170928_413.JPG: Ronald Reagan, 1911-2004 Fortieth president, 1981–1989 The ascension of Ronald Reagan, a former actor and governor of California, marked the revitalization of the conservative western wing of the Republican party that many thought had died with the defeat of Barry Goldwater in 1964. As president, he challenged many of the liberal programs that had dominated the federal government since the New Deal, and throughout his presidency, he strove to cut the size of government. Reagan unapologetically reduced social welfare programs and encouraged a conservative social ethic regarding the role of religion in public life and reproductive rights, but his conservative stance led him to largely ignore the AIDS crisis. Finally, in foreign policy, Reagan guided the United States through the end of the Cold War. When he left office in 1989, the Soviet Union was already falling apart, but it did not officially break up until two years later. Everett Raymond Kinstler, 1991
134. SIPGPR_170928_424.JPG: Ronald Reagan, 1911-2004 Born Tampico, Illinois This portrait of Ronald Reagan graced the cover of Time magazine's 1980 "Man of the Year" issue. Reagan had claimed the White House in the recent November election. More important, however, the triumph of Reagan's conservatism at the polls seemed to signal a marked change in the political climate of the United States. In his calls for reduced dependence on government, he promised something quite different from recent administrations -- Republican and Democrat. As Time put it, Reagan was not only "Man of the Year," he was "idea of the year." For this likeness, Time enlisted the services of Aaron Shikler, who has long been considered one of the country's leading traditional portraitists. Among the traits characterizing Shikler's work is a sense of intimacy, which he achieves largely through sensitive lighting. Aaron Shikler, 1980
135. SIPGPR_170928_429.JPG: Ronald Wilson Reagan, 6 Feb 1911 - 5 Jun 2004 Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, born 2 Mar 1931 This image documents the 1987 summit meeting in Washington, D.C., that eliminated medium-range missiles from Europe and the Soviet Union. The previous year, Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev had made marked progress in a meeting in Reykjavik, in which Reagan demonstrated his willingness to move away from the hard-line position of his first term. Arms-control negotiators at that meeting were appalled when Reagan suggested that both countries simply disarm. Ultimately, the Reykjavik summit foundered because the president sensed that the USSR's domestic crisis would force Premier Gorbachev to become even more conciliatory in the next round of talks. Reagan's confidence was borne out in the 1987 agreement, where the USSR acceded to American terms. As the president put it, "strength and dialogue go hand and hand."
136. SIPGPR_170928_441.JPG: Benjamin Harrison, 1833-1901 Twenty-third president, 1889-1893 Although the United States is a popular democracy, the American electorate has shown a predisposition for political dynasties such as the Adamses, the Kennedys, and the Bushes. Benjamin Harrison, an Indianapolis lawyer, came from a political family and was the grandson of the ninth president, William Henry Harrison. Benjamin's political career, like his grandfather's, was aided by his military service. During the Civil War, he raised the Seventieth Indiana Regiment, which would be instrumental in the capture of Atlanta. Ending his military career in 1865 as a brigadier general, Harrison became involved in Indiana politics and was elected to the Senate in 1881. A compromise nominee of the Republican Party for the presidency in 1888, he defeated incumbent Democrat Grover Cleveland in the general election. Harrison's presidency was dominated by economic issues, especially high taxes -- or tariffs -- but the growth of government spending on his watch caused a backlash, and Cleveland came back to defeat him in the 1892 election. Theodore Clement Steele, 1900 Lent by Harrison Residence Hall, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
137. SIPGPR_170928_444.JPG: This is the first presidential portrait in the exhibition where the sitter has a wedding ring. In general, male sitters don't wear jewelry for portraits. That was until the right wingnuts said Bill Clinton's portrait not having a wedding ring indicated he was a philander. From that point on, all portraits have both wedding rings and wristwatches.
138. SIPGPR_170928_459.JPG: G.H.W. Bush to Obama
139. SIPGPR_170928_463.JPG: The Contemporary Presidency
140. SIPGPR_170928_468.JPG: Barack Obama, born 1961 Forty-fourth president, 2009–17 In 2008, Barack Obama made history when he was elected as the first African American president, capping a meteoric rise in Illinois, and then national, politics. His election was taken as evidence of increasing racial tolerance in the United States. Programmatically, Obama had a series of very difficult challenges, ranging from health care to the ongoing wars in Afghanistan and the Middle East. Domestically, Obama managed a sagging economy while also enacting the Affordable Care Act. In foreign policy, he oversaw the drawdown of American troops in combat zones. Yet the issue of race remained combustible as the political culture began to fracture at the end of his second term. Chuck Close's double portraits of President Obama are woodburytypes -- a photomechanical printing process that results in a slight relief of the image. Close intended these to function as a pair, and the close-up framing, elimination of background, and dramatic lighting allow us to engage the subject eye to eye. Chuck Close, 2013
141. SIPGPR_161103_24.JPG: Andrew Jackson, 1767-1845 Born Lancaster, South Carolina Starting with George Washington and extending to Dwight Eisenhower, America has rewarded successful military commanders with the presidency. Andrew Jackson's victory at the Battle of New Orleans in 1815 immediately vaulted him to political prominence, not least because the nascent forces of American democracy -- artisans, workingmen, and small farmers -- coalesced around him as the exemplar of the common man. The prominent Philadelphia portraitist Thomas Sully painted several portraits of Jackson as a military figure and intended one of them, done in 1819 and now owned by New York State, to be reproduced as a print by James Longacre. Although oil painting was, and still is, the most prestigious way to create a likeness, artists were always interested in disseminating their images through engravings and lithographs. Of course, popular prints of Andrew Jackson did the man himself no harm as he launched his political career James Barton Longacre, after Thomas Sully, 1820
142. SIPGPR_160831_04.JPG: Abraham Lincoln, 1809-1865 Born Hodgenville, Kentucky Abraham Lincoln was one of the first politicians to fully embrace portrait photography to advertise his candidacy; the Republican Party used a cut down image of Lincoln taken from Mathew Brady's 1860 photograph and placed in a small oval frame to create one of the first political campaign pins. However, the older print and lithographic techniques for duplicating and disseminating images were still in place: not only were they cheaper and easier to distribute than photographs, but also newspapers and journals still lacked the ability to print photographs. This lithograph is a composite, probably based on earlier images by printmaker Thomas Hicks and photographer Alexander Hesler; the lines in Lincoln's face that we can see in photographs have been smoothed out by the printmaker. Leopold Grozelier, after Thomas Hicks, after Alexander Hesler, 1860
143. SIPGPR_160831_18.JPG: Enlist with the President to Fight Infantile Paralysis The poster in this photograph depicting an ebullient Franklin Roosevelt (1882–1945) was created by the well-known artist and illustrator James Montgomery Flagg (1877–1960) for display at the 1939 New York World's Fair. "Infantile paralysis" is the older name for polio, which Roosevelt had contracted in 1921. He underwent extensive physical therapy and was convinced that a cure could be found that would allow him to walk again. Roosevelt's arduous recovery from the disease was a life-changing event. Confronting his own mortality and adapting to his loss of mobility steeled the future president, making him more determined and driven to succeed. In 1938 Roosevelt helped launch the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, later known as the March of Dimes, for which Flagg created this poster. Unidentified artist, 1936
144. SIPGPR_160831_26.JPG: Franklin Roosevelt, 1882-1945 Born Hyde Park, New York The twentieth century saw the explosion of mass media, from print to television, and Franklin Roosevelt was an early political master of the radio airwaves. Having famously declared in his first inaugural address that the "only thing we have to fear is fear itself," he went on to say that "In every dark hour of our national life a leadership of frankness and vigor has met with that understanding and support of the people themselves." His famous "Fireside Chats," broadcast on the radio, seemed to speak directly to every American family listening in their homes and established a bond between the avuncular patrician and the ordinary people. Politics and political leadership was becoming more personal, and Roosevelt's mastery of the media showed his grasp of the new reality. Unidentified artist, c 1940
145. SIPGPR_160831_33.JPG: Franklin Roosevelt, 1882-1945 Eleanor Roosevelt, 1884-1962 Born Hyde Park, New York Eleanor Roosevelt 1884–1962 Born New York City This 1940 news photograph shows Franklin Roosevelt and his wife Eleanor at an unidentified event. Roosevelt's mentor in politics was New York governor Al Smith, whom he dubbed "the happy warrior," and Roosevelt shared Smith's love of campaigning. After surviving polio, Roosevelt was determined not to let his paralysis limit him; indeed, the disease instilled in him the drive to make his life count in the public arena. In 1940 he was finishing his second presidential term, and his domestic agenda -- the New Deal -- was largely completed. Roosevelt was now turning his attention to foreign policy and navigating America's response to the outbreak of war in Europe. The severity of the international situation would cause him to break with precedent and seek reelection for a third term in 1941. Unidentified artist, c 1940
146. SIPGPR_160831_47.JPG: Theodore Roosevelt, 1858-1919 Born New York City This documentary news photograph shows President Roosevelt, his wife, and entourage, flanked by an honor guard of soldiers, arriving at Cemetery Hill on the Gettysburg battlefield, where he delivered an address on the Civil War's legacy. Prior to the speech, the presidential party had toured the battlefield and listened to Union generals Dan Sickles and O. O. Howard discuss their part in the battle; Sickles had lost his leg in savage fighting in the Peach Orchard. Roosevelt's speech repeated the theme of sacrifice that Abraham Lincoln had posed in the Gettysburg Address of 1863. He concluded by maintaining that the North and South were now unified in the joint losses they had suffered during the war: "All are at one now, the sons of those who wore the blue and the sons of those who wore the gray." Ransburg-Burns Studio, c 1904
147. SIPGPR_160831_66.JPG: Theodore Roosevelt, 1858-1919 Born New York City By 1907, Theodore Roosevelt was at the height of his powers and nearing the end of his presidency. Having served out the term of the assassinated President William McKinley starting in 1901, Roosevelt had been elected in his own right in 1904. He yielded to the two-term precedent and chose not to run in 1909.Roosevelt had won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1905 for mediating the end of the Russo-Japanese War; this personal triumph also marked America's growing influence in world diplomacy. Domestically, Roosevelt expanded the reach and power of the chief executive by forcefully pushing through his Progressive agenda on the regulation of trade, industry, and the economy; he signed the Pure Food and Drug Bill in 1906, as well as a major law creating national monuments. Politically, Roosevelt was busy stage-managing his hand-picked successor, William Howard Taft. Although he proclaimed Taft a true Progressive, Roosevelt eventually turned against him, opposing him in the 1912 presidential election. Harris & Ewing Studio, 1907
148. SIPGPR_160831_73.JPG: Andrew Jackson, 1767-1845 Born Lancaster, South Carolina Starting with George Washington and extending to Dwight Eisenhower, America has rewarded successful military commanders with the presidency. Andrew Jackson's victory at the Battle of New Orleans in 1815 immediately vaulted him to political prominence, not least because the nascent forces of American democracy -- artisans, workingmen, and small farmers -- coalesced around him as the exemplar of the common man. The prominent Philadelphia portraitist Thomas Sully painted several portraits of Jackson as a military figure and intended one of them, done in 1819 and now owned by New York State, to be reproduced as a print by James Longacre. Although oil painting was, and still is, the most prestigious way to create a likeness, artists were always interested in disseminating their images through engravings and lithographs. Of course, popular prints of Andrew Jackson did the man himself no harm as he launched his political career James Barton Longacre, after Thomas Sully, 1820
149. SIPGPR_160504_01.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 Martha Washington commissioned Gilbert Stuart to paint a new portrait of her husband in 1796, after the success of his first portrait. Stuart preferred this new portrait, which he intentionally left unfinished so that he could use it as a model for numerous copies. The left-facing original has become known as the "Athenaeum" portrait, after the Boston institution that owned it for many years. From the Anthanaeum original Stuart painted more than sixty replicas over the next thirty years, including this early version that he probably painted in Philadelphia, before his 1803 move to Washington, DC. The Anthanaeum image became the preferred likeness of George Washington and served as the basis for the engraving on the one-dollar bill. Its familiarity led John Neal, an early-nineteenth-century writer and art critic, to note: "Though a better likeness of him were shown to us, we should reject it; for, the only idea that we now have of George Washington, is associated with Stuart's Washington." Gilbert Stuart, c 1800 Lent by the National Gallery of Art, Washington DC, Corcoran Collection
150. SIPGPR_160504_26.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 This is one of Gilbert Stuart's first portraits of George Washington, painted in 1795, during Washington's second term as president. Washington is depicted in the black velvet suit that he wore on formal public occasions. Stuart had returned to America in 1793 specifically to paint the president's portrait, planning on income from his own copies. He painted about a dozen examples of this first pose, which faces to the right and is known as the "Vaughan" type, after Samuel Vaughan, the first owner of this work. Stuart's Vaughan portraits are a careful physiognomic record of Washington's appearance. This replica was engraved in London in 1796 for a publication on physiognomy, the study of human character as interpreted from a person's facial features. Gilbert Stuart, 1795 Lent by the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC
151. SIPGPR_160504_44.JPG: Dolley Madison, 1768-1849: Dolley Madison served as White House hostess during the administrations of the widowed Thomas Jefferson and her own husband, James Madison. Her effervescence doubtless accounted, in part at least, for the popularity of Madison's presidency in its last several years. After the end of Madison's term in 1817, Dolley helped her husband put his papers in order, selling a portion of them to Congress after his death. William Elwell painted Dolley Madison's portrait in February 1848 and later sold it to her long-time friends William Winston Seaton, editor and co-owner of the Washington DC newspaper The National Intelligencer. The portrait offers a glimpse of the aging Mrs. Madison, described by the artist in his diary as "a very Estimable lady -- kind & obliging -- one of the Old School." William S. Elwell, 1848
152. SIPGPR_160504_62.JPG: Harry S. Truman, 1884-1972 This portrait was painted just after Harry Truman became president following Franklin Roosevelt's death on April 12, 1945. It was an unlikely ascension, and in many ways Truman seemed unprepared for the job. He had risen to the Senate owing largely to his ability to get along and go along with with Democratic interests. Roosevelt had chosen Truman to replace incumbent Vice President Henry Wallace because he was reliable and middle-of-the-road. On hearing of FDR's death, Truman said that he felt like "the moon, and the stars and all the planets" had fallen on him, but he resolved to do his best. In the summer of 1945, he faced the daunting task of ending the war in the Pacific and negotiating with an increasingly belligerent Soviet Union. Facing Soviet expansionism, he crafted the Marshall Plan, the strategy that helped rebuild war-torn Europe. In office, Harry Truman demonstrated a pragmatic flexibility the earned him the respect of both his contemporaries and historians. Jay Wesley Jacobs, 1945
153. SIPGPR_160310_10.JPG: The temporary George Washington portrait is up
154. SIPGPR_160310_16.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 The Patriae Pater, the "Father of His Country": George Washington was the essential figure in winning the Revolutionary War and establishing the United States of America. Through the strength of his character, his willpower and his abilities, Washington was able to unite the diverse colonial interests into a national purpose. It was inevitable that he would be America's first chief executive, chosen unanimously in the first presidential election of 1788. Essential to the projection of Washington's authority was the work of artists like Gilbert Stuart and Charles Willson Peale, who created images of the Virginian from iconic oil paintings to drawings, etchings, and woodcuts that could be widely disseminated to the public. Through these images, Washington was not only celebrated by the American people but his authority as a military and political leader was recognized and reinforced. Image-making played an essential role in legitimizing the new US government and its construction. Here, Charles Willson Peale depicts Washington on the field at Yorktown, the battle that ended the Revolutionary War. It was commissioned by the Marquis de Chastellux, a staff officer to the Marquis de Rochambeau, the commander of the French troops in America. Charles Willson Peale, c 1780-82 Lent by the Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art, Bentonville, Arkansas
155. SIPGPR_160310_27.JPG: Where is the "Lansdowne" portrait of George Washington? The National Portrait Gallery's full-length 1796 "Lansdowne" portrait of George Washington by Gilbert Stuart will be off view until late fall of 2017 for conservation. The painting has been conserved in the past and is in stable condition; however, a yellowish varnish currently disguises the portrait's original brilliance. Conservators will clean the Lansdowne, and for the first time since the museum acquired it, the painting will undergo a complete analysis using digital X-rays, infrared reflectography, and ultraviolet light. The painting's conservation is being funded by Bank of America. The Lansdowne has been on view in the museum since it opened in 1968, on long-term loan before the Portrait Gallery acquired the portrait in 2001 through the generosity of the Donald W. Reynolds Foundation.
156. SIPGPR_160305_02.JPG: The Lansdowne portrait of George Washington had come down over the weekend. They would replace it with a loaned portrait later.
157. SIPGPR_160305_26.JPG: Please excuse the disruption to your visit while we re-install these galleries.
158. SIPGPR_160228_46.JPG: This was the last day that the Lansdowne portrait of George Washington was going to be on display. After that, they were going to work on conserving it. I was surprised they didn't have a sign or anything to that effect. Even one of the guards I talked to had no idea it was going to disappear for awhile.
159. SIPGPR_160213_060.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2016_DC_SIPG_Pres DC -- Donald W. Reynolds Center (NPG) -- Exhibit: America's Presidents (50 photos from 2016)
  Is It Only a Shadow? The energy and dynamism that Theodore Roosevelt brought to public life, in every stage of his reform career, made him one of the most written-about and caricatured people in the late nineteenth century. This 1898 cartoon, published on the eve of Roosevelt's election as governor of New York, was an apt prediction of his ultimate destiny. President McKinley and his chief adviser, Mark Hanna, both proponents of such Republican Party doctrines as support for big business, did not share Roosevelt's spirit of independence and social reform; they stand on the balcony looking perplexed, and view Roosevelt's shadow encroaching upon the grounds of the White House with anxiety. Similarly, Thomas Platt, New York's powerful party boss and U.S. senator, warned, "If he [Roosevelt] becomes Governor of New York, sooner or later, with his personality, he will have to be President of the United States." Grant E. Hamilton, 1898
160. SIPGPR_160213_134.JPG: Abraham Lincoln and Family Domestic life went on for Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865) even as he led the Union during the Civil War as president and commander-in-chief. Lincoln always sought refuge in his marriage and his family, but that refuge was frequently hard to attain. This group portrait of the Lincolns is poignant because it includes, seated to the right, the figure of Willie (1850-1862), whose death early in Lincoln's presidency devastated the president and his wife Mary (1818-1882). The Lincolns' eldest son, Robert (1843-1926), a student at Harvard, stand to the right; Lincoln resisted his son's attempts to join the army, fearing for his safety. Artist Henry Atwell Thomas adapted the central image of Lincoln tutoring his son Tad (1853-1871) from a photography by Alexander Gardner. Henry Atwell Thomas, after Anthony Berger, 1865
161. SIPGPR_160213_155.JPG: Abraham Lincoln, 1809-1865 Abraham Lincoln's favorite portrait medium was photography. he recognized early on how photography could create a realistic likeness that could be turned to political purposes; he famously credited an early photography of him by Mathew Brady as the picture that made him president. Once in office, Lincoln had himself photographed repeatedly to demonstrate to the American public that he was "on the job" in the midst of the Civil War. But oil painting still was preferred as the medium for major images, and several painters depicted Lincoln, including Anthony Berger. This chromolithograph is a relatively inexpensive reproduction of an oil painting, one that would be suitable for display in Union households across the North. Elijah C. Middleton, after Anthony Berger, c 1864
162. SIPGPR_160213_180.JPG: Theodore Roosevelt, 1858-1919 As in much of his political life, Theodore Roosevelt's opinions about women's rights evolved from an acceptance of the status quo to a more activist reevaluation of the place of women in the public world. By 1912 he was an advocate for women's suffrage as part of his run for the presidency as an independent progressive; he linked the vote for women with a revitalization of American democracy both at home an in the world. He continued to support women's rights even out of office, hosting a luncheon for New York's suffragettes in 1916 after they had lost their statewide campaign for the vote. This cartoon satirizes both Roosevelt's position on suffrage and his environmentalism, showing him as a myopic butterfly hunter and a "faker" whose interest in women's issues was purely opportunistic. Oscar Edward Cesare, c 1916
163. SIPGPR_160213_186.JPG: Eleanor Roosevelt, 1884-1962 When Franklin D. Roosevelt took the presidential oath in March 1933, his wife Eleanor entered the White House declaring that she was "just going to be plain, ordinary Mrs. Roosevelt. And that's all." The promise was not long kept. Driven by her own keen sense of social and economic justice, Eleanor Roosevelt soon was deeply engrossed in New Deal politics. Touring the nation's economically distressed communities, she returned to Washington fired with enthusiasm for federally sponsored planned communities. She also made speeches and gave press conferences, where she addressed such issues as child labor and sweatshops. Perhaps most important, she urged her husband toward various reforms that he might otherwise have avoided in the name of political expediency. As she herself noted, "I think I sometimes acted as a spur even though the spurring was not always welcome." Lotte Jacobi, 1944
164. SIPGPR_160213_201.JPG: Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1882-1945 Taking office in 1933, against the bleak backdrop of the Great Depression, Franklin Roosevelt responded quickly to this economic disaster with a host of regulatory and welfare measures that redefined the government's role in American life. Among conservatives, the new federal involvement in matters traditionally left to the private sector was a betrayal of America's ideals. But in other quarters, Roosevelt's activism inspired an unwavering popularity that led to his election to an unprecedented four terms. Roosevelt sat for this formal portrait less than three months after his inauguration as the nation's thirty-second president. When the photograph was later published by Vanity Fair to mark FDR's first anniversary in office, it was accompanied by a page of headlines from the New York Times that charted "the amazing progress of the New Deal"-from Roosevelt's efforts to end the national banking crisis to the repeal of Prohibition. Edward Steichen, 1933
165. SIPGPR_160213_206.JPG: Harry S. Truman, 1884-1972 This portrait was painted just after Harry Truman became president following Franklin Roosevelt's death on April 12, 1945. It was an unlikely ascension, and in many ways Truman seemed unprepared for the job. He had risen to the Senate owing largely to his ability to get along and go along with with Democratic interests. Roosevelt had chosen Truman to replace incumbent Vice President Henry Wallace because he was reliable and middle-of-the-road. On hearing of FDR's death, Truman said that he felt like "the moon, and the stars and all the planets" had fallen on him, but he resolved to do his best. In the summer of 1945, he faced the daunting task of ending the war in the Pacific and negotiating with an increasingly belligerent Soviet Union. Facing Soviet expansionism, he crafted the Marshall Plan, the strategy that helped rebuild war-torn Europe. In office, Harry Truman demonstrated a pragmatic flexibility the earned him the respect of both his contemporaries and historians. Jay Wesley Jacobs, 1945
166. SIPGPR_160213_215.JPG: Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1890-1969 With a talent for military strategy and the ability to work effectively with personalities of all types, General Dwight D. Eisenhower proved uniquely suited for the role of supreme allied commander during World War II. A career army officer, Eisenhower began his wartime service in 1941 as head of the War Plans Division under General George C. Marshall. He was assigned to lead U. S. forces in Britain in the spring of 1942, and later commanded the Allied forces' invasions of North Africa, Sicily, and Italy (1942–43). Named supreme commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force by President Franklin Roosevelt in December 1943, Eisenhower masterminded the invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944, and directed Allied operations in Europe until the surrender of Germany in May 1945. Enormously popular with the American public after the war, Eisenhower was elected to the presidency in 1952 and served two terms. Thomas E. Stephens, 1955
167. SIPGPR_160213_226.JPG: John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 1917-1963 When an assassin's bullets ended the life of John F. Kennedy in November 1963, America experienced a collective sense of loss it had not known since the death of Franklin Roosevelt in 1945. Unlike Roosevelt, the loss was not that of an indispensable leader in a time of great crisis, but an expression of unfulfilled promise, a young president cut down. Kennedy had charmed Americans with his grace and eloquence, inspired them with his "New Frontier," and challenged them to overcome all "burdens" and "hardships." An initial foreign policy fiasco, the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba, was later followed by success in forcing the Soviet Union to remove its missiles from Cuba. For many Americans the violent ending of Kennedy's life not only abruptly terminated a promising presidency but tested their confidence in America. William Franklin Draper's depiction of Kennedy in a rocking chair was unintentionally ironic because, unknown at the time, the young and "vigorous" president was beset by serious health problems. William Franklin Draper, 1966, from a 1962 life sketch
168. SIPGPR_160213_248.JPG: The famous Lansdowne portrait of George Washington was on display until February 28, at which point it was taken down for maintenance.
169. SIPGPR_160213_314.JPG: George W. Bush, born 1946 Forty-third president, 2001– "The biggest advantage and the biggest handicap I have," George W. Bush frankly admitted, "is my name." The grandson of a United States senator and the eldest son of a president, Bush was a popular governor of Texas who worked successfully with both Republicans and Democrats. In 2000, in an election so close that it required the intervention of the Supreme Court, Bush defeated Al Gore, the vice president during the previous administration. Expecting that the success of his presidency would hinge, as it had when he was governor, on his negotiating skills and ability to solve problems, Bush found his two terms in office instead marked by a series of cataclysmic events: the attacks on September 11, 2001; the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq; the devastation wrought by Hurricane Katrina; and a financial crisis during his last months in office. The White House selected Robert Anderson, a Connecticut portraitist and a Yale classmate of the president, to create this painting for the National Portrait Gallery. Robert Anderson (born 1946) Oil on canvas, 2008
170. SIPGPR_160213_325.JPG: The rightwing media had made a point about the Clinton portrait not having a wedding ring when, in fact, Presidential portraits never have jewelry. So the Bush portrait had to prove it was not like the Clinton portrait by having a wedding band.
171. SIPGPR_160213_342.JPG: Again, Presidential portraits never have jewelry. This one has a rather tacky watch with an American flag on it.
172. SIPGPR_160213_357.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 Gilbert Stuart made many replicas of his original "Athenaeum" portrait of George Washington. Stuart's image was very popular and influential, so much so that other artists also made copies from Stuart's paintings, including small miniature portraits such as this one. Art historians have suggested that this painting may have been created by Edward Greene Malbone, who could have painted it as early as 1797, or perhaps by Benjamin Trott, who was making copies of Stuart's portraits of Washington between 1831 and his death in 1843. Unidentified artist, after Gilbert Stuart, after 1796
173. SIPGPR_160213_370.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 William Birch moved to Philadelphia from London in 1794, where he worked as a printmaker. He also made paintings in enamel on copper, a painstaking but durable medium. The process involves fusing vitreous glazes to a metallic surface using extreme heat. He claimed in his autobiography to have made at least sixty copies of Stuart's portraits of Washington in that medium. Birch also recounted his visit to present an enamel copy to Washington, where "feeling myself awkward I begun the history of Enamel Painting, which by the time I got through he complimented me upon the beauty of my work." William Russell Birch, after Gilbert Stuart, 1810
174. SIPGPR_160213_394.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 James and Ellen Sharples came to the United States from Bath, England, in the early 1790s. By 1796, while in Philadelphia, James had created two life portraits in pastel of George Washington, once a profile and one a three-quarter view of the president in uniform. Both Ellen and James also made copies of his portraits of Washington and other notable Americans. In 1803, having returned to England, Ellen Sharples noted in her diary that she had created two miniatures of Washington. One of these is now in the collection of the Bristol Art Museum; this may be the second. Ellen Wallace Sharples, after James Sharples, c 1803
175. SIPGPR_151028_08.JPG: Abraham Lincoln and Family: Domestic life went on for Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865) even as he led the Union during the Civil War as president and commander-in-chief. Lincoln always sought refuge in his marriage and his family, but that refuge was frequently hard to attain. This group portrait of the Lincolns is poignant because it includes, seat to the right, the figure of Willie (1850-1862), whose death early in Lincoln's presidency devastated the president and his wife Mary (1818-1882). The Lincoln's eldest son, Robert (1943-1926), a student at Harvard, stands to the right; Lincoln resisted his son's attempts to join the army, fearing for his safety. Artist Henry Atwell Thomas adapted the central image of Lincoln tutoring his son Tad (1853-1871) from a photograph by Alexander Gardner. Henry Atwell Thomas, after Anthony Berger, 1865
176. SIPGPR_151028_31.JPG: Abraham Lincoln, 1809-1865 Abraham Lincoln's favorite portrait medium was photography. He recognized early on how photography could create a realistic likeness that could be turned to political purposes; he famously credited an early photograph of him by Mathew Brady as the picture that made him president. Once in office, Lincoln had himself photographed repeatedly to demonstrate to the American public that he was "on the job" in the midst of the Civil War. But oil painting still was preferred as the medium for major images, and several painters depicted Lincoln, including Anthony Berger. This chromolithograph is a relatively inexpensive reproduction of an oil painting, one that would be suitable for display in Union households across the North. Elijah C. Middleton, after Anthony Berger, c 1864
177. SIPGPR_151028_49.JPG: Theodore Roosevelt, 1858-1919 As in much of his political life, Theodore Roosevelt's opinions about women's rights evolved from an acceptance of the status quo to a more activist reevaluation of the place of women in the public world. By 1912 he was an advocate for women's suffrage as part of his run for the presidency as an independent progressive; he linked the vote for women with a revitalization of American democracy both at home and in the world. He continued to support women's rights even out of office, hosting a luncheon for New York's suffragettes in 1916 after they had lost their statewide campaign for the vote. This cartoon satirizes both Roosevelt's position on suffrage and his environmentalism, showing him as a myopic butterfly hunter and a "faker" whose interest in women's issues was purely opportunistic. Oscar Edward Cesare, c 1916
178. SIPGPR_151028_62.JPG: Is It Only a Shadow? This whimsical yet prescient illustration pictures the shadow of Teddy Roosevelt (1858-1919), distinctive in his Rough Riders' hat, looming over Washington and the White House as politicians gawk from the dome of the Capitol building. In 1897 Roosevelt had left New York City politics to become assistant secretary of the navy, where he advocated America's increased presence in world politics. With the outbreak of war with Spain in 1898, he resigned to organize the cavalry unit known as the Rough Riders, which he led to victory at Kettle Hill, Cuba. This immensely increased Roosevelt's public profile in both the Republican Party and nationally. He would become New York's governor in 1898 and thereafter vice president and then president. Grant E. Hamilton, 1898
179. SIPGPR_151028_89.JPG: Eleanor Roosevelt 1884-1962 The daughter of Theodore Roosevelt's son Elliott, Eleanor Roosevelt grew up in a wealthy and privileged environment in New York City, which she countered by becoming one of the great champions of social and political reform. Eleanor had an unhappy childhood and was surprised when her attractive, vivacious cousin Franklin Roosevelt started to woo her in 1902; they married in 1905. The turning points in their personal lives and marriage occurred in 1918, when Eleanor discovered Franklin's attraction to another woman, and 1921, when Franklin contracted polio. Although the marriage survived and Eleanor aided in her husband's physical and mental rehabilitation, they led separate lives. Eleanor began to dedicate herself to political causes, especially women's and workers' rights, that made her a champion of the Democratic Party's liberal wing until her death. Lotte Jacobi, 1944
180. SIPGPR_151028_93.JPG: Franklin D. Roosevelt 1882-1945 Franklin Roosevelt exhibited a public persona that enabled him to transcend his privileged background to reach out to all Americans; ironically, the people who detested him the most tended to be of his own class and background. His speaking style was avuncular and caring, but he never talked down to his audience; his "fireside chats" with the American people set the standard for the use of the modern medium of the radio to communicate with the nation. In his personal dealings, Roosevelt was usually affability itself, displaying a sense of bonhomie and charm that was magnetic. This portrait by Edward Steichen conveys something of the power of Roosevelt's personality as well as the strength of will exemplified by the muscles of his neck and shoulders -- muscles built up by his battle to overcome the effects of polio. Edward Steichen, 1933
181. SIPGPR_150307_01.JPG: Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1890-1969 Thirty-fourth president, 1953–61 In American politics, a successful military career has often led to the presidency, and so it proved with Dwight D. Eisenhower, who gained fame during World War II as supreme commander in Europe. Eisenhower was courted by both political parties, and he became the Republican nominee in 1952, chosen over the more conservative Robert Taft. Eisenhower defeated Illinois governor Adlai Stevenson in a campaign that attacked the Democrat's foreign policy savvy and toughness. With Eisenhower's personal appeal -- the slogan was "I Like Ike" -- and military background, the Republican ticket was elected and then reelected in 1956. In office, Eisenhower ended the Korean War, maintained an uneasy balance with the Soviet bloc, and domestically presided over a period of general prosperity. A moderate conservative, he was cautious on issues of civil liberties and civil rights but left office warning of the growth of a "military industrial complex" that threatened both government and American values. Once criticized as too passive a president, Eisenhower now draws widespread praise for his quiet, effective leadership during the 1950s. Thomas E. Stephens, 1955
182. SIPGPR_150307_13.JPG: John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 1917-1963 Thirty-fifth president 1961-63 When an assassin's bullets ended the life of John F. Kennedy in November 1963, America experienced a collective sense of loss it had not known since the death of Franklin Roosevelt in 1945. Unlike Roosevelt, the loss was not that of an indispensable leader in a time of great crisis, but an expression of unfulfilled promise, a young president cut down. Kennedy had charmed Americans with his grace and eloquence, inspired them with his "New Frontier," and challenged them to overcome all "burdens" and "hardships." An initial foreign policy fiasco, the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba, was later followed by success in forcing the Soviet Union to remove its missiles from Cuba. For many Americans the violent ending of Kennedy's life not only abruptly terminated a promising presidency but tested their confidence in America. William Franklin Draper's depiction of Kennedy in a rocking chair was unintentionally ironic because, unknown at the time, the young and "vigorous" president was beset by serious health problems. William Franklin Draper, 1966 from a 1962 life sketch
183. SIPGPR_150307_28.JPG: Theodore Roosevelt Family Family was vitally important to Theodore Roosevelt, both personally and for his political philosophy. He was proud of his family's genealogy and had been nurtured in the harmonious household of his parents. The importance of family was driven home to him by devastating losses: first the death of his father at an early age, then the staggering simultaneous passing in 1884 of both his wife, Alice, and his mother. Mourning, he withdrew to his ranch in the Dakotas. In 1886 he returned to New York City and to politics and also married Edith K. Carow, who raised his daughter, Alice Roosevelt Longsworth. They had five children of their own between 1887 and 1897. A large family was emotionally necessary for Roosevelt, and it also undergirded his political view that western civilization depended on a strong birth rate. Pach Brothers Studio, 1903
184. SIPGPR_150215_01.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 In October or early November of 1795, President George Washington granted Charles Willson Peale a seventh -- and last -- life sitting. Peale had been commissioned by Henry William De Saussure to painted the president's portrait. The artist decided to provide his extremely talented but inexperienced seventeen-year-old son, Rembrandt, with the extraordinary opportunity of painting a life portrait of the most important man in America and a world figure. To make the sitting more relaxed for his son, Peale invited his brother James and his oldest son, Raphaelle, as well, to paint their own portraits and engage Washington in conversation. Gilbert Stuart, whose first portrait of Washington -- the "Vaughan portrait" -- had recently become a sensation in Philadelphia, was said to have punned that the president was "in danger of being peeled all around." This is one of several "cabinet-size' replicas of Charles Willson Peale's image from that famous sitting. Rembrandt Peale's image is nearby in the gallery. Charles Willson Peale, 1795
185. SIPGPR_150213_22.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2015_DC_SIPG_Pres DC -- Donald W. Reynolds Center (NPG) -- Exhibit: America's Presidents (26 photos from 2015)
  Abraham Lincoln, 1809-1865 The "cracked-plate" image of Abraham Lincoln, taken by Alexander Gardner on February 5, 1865, is one of the most important and evocative photographs in American history. In preparing for his second inaugural, Lincoln had a series of photographs taken at Gardner's studio. During this sitting, Gardner created this portrait by accident: at some point, possibly when the glass-plate negative was heated to receive a coat of varnish, a crack appeared in the upper half of the plate. Gardner pulled a single print and then discarded the plate, so only one such portrait exists. The portrait represents a radical departure from Gardner's usual crisp empiricism. The shallow depth of field created when Gardner moved his camera in for a close-up yielded a photograph whose focus is confined to the plane of Lincoln's cheeks, while the remainder of the image appears diffused and even out of focus. Lincoln is careworn and tired, his face grooved by the emotional shocks of war. Yet his face also bears a small smile, perhaps as he contemplates the successful conclusion of hostilities and the restoration of the Union. This is Lincoln between life and death, between his role as a historical actor and the mystical figure that he would become with his assassination. Although Lincoln looked forward to his second term, we know, as he could not, that he will soon be assassinated. This image inextricably links history and myth, creating one of the most powerful American portraits. Alexander Gardner, 1865
186. SIPGPR_141014_01.JPG: The people are the government, administering it by their agents; they are the Government, the sovereign power. -- Andrew Jackson to AJ Donelson, May 12, 1835
187. SIPGPR_141014_06.JPG: Andrew Jackson, 1767-1845 Andrew Jackson transformed the office of the presidency into one of dynamic leadership and national initiative. No longer would the chief executive be merely an armchair overseer of Congress and the nation at large. Moreover, his sweeping reform program extolled the principles of democratic government by the will of the people. These tenets of Jacksonian democracy still resonate today. This portrait of Jackson by his close friend Ralph E. W. Earl -- a widower who was a frequent guest at the White House -- depicts the president as he looked in 1830. Jackson stands on the grounds of the Hermitage, his Tennessee plantation near Nashville. In 1832 the Pendleton Lithography Company in Boston published a popular lithograph after this portrait, which Earl referred to as his "Farmer Jackson" image. The painting is on loan from the descendants of Jackson's staunch friend and political patron Francis Preston Blair. Ralph E.W. Earl, 1830
188. SIPGPR_141014_18.JPG: Grand National Democratic Banner James K. Polk, 1795-1849 George M. Dallas, 1792-1864 Politics and religion were the two great preoccupations of public culture in nineteenth-century America and were reflected in everything from great public debates to the smallest aspects of personal conduct. Politics was intensely partisan, and citizens followed politics with the fervor of modern sports fans. Voting rates were very high, and political campaigning was designed not only to get out the electorate but also to bind voters to a particular party. Parades, illuminations, and visual displays of all kinds, including this banner for the 1844 Democratic national ticket, all involved voters in the rituals of popular democracy. Widely disseminated by campaign machines, printed materials had helped revolutionize democratic politics by the middle of the nineteenth century. Nathaniel Currie, 1844
189. SIPGPR_141014_39.JPG: Passage through Baltimore Abraham Lincoln, 1809-1865 The South responded with fury to Abraham Lincoln's election, and seven states, beginning with South Carolina, seceded from the Union during the winter of 1860–61. Tensions were high, and armed conflict seemed imminent. It was in this atmosphere that Lincoln made his way from Springfield, Illinois, to Washington for the inauguration in March. When the president-elect reached Baltimore, credible rumors surfaced of a possible assassination attempt. So under advice from detective Alan Pinkerton, Lincoln was hurried on to Washington, arriving early in the morning, with no fanfare. This surreptitious entry caused much mirth among southerners, who sniggered at Lincoln's cowardice. Adalbert Volck's etching mocks the president's timidity, showing Lincoln, still wearing a nightshirt and cap, pulling into Washington in the boxcar in which he had been hidden, an apparition that scares the railyard cat. Adalbert John Volck, 1863
190. SIPGPR_141014_47.JPG: Theodore Roosevelt family Family was vitally important to Theodore Roosevelt, both personally and for his political philosophy. He was proud of his family's genealogy and had been nurtured in the harmonious household of his parents. The importance of family was driven home to him by devastating losses: first the death of his father at an early age, then the staggering simultaneous passing in 1884 of both his wife, Alice, and his mother. Mourning, he withdrew to his ranch in the Dakotas. In 1886 he returned to New York City and to politics and also married Edith K. Carow, who raised his daughter, Alice Roosevelt Longsworth. They had five children of their own between 1887 and 1897. A large family was emotionally necessary for Roosevelt, and it also undergirded his political view that western civilization depended on a strong birth rate Pach Brothers Studio, 1903
191. SIPGPR_141014_57.JPG: Theodore Roosevelt, 1858-1919 In 1897 Theodore Roosevelt was named assistant secretary of the navy just as the crisis with Spain over its colonial territories, especially Cuba, boiled over. Roosevelt had advocated war with Spain, and with the outbreak of hostilities he suited action to word by resigning from the Navy and organizing a volunteer cavalry unit dubbed the "Rough Riders." Roosevelt regarded war as the ultimate test of a man's -- and the nation's -- mettle, and he was eager for the fight. His charge up Kettle Hill in the face of enemy fire not only tested his valor but made him a national figure. Two weeks after the Rough Riders disbanded in 1898, Roosevelt was the Republican Party's candidate for governor of New York. Pach Brothers Studio, c 1898
192. SIPGPR_141014_66.JPG: Winston Churchill, Harry Truman, and Joseph Stalin at Potsdam On succeeding to the presidency after the death of Franklin Roosevelt, Harry Truman was conscious of how unprepared he was, saying that he felt "like the moon and stars had fallen on him"; even as vice president he had not known about the development of an atomic bomb. Nonetheless, he was determined in his first foray into international relations to hold his own against Churchill and Stalin. The war in Europe had ended in May, and the Big Three met at Potsdam (outside Berlin) in July to discuss the ongoing war in the Pacific and postwar diplomacy in light of the agreements reached at Yalta the previous February. Truman dropped a broad hint that the U.S. had a powerful new weapon. The conference occurred during Britain's first postwar election. So the British delegation was led first by Churchill and then by Clement Atlee, who took over when the Labour Party swept into power. Yevgeny Khaldei, 1945
193. SIPGPR_141014_78.JPG: Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1882-1945 Particularly early in his career, people tended to underestimate Franklin Roosevelt. Handsome, genial, and affable, he presented a mask to the world that hid (in words applied to Lincoln) "the little engine of his ambition." Raised to a tradition of public service, he sought to emulate the career of his distant cousin, the famous Theodore. Like the earlier Roosevelt, FDR served as assistant secretary of the navy (the naval vessel in this photograph acknowledges his love of that service) and governor of New York. A key event for FDR was his surviving and overcoming an attack of polio in 1921 that cost him the use of his legs. He refused to retire from politics, and his struggle against his infirmity enhanced a steely determination to succeed, even as he presented an impassive face to the world. Edward Steichen, c 1938
194. SIPGPR_140425_01.JPG: Springfield Rifle: Theodore Roosevelt brought three rifles to hunt game in British East Africa: a Winchester 405; a double-barreled 500-450 Holland and Holland; and this "army Springfield, 30-caliber, stocked and sighted to suit myself," which he used with a new "small, solid, sharp pointed army bullet." On safari, he personally carried either the Winchester or the Springfield, which "for ordinary game I ... preferred ... to any other rifles," acknowledging, however, that one's "choice of a rifle is... a matter of personal idiosyncrasy ... [and] that any good modern rifle is good enough. The determining factor is the man behind the gun." Roosevelt's marksmanship had grown rusty while in the White House, and unbeknownst to the public, a boxing injury he incurred while he was president blinded him in one eye. Once in Africa, however, he improved rapidly. Although no longer a good target shooter, he was regarded by a professional hunter on the expedition, as "a much better game-shot than the majority of riflemen." from Sagamore Hill National Historic Site, National Park Service, Oyster Bay, New York
195. SIPGPR_140425_07.JPG: Images from the Expedition Theodore Roosevelt standing by felled rhinoceros Theodore Roosevelt's accounts of shooting African big game -- the rhino, buffalo, and the elephant -- include moments of extreme danger, which he relished. The "great bull rhino" has "the agility of a polo pony," and even after he put a bullet in its lungs, "he galloped full on us... [and] dropped just thirteen paces from where we stood." As a boy, to restore his health, Roosevelt had been sent to the American West, a rough-and-tumble sojourn that he credited with making him a man. Thereafter, Roosevelt became a lifelong advocate of the "strenuous life" and the continual testing of limits. It was "the man in the arena" who counted the most, not just for individuals but for societies. While Roosevelt's use of the term "savage," referring to the Africans on his safari, is disturbing to today's readers, it reflected the social Darwinist consensus of the late nineteenth century to explain mankind at its earliest stage of development.
196. SIPGPR_140425_12.JPG: Theodore Roosevelt standing by felled elephant
197. SIPGPR_140425_15.JPG: Kermit and Theodore Roosevelt atop a felled African buffalo
198. SIPGPR_140425_19.JPG: Expedition party crossing the Loleti Plains, Sotik, June 27, 1909
199. SIPGPR_140425_27.JPG: Map of British East Africa Protectorate, 1909: On April 21, 1909, Theodore Roosevelt took the Uganda railroad from Mombasa to Kapiti depot, near Nairobi, from which he organized six safaris. In December he traveled north to Uganda, organized two smaller safaris, and on March 1, 1910, from Gondokoro, sailed down the Nile to meet his wife, Edith, in Khartoum (Sudan). Roosevelt was awed and entranced by what he saw in Africa, and he wrote about the continent in great detail. But he had to conclude that ultimately "there are no words that can tell the hidden spirit of the wilderness, that can reveal its mystery, its melancholy, and its charm." In 1909 Africa was more than exotic scenery. Under Western eyes, it was also the cockpit of great power politics, as Germany sought an imperial presence -- "its place in the sun" -- alongside the traditional powers of England, France, and Belgium. During World War I, Africa would become a distant, but significant. combat theory.
200. SIPGPR_140425_33.JPG: In 1909, twelve days after leaving office, Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) set out on his long-awaited hunting and scientific expedition to British East Africa (now Kenya). Originally Roosevelt had planned a private journey, intended to both rekindle his love for the outdoors and vacate the political stage for the new president. But given Roosevelt's outsized personality and his international celebrity, the expedition quickly became a large public affair. Roosevelt was especially concerned that he had not be criticized, as he had been, as just a voracious killer of game. So the trip became a full-fledged scientific expedition: the Smithsonian Institution underwrote it (with steel magnate Andrew Carnegie's help) and provide naturalists to help collect and preserve specimens shot by the ex-president's party and to catalogue flora and fauna. Roosevelt funded his and his son's portion of the expenses by signing a contract with Scribner's for a series of articles and a book, African Game Trails. In all, the safari's 300 porters, gun bearers, horse boys, tent men, and guards made it the largest ever mounted in equatorial Africa: it cost about one million dollars in today's currency. Many of the specimens and skins remain in the Smithsonian's collection. Roosevelt ended his African sojourn with a whirlwind tour of Europe that mixed public adulation with diplomacy. His well-meant attempt to leave public life behind had failed: he would always be "the man in the arena."
201. SIPGPR_140131_01.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2014_DC_SIPG_Pres DC -- Donald W. Reynolds Center (NPG) -- Exhibit: America's Presidents (26 photos from 2014)
  President Andrew Jackson, modeled 1835 Hiram Powers
202. SIPGPR_140131_27.JPG: Fred W. Smith The great "Lansdowne" portrait of George Washington by Gilbert Stuart on loan to the National Portrait Gallery since 1968, was threatened with sale in 2000. But when Fred W. Smith, chair of the Donald W. Reynolds Foundation, learned in a news article and then on television that the nation might lose this founding portrait of the American presidency, he responded quickly. It was his desire that every school-aged child might have the opportunity to see the painting in person. Toward that goal, the Reynolds Foundation provided $30 million to purchase the portrait, tour it around the country, and place it in this presidential gallery, which the Smithsonian Regents have named in honor of Smith's patriotic vision.
203. SIPGPR_140131_48.JPG: Abraham Lincoln, 1809-1865 The May 26, 1860, edition of Harper's Weekly included a biography of Abraham Lincoln, who had just won the Republican Party's nomination for president. The national convention had opened on May 16 in Chicago, a plus for the Illinois-raised Lincoln, but the frontrunner was William Seward of New York. Seward, however, had weakened his chances among moderate Republicans with his former antislavery radicalism. Lincoln's less-adamant position -- opposing only the extension of slavery into the territories -- was viewed as giving him strength in the "battleground" states of the lower North, which the Republicans had lost in the 1856 election. There were 465 delegates packed into the Chicago convention hall. Seward won on the first two ballots, with Lincoln coming in second. On the third ballot, four Ohioans switched their votes to Lincoln, followed by a wild stampede of delegates for the "rail splitter." Unidentified artist, after Mathew Brady, 1860
204. SIPGPR_140131_55.JPG: Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1882-1945 The scion of an established family in New York's Hudson Valley, Franklin Roosevelt graduated from Harvard University and attended Columbia Law School. By 1905 he had married his distant cousin, Eleanor, and was practicing law in New York City without much enthusiasm. Drawn to politics, he was fascinated by the example of his famous fifth cousin, Theodore Roosevelt, whom Franklin declared to be "the greatest man I ever knew." In 1910, Democratic Party leaders in Dutchess County urged him to run for the state senate. A split in the Republican Party, along with Roosevelt's energetic campaign, gave him an unexpected victory. By 1912 -- when this photograph was taken -- he had enlisted as his adviser the politically savvy journalist Louis Howe, who would guide Roosevelt's political career for the next twenty years. Underwood & Underwood, 1912
205. SIPGPR_140131_63.JPG: Harry S. Truman, 1884-1972 Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1882-1945 In 1944 it was assumed that Franklin Roosevelt would run for a fourth term. Democratic Party leaders, aware of Roosevelt's poor health and fearing he would not survive another term, sought to replace Vice President Henry Wallace, whom they considered to be too left-wing. As a Senate leader, Harry Truman had positioned himself for the job even though he was unsure if he wanted it. As usual, FDR kept everyone guessing until the last minute, when he named Truman as his vice-presidential choice. At a meeting on the White House lawn, Truman was shocked by the president's appearance, not realizing his "feeble condition. In pouring cream in his tea, he got more cream in the saucer than he did in the cup." He gave no hint of a problem to reporters afterward, calling the president "fine. . . . Don't let anybody kid you about it." George Tames, 1944
206. SIPGPR_140131_74.JPG: Collecting the Portraits of American Presidents: Assembling an outstanding collection of portraits of the American presidents seemed like a daunting task when the National Portrait Gallery opened in 1968. By that year, fully thirty-five presidents had been in office, and many of their life portraits were already in public institutions. The Gallery has since made a concerted effort to acquire a portrait of each sitting president. In 1968, Peter Hurd donated his portrait of Lyndon Johnson; in 1971 the Gallery purchased Norman Rockwell's portrait of Richard Nixon, made just prior to his 1969 inauguration; Ray Kinstler based his 1987 portrait of Gerald Ford on sketches made in 1977 for the official White House portrait; Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan chose paintings made during their presidency to represent them. Most recently, the Gallery has commissioned the artists selected by George HW Bush and Bill Clinton to paint their portraits for the collection.
207. SIPGPR_130803_01.JPG: Abraham Lincoln, 1809-1865: The May 26, 1860, edition of Harper's Weekly included a biography of Abraham Lincoln, who had just won the Republican Party's nomination for president. The national convention had opened on May 16 in Chicago, a plus for the Illinois-raised Lincoln, but the frontrunner was William Seward of New York. Seward, however, had weakened his changes among moderate Republicans with his former antislavery radicalism. Lincoln's less-adamant position -- opposing only the extension of slavery into the territories -- was viewed as giving him strength in the "battleground" states of the lower North, which the Republicans had lost in the 1856 election. There were 465 delegates packed into the Chicago convention hall. Seward won on the first two ballots, with Lincoln coming in second. On the third ballot, four Ohioana switched their votes to Lincoln, followed by a wild stampede of delegates for the "rail splitter." Unidentified artist, after Mathew Brady, 1860
208. SIPGPR_130803_12.JPG: James K. Polk, 1795-1849 In explaining the transformation of the American presidency from the limited executive of the Constitution to Lincoln's expansion of the office, historians point to Thomas Jefferson and Andrew Jackson. However, James K. Polk may have been the strongest president in antebellum America. Polk, the youngest to occupy that office up to that time, had his cabinet officers sign a form letter agreeing to support his program and made it clear that although he desired harmony, "I intend to by myself President of the U.S." He confronted the two most difficult boundary issues in American history. In the matter of the disputed northern border, Polk looked John Bull "straight in the eye" and secured more of the Oregon Territory than the British wanted to give up. On the southern border, his resoluteness, seen by many as bellicosity, led to war with Mexico, resulting in the new American states of California, Nevada, Utah, and Arizona. Charles Fenderich, 1838
209. SIPGPR_130803_20.JPG: Indian Peace Medals: Indian peace medals are an important part of the history of US presidential portraiture and also an essential element in federal Indian policy. Presented to Indian chiefs on such important occasions as the signing of a treaty or a visit to the nation's capital, the medals gave rank and distinction, and many were passed down from generation to generation. In the first half of the nineteenth century, design was determined by the need to win the allegiance of the Indians. Medals contained the likeness of the president on one side and symbols of peace and friendship on the other. Acceptance of a medal marked the Indian's friendship and loyalty to the United States. By midcentury, the medals encouraged assimilation of the Indian into American society.
210. SIPGPR_130803_54.JPG: Theodore Roosevelt, 1858-1919 In 1904, Theodore Roosevelt won the presidency in a landslide. Out of respect to the two-term tradition, he immediately announced that he would not run again, although, as he became president after William McKinley's assassination in 1901, he would not have violated that tradition is he had run in 1908. Roosevelt was determined to break new paths after his presidency, even reverting to his title of "colonel." While president, the time he could devote to his interests in natural history, camping, and hunting in the wilderness had been severely curtailed; Roosevelt often complained about mobs of reporters following him around and his inability to get sufficient gunnery practice. He dreamed of a "great adventure" to Africa and began planning for the trip -- perhaps using the globe in the background -- in earnest during the last years of his presidency. Unidentified artist, c 1907
211. SIPGPR_130803_63.JPG: Theodore Roosevelt's family in the White House When this photograph was taken, the president's family was preparing to leave the White House, and Roosevelt's hand-picked successor, William Taft, was expected to become president. Immediately after his presidency, Roosevelt would travel to British East Africa (present-day Kenya). He had been planning, in conjunction with the Smithsonian Institution, a large safari to collect specimens for the natural museum. Roosevelt would just be fifty, young for an ex-president but not for the formidable risks of hunting big game. He had decided to take along his nineteen-year-old bookish son Kermit (second from left), and he wanted to toughen up the fragile young man and remove him from the influence of his mother. Edith Roosevelt had reconciled herself to her husband's craving for risk and adventure, trusting that Theodore's seeming invincibility would protect her more vulnerable son. Harris & Ewing Studio, 1908-9 Theodore Roosevelt posed for this photograph at Montauk, Long Island, shortly before his First Volunteer Cavalry Regiment-which fought in Cuba during the Spanish-American War-was mustered out of service in September 1898. Later, Roosevelt described in a letter how he looked and dressed in the war. Unlike his image here, he said, "In Cuba I did not have the side of my hat turned up."
212. SIPGPR_130504_01.JPG: President Andrew Jackson, modeled 1835 Hiram Powers
213. SIPGPR_130504_12.JPG: John Adams, 1826 Gilbert Stuart
214. SIPGPR_130129_01.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2013_DC_SIPG_Pres DC -- Donald W. Reynolds Center (NPG) -- Exhibit: America's Presidents (20 photos from 2013)
  Barack Obama, born 1961 In February 2007, when Barack Obama announced his candidacy for president in front of the Old State Capitol in Springfield, Illinois, where Abraham Lincoln had given his "House Divided" speech, few pundits gave him a chance to become America's forty-fourth president. However, the financial crisis just months before the election and the tremendous enthusiasm he generated as a candidate propelled him to a historic victory in 2008 as the first African American to hold that office. The Affordable Care Act and the killing of Osama bin Laden by a Navy Seal team are considered the high points of President Obama's first term. Before become president, Obama had been a community organizer in Chicago and served in the Illinois State Senate (1997-2004) and the US Senate (2004-8). Elected to a second term in 2012, he confronts daunting challenges: a sluggish economy, massive deficits, and the dangers of international terrorism and nuclear proliferation. Chuck Close, an artist famous since the late 1960s for his large-scale heads, suggests both Obama's challenges and his optimism in these tapestries. Based on photographs taken in 2012 and created as a campaign fundraiser, the pair capture the president's serious demeanor and his ready smile in a scale that can be read as both approachable and authoritative. Chuck Close, 2012
215. SIPGPR_121215_10.JPG: William Henry Harrison, 1773-1841 This deathbed scene, a format popular in the mid-nineteenth century, marks the passing of President William Henry Harrison, who caught pneumonia while giving a long inaugural address in bad weather. The words written on the paper -- "Sir I wish you to understand the true principles of government. I wish them carried out. I ask nothing more" -- were reputedly Harrison's final instructions to Vice President John Tyler. In office only a month, the Whig Party's Harrison had alienated the most powerful Whig in the Senate, Henry Clay, by selecting Clay's rival, Daniel Webster, to be secretary of state. Harrison had quickly called Congress into session to consider a number of Whig proposals, but Clay, determined to dominate from the Senate, never acted on them. On assuming the presidency, Tyler, a Democrat from Virginia chosen as Harrison's running mate to win southern support, opposed Harrison's program. (Interestingly, neither Clay nor Tyler are depicted here.) Henry R. Robinson, 1841
216. SIPGPR_121215_31.JPG: The Great Match at Baltimore This cartoon highlights the candidacy of Stephen A. Douglas (1813–1861) in the tumultuous 1860 presidential election. The contest -- portrayed as a cockfight -- is between the Democratic Party's southern and northern branches. Douglas, from the North, stands on former president Buchanan, crowing that he can beat Abraham Lincoln and "Old Kentucky too." Vice President John C. Breckinridge (1821–1875), a Kentuckian who represented the South, is being placed into the ring. The Pennsylvania-born president James Buchanan (1791–1868 ) sided with Southern Democrats and excluded Douglas -- the only man who might have avoided the party's rupture -- from his cabinet. Buchanan had hoped to defuse sectional tensions; instead, his failures intensified animosities and split the Democratic Party. At the 1860 Democratic convention in Charleston, South Carolina, Buchanan supporters joined with southerners to prevent Douglas's nomination, and instead selected Breckinridge. Northern delegates bolted and held a convention in Baltimore, nominating Douglas. With the Democrats divided, the Republican Lincoln won the election. Currier & Ives Lithography Company, 1860
217. SIPGPR_121215_40.JPG: Franklin Delano Roosevelt Wheeler and the Court Fight. In February 1937 President Franklin Roosevelt proposed legislation that would increase the number of federal judges, including those on the Supreme Court, which had struck down many of his New Deal programs. The bill would allow the president to add judges for each incumbent who was seventy or older, which would give him up to six nominations for the Supreme Court. To the left stands Homer Cummings, Roosevelt's attorney general. Senator Burton K. Wheeler, a Democrat from Montana, led the opposition, using as his weapon a letter by Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes (represented here by the bowling ball) that expressed opposition to Roosevelt's plan. Although Congress utterly rejected Roosevelt's "court-packing" strategy, within a year the Court began judging his legislation more favorably, and a vacancy on there allowed him to appoint a new justice. Clifford Kennedy Berryman, 1937
218. SIPGPR_121215_53.JPG: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 1882-1945 Franklin Roosevelt's haughty expression in Aurelius Battaglia's caricature conveys his aristocratic background. The Roosevelts settled in America in the mid-seventeenth century. By the time of the American Revolution they enjoyed the status of landed gentry in New York's Hudson River Valley, occupying leading roles in the state's commercial, civic, and social life. Roosevelt was drawn -- as were many from the upper-middle or upper class -- to public service and politics. He was also fascinated by the example of his famous fifth cousin, Theodore Roosevelt, whom Franklin declared "the greatest man I ever knew." By the time this drawing was made, Franklin Roosevelt had served in the New York State Senate and as assistant secretary of the navy under President Woodrow Wilson; been James M. Cox's running-mate in the 1920 presidential election; contracted polio in 1921; and served as governor of New York. Aurelius Battaglia, c 1928-32
219. SIPGPR_120421_02.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2012_DC_SIPG_Pres DC -- Donald W. Reynolds Center (NPG) -- Exhibit: America's Presidents (11 photos from 2012)
220. SIPGPR_111120_02.JPG: Andrew Jackson, 1767-1845 With the possible exception of Abraham Lincoln, no nineteenth-century president wielded his powers more aggressively than Andrew Jackson, which is confirmed by his use of the presidential veto over Congress. Unlike his predecessors, who invoked that power on strictly constitutional grounds, Jackson vetoed key congressional measures, not because he deemed them illegal, but simply because he did not like them. In doing so, he set a precedent that vastly enlarged the presidential role in congressional lawmaking. Among Jackson's opponents, this executive activism drew charges of dictatorship. Those accusations, however, carried little weight among yeoman farmers and laborers, who doted on Jackson's professed opposition to elitism. This portrait, showing Jackson in military uniform, recalls his early fame as the general who roundly defeated the British at New Orleans during the War of 1812. The painter of the picture, Ralph E. W. Earl, eventually attached himself to Jackson's household and spent much of his time filling the considerable demand for Jackson's likeness. Ralph E. W. Earl, c 1817
221. SIPGPR_110902_01.JPG: Progressive School for Democrats. Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 30 Jan 1882 - 12 Apr 1945 John Nance Garner, 22 Nov 1868 - 7 Nov 1967 Henry Fountain Ashurst, 13 Sep 1874 - 31 May 1962 Josiah William Bailey, 14 Sep 1873 - 15 Dec 1946 Alben William Barkley, 24 Nov 1877 - 30 Apr 1956 Theodore Gilmore Bilbo, 13 Oct 1877 - 21 Aug 1947 Edward Raymond Burke, 1880 - 1968 Harry Flood Byrd, 10 Jun 1887 - 20 Oct 1966 Royal Samuel Copeland, 7 Nov 1868 - 17 Jun 1938 Peter Goelet Gerry, 18 Sep 1879 - 31 Oct 1957 Joseph F. Guffey, 29 Dec 1870 - 6 Mar 1959 Byron Patton Harrison, 29 Aug 1881 - 22 Jun 1941 Rush Dew Holt, 19 Jun 1905 - 8 Feb 1955 William Henry King, 3 Jun 1863 - 27 Nov 1949 Robert Marion La Follette, Jr., 6 Feb 1895 - 24 Feb 1953 Paul Vories McNutt, 1891 - 1955 Sherman Minton, 20 Oct 1890 - 9 Apr 1965 George William Norris, 11 Jul 1861 - 2 Sep 1944 Joseph Christopher O'Mahoney, 5 Nov 1884 - 1 Dec 1962 Claude Denson Pepper, 8 Sep 1900 - 30 May 1989 Lewis Baxter Schwellenbach, 20 Sep 1894 - 10 Jun 1948 Ellison DuRant Smith, 1 Aug 1866 - 17 Nov 1944 Millard Evelyn Tydings, 6 Apr 1890 - 9 Feb 1961 Robert Ferdinand Wagner, 8 Jun 1877 - 4 May 1953 Burton Kendall Wheeler, 27 Feb 1882 - Jan 1975 Eight years before Franklin Roosevelt first ran for president, he was espousing progressivism as a national mandate for confronting the nation's problems, much like his fifth cousin, Theodore Roosevelt, had done two decades earlier. "The Democratic Party is the Progressive party of the country," FDR proclaimed in 1924." Two years later, he warned that "a nation or a state which is unwilling by governmental action to tackle the new problems . . . is headed for decline and ultimate death." Given the subsequent hardships of the Great Depression, Roosevelt as president found himself at the head of the class in caricaturist Adolf Dehn's Progressive School for Democrats. Roosevelt's New Deal was largely an experimental program of reforms like Social Security, Federal Deposit Insurance, and the Tennessee Valley Authority, which at the very least promised to be lessons in federal entitlements and interventions. Adolf Arthur Dehn, 1938
222. SIPGPR_110811_10.JPG: Betty Ford, 1918-2011 When Gerald Ford became president on August 9, 1974, he said, "I am indebted to no man and only one woman, my dear wife, Betty." An outspoken and inspirational first lady, Betty Ford unflinchingly embraced such hot-button issues as the Equal Rights Amendment and legalized abortion. Most important, she destigmatized attitudes about two illnesses that struck her during her very public life: as first lady, she talked openly about her battle with breast cancer; in 1982, after conquering her own addiction to alcohol and drugs, she founded the Betty Ford Center for substance abuse. Her post–White House life set a standard for future first ladies, and in 1991 President George H.W. Bush awarded her the Presidential Medal of Freedom in recognition of her continuing contribution to American life and culture. Everett Raymond Kinstler, 1996
223. SIPGPR_110811_20.JPG: Gerald R. Ford, 1913-2006 Gerald Ford was perfectly happy being a Michigan congressman and House minority leader. But Ford's congressional career abruptly ended in 1973, when President Richard Nixon appointed him to succeed Vice President Spiro Agnew, who had resigned amid revelations of misconduct. Within a year, Ford's political fortunes took yet another sharp turn. On August 9, 1974, with Nixon himself forced to resign from office, Ford became the only unelected vice president to succeed to the White House. Ford's pardoning of Nixon shortly thereafter drew angry criticism. Nevertheless, his conciliatory leadership succeeded in restoring a much-eroded confidence in the presidency. Summarizing the orderly way he came to office despite the unsettling events that put him there, he said at his swearing-in, "Our Constitution works." In large measure, it was Ford who insured that it did. Everett Raymond Kinstler's likeness was painted at Ford's request specifically for the National Portrait Gallery. Kinstler based the portrait on sketches that he had made in the late 1970s, when he was working on Ford's official White House likeness. Everett Raymond Kinstler, 1987
224. SIPGPR_110811_32.JPG: Contact sheet for Halsman photo of Nixon: Shortly after Richard Nixon's victory in the 1968 election, photographer Philippe Halsman learned that he had been selected to make the president-elect's official portrait. Describing the sitting that took place on January 9, 1969, Halsman recalled that he had "never seen a man looking more happy. He seemed literally to be walking on clouds." Halsman began by asking his subject what expression he desired for his portrait. Although Nixon expressed his preference for "a serious and substantial expression," he agreed to try a few relaxed poses. Halsman responded by telling a joke that provoked a hearty laugh from his sitter and enabled the photographer to record a series of uncharacteristically animated Nixon images. This contact sheet offers a fascinating look at the evolution of a memorable portrait session by revealing the range of expressions Halsman managed to capture in just a dozen frames. Philippe Halsman, 1969
225. SIPGPR_110704_12.JPG: Richard M. Nixon, 1913-1994 Richard Nixon owed his election as Dwight Eisenhower's vice president to his early reputation as an anti-Communist. By the time he became president in 1969, however, his thinking had shifted considerably. As a result, under his leadership, the confrontational strategies that had long dominated this country's response to Communism gave way to a historic detente, marked by American recognition of Communist China and better relations with the Soviet Union. These achievements, however, were eventually overshadowed by disclosure of the Watergate scandals -- a web of illegal activity involving scores of Nixon's advisers. Although never implicated in the original crimes, Nixon did become party to attempts to cover them up. Following irrefutable disclosure of that fact, he became the only president ever to resign from office. Philippe Halsman, 1969
226. SIPGPR_110704_36.JPG: Roosevelt and his cabinet This photograph of President Theodore Roosevelt and his cabinet was taken by the noted Washington studio Harris and Ewing in 1906, an especially production year for the reform-minded administration. That year, Roosevelt signed the Hepburn Act, which increased federal regulation of such giant monopolies as John D Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company and JP Morgan's Northern Securities Company, which were fixing railroad shipping rates to their advantage. Roosevelt also signed the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, as well as the Meat Inspection Act, to provide basic levels of consumer protections. As president, he initiated more conservation measures than all of his predecessors combined, including the Antiquities Act of 1906, which designated eighteen new national monuments. And for his efforts the previous year to mediate a successful end to the Russo-Japanese War, Roosevelt won the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize. Harris and Ewing Studio, 1906
227. SIPGPR_110704_43.JPG: Theodore Roosevelt as President in 1907 Theodore Roosevelt was one of the most portrayed persons of his era. From the beginning of his career as a New York assemblyman in the early 1880s to his death in 1919, Roosevelt stayed almost perpetually in the public eye. Photographer Alvin Langdon recorded him in this image taken at the White House on April 1, 1907. Only twenty-four, Coburn was already realizing some of the most productive years of his career. Irish playwright George Bernard Shaw, another subject of Coburn's camera, called him "the greatest photographer in the world," high praise that must have rankled other greats such as Alfred Stieglitz and Edward Steichen. Still, there was no denying the vibrancy of Coburn's portraiture, the best of which he compiled in a book, Men of Mark (1913). This image of Roosevelt was included among the book's thirty-three prints of American and European authors, artists, and statesmen. Alvin Langdon Coburn, 1907
228. SIPGPR_110409_01.JPG: Out of the Ruins It was President Ulysses S Grant's bad fortune to have been at the seat of power during the Panic of 1873, a worldwide event that triggered one of this country's worst economic downturns -- a five-year depression. Fortunately, however, Thomas Nast, the era's most satirical caricaturist, was Grant's close friend. Nast supported the administration in times of crisis, as revealed in this cartoon, which appeared on the cover of the October 18, 1873, issue of Harper's Weekly. Grant is depicted as a gallant chief of police helping the maiden Columbia out of the fallen rubble that is labeled Wall Street. Although the worst of the depression was still to come, Nast targeted the collapse of the New York Stock Exchange, which closed its doors the last ten days of September. The Grant administration took the immediate stopgap measure of releasing fifty million dollars into the stricken economy. Thomas Nast, 1873
229. SIPGPR_110219_01.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2011_DC_SIPG_Pres DC -- Donald W. Reynolds Center (NPG) -- Exhibit: America's Presidents (23 photos from 2011)
  Fiftieth Anniversary of JFK's Inauguration, 1961-2011 John Kennedy was the first American president born in the twentieth century, the youngest elected and the second-youngest to serve in that office, and its first Catholic. After two terms of "peace and prosperity" under President Dwight Eisenhower, the country was ready to pass the "torch... to a new generation," as Kennedy noted in his inaugural address. Kennedy had proclaimed a "new frontier," aware of the word's significance in American history and its evocation of limitless possibilities. The nation, he contended during his campaign, had not responded energetically to its domestic problems such as poverty, racism, and a sluggish economy, and it had failed to assert strong moral leadership in the world. There would be, in the Kennedy White House, a number of Harvard alumni and Rhodes Scholars, as historian Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. characterized them, who responded eagerly to Kennedy's clarion call to "pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship," confident in their ability to transform America. Perhaps Kennedy's ironic temperament -- his skepticism -- told him that the nation would be confronting hard realities not easily changed. On that bitterly cold inaugural day, the brilliant sunlight reflecting off a snow-covered city, the country was enchanted by a young, vigorous president with a beautiful wife and family. The myth of a new Camelot was born.
230. SIPGPR_110219_06.JPG: Inauguration of John Fitzgerald Kennedy, January 20, 1961: During the third week of January 1961, preparations began for the inauguration of John F. Kennedy as Washington braced itself for a snowstorm. On Thursday, January 19, the temperature dropped, the wind picked up, and it began snowing hard. Typically for the capital, streets were unplowed, and cars were abandoned. On Pennsylvania Avenue, workmen struggled to clear the parade route, and soldiers used flame throwers to melt the ice around the inaugural stand. The snow stopped before dawn on January 20. Inauguration Day was bitterly cold and windy but sunny. In the traditional ritual of the transfer of power, Dwight Eisenhower and John Kennedy rode together in a limousine to the Capitol. At twenty minutes after noon, the ceremonies began. Bill Ray, 1961
231. SIPGPR_110219_12.JPG: Kennedy speaking in Wisconsin during the Democratic primary race: In 1960 John Kennedy's only way to the presidential nomination was by winning primaries, convincing the party's bosses of his electoral strength. The first test was in Wisconsin, on April 5, where Kennedy faced Hubert Humphrey from neighboring Minnesota. Kennedy won, but not by the margin predicted. When asked by one of his sisters what it meant, he responded bitterly, "we have to do it all over again . . . win every one of them-West Virginia . . . Maryland . . . Indiana, and Oregon." Humphrey viewed his close finish as a "moral victory" and readied himself for West Virginia. Democratic leaders, however, saw Humphrey's inability to win in a neighboring state as fatal. Ironically, it was Humphrey's decision to enter the West Virginia primary, and Kennedy's decisive victory over him there, that convinced "the big Eastern bosses," in reporter Theodore White's view, to support Kennedy, ensuring him the nomination. George Tames, 1960
232. SIPGPR_110219_18.JPG: John F Kennedy and Lyndon B Johnson: In 1960 Senate Majority Leader Lyndon Johnson had believed that his national prominence and power base in the Senate would win him the Democratic nomination for president. After Kennedy won the nomination, he surprised everyone by offering Johnson the vice presidency-and Johnson surprised the political pundits by accepting it. Kennedy hoped that Johnson would balance his "Yankee Roman Catholic" image and give him Texas, a prognosis borne out in one of the closest presidential elections in American history. Kennedy later acknowledged the role reversal, admitting, "I spent years of my life [as a senator] when I could not get consideration for a bill, until I went around and begged Lyndon Johnson to let it go ahead." Kennedy's aides often ridiculed Johnson as "Uncle Cornpone," but the president always spoke of him with respect, placing him in charge of the administration's space exploration initiative. George Tames, c 1961
233. SIPGPR_110219_23.JPG: John F. Kennedy and Dwight D. Eisenhower: Soon after assuming the presidency, President Kennedy approved a CIA plan originating with his predecessor, Dwight Eisenhower, for toppling Cuban leader Fidel Castro with an army of Cuban refugees covertly trained in the United States. Within hours after the start of the Bay of Pigs invasion on April 17, 1961, Castro's army overwhelmed the refugees on the beach. The fiasco exposed Kennedy to harsh criticism, many lambasting him for not providing sufficient air cover. Kennedy, disappointed by the advice he received from the Joint Chiefs of Staff and holdovers from the Eisenhower administration, moved rapidly to obtain Eisenhower's support. In this photograph, taken in late April, JFK and Ike walk the grounds of Camp David. Eisenhower always supported the president publicly, but privately, Ike, who in World War II commanded the largest amphibious invasion in history, bitterly criticized Kennedy's rejection of additional air cover. Paul Vathis, 1961
234. SIPGPR_110219_30.JPG: National Democratic Republican Nomination: Rarely in presidential politics have two men representing the same party been so dissimilar as the 1836 Democratic candidate, Martin Van Buren, and his running-mate, Richard Mentor Johnson. Van Buren was a gentleman of refinement and a savvy New York politician, a master of political circumspection who never gave cause for offense. Johnson, a Kentuckian, paid no heed to the social etiquette of his day and lived openly with his mulatto slave, claiming two children by her, much to the consternation of his constituency. Yet both men, particularly Van Buren, enjoyed the patronage of outgoing president Andrew Jackson, whose popularity influenced the election in their favor. Typical of vice presidents at this time, Johnson never played an active role in Van Buren's single-term administration and became a liability largely because of his lifestyle. This 1840 reelection broadside, however, reminded voters of Johnson's credible military service in the War of 1812. Endiott Lithography Company, 1840
235. SIPGPR_110219_36.JPG: John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 1917-1963 When an assassin's bullets ended the life of John F. Kennedy in November 1963, America experienced a collective sense of loss it had not known since the death of Franklin Roosevelt in 1945. Unlike Roosevelt, the loss was not that of an indispensable leader in a time of great crisis, but an expression of unfulfilled promise, a young president cut down. Kennedy had charmed Americans with his grace and eloquence, inspired them with his "New Frontier," and challenged them to overcome all "burdens" and "hardships." An initial foreign policy fiasco, the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba, was later followed by success in forcing the Soviet Union to remove its missiles from Cuba. For many Americans the violent ending of Kennedy's life not only abruptly terminated a promising presidency but tested their confidence in America. William Franklin Draper's depiction of Kennedy in a rocking chair was unintentionally ironic because, unknown at the time, the young and "vigorous" president was beset by serious health problems. William Franklin Draper, 1966, from a 1962 life sketch
236. SIPGPR_101120_07.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 Rembrandt Peale, son of American artist Charles Willson Peale, painted George Washington from life in 1795 when he was seventeen. He later made numerous portraits of the president based on his memory of this sitting and on likenesses by other artists. From these he developed an idealized image -- known by the Latin name "Patriae Pater" (Father of His Country) -- which served as a model for his many so-called "porthole" portraits of Washington. In these compositions, the subject's face is seen through an oval stonework frame -- an honorific convention in European art dating from the Renaissance. Rembrandt Peale, 1853
237. SIPGPR_101120_12.JPG: Martha Washington, 1831-1802 In 1749, Martha Dandridge married Daniel Parke Custis, the wealthiest planter in the colony. Seven years and four children later, she was a very wealthy widow. She married George Washington in 1759, pulling hum upward in Virginia's social and economic strata. Martha was viewed by contemporaries as a quiet, reserved woman capable of managing an estate, a comfortable fit for an ambitious planter. She contributed to her husband's climb to national leadership in numerous ways. During the Revolutionary War, Martha stayed with her husband in the army's winter encampment; she was a great comfort to George and a major factor in his being able to keep the army intact. She was also, along with her husband, influential in setting the atmosphere and tone of the presidency, which was so important to the new republic. Rembrandt Peale based his portrait on his father's (Charles Willson Peale's) 1795 likeness, adding a "porthole" as he did in his George Washington on view across the room. Rembrandt Peale, 1853
238. SIPGPR_101120_22.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 George Washington, appointed commander-in-chief of the Continental army, took command of a ragtag force of some 17,000 men in July 1775. He kept an army together for the next eight-and-a-half years -- losing more battles than he won -- but effectively ended the war with his victory at Yorktown in October 1781. Mission accomplished, Washington -- a hero who could have been kind -- resigned his military commission before Congress on December 23, 1783, and retired to Mount Vernon. Here, the man all artists yearned to portray posed in his Continental army uniform for English artist Robert Edge Pine and wryly observed, I" am so hackneyed to the touches of the Painter's pencil, that I am now altogether at their beck, and sit like patience on a Monument." Robert Edge Pine, 1785
239. SIPGPR_101120_31.JPG: Thomas Jefferson, 1743-1826 This profile portrait was the work of Charles Bird King, who copied it from a likeness drawn by Gilbert Stuart during the fifth year of Jefferson's presidency. Of the two portraits Stuart painted of him, Jefferson seems to have much preferred the profile likeness. Most members of his immediate family shared that preference, and King made this copy from the Stuart original at the request of Jefferson's granddaughter, Virginia, and her husband, Nicholas Trist. Charles Bird King, after Gilbert Stuart, 1836
240. SIPGPR_100131_02.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2010_DC_SIPG_Pres DC -- Donald W. Reynolds Center (NPG) -- Exhibit: America's Presidents (11 photos from 2010)
  Yet another Bill Clinton portrait. Eventually they'll find a good one...
241. SIPGPR_100131_06.JPG: William Jefferson Clinton born 1946 A key to Bill Clinton's successes as president, along with his resilience and personal affability, was his determination to govern through consensus. Major accomplishments, such as welfare reform, the first budget surplus since the late 1960s, and successful US intervention in the Balkans stemmed from this pragmatic viewpoint. Other proposals, such as universal health care, failed. His administration was plagued by several scandals, such as Whitewater and the consequences of his affair with a White House intern. His denial under oath about this relationship led to his impeachment. He was not convicted in the Senate trial, however, and his popularity actually increased as Americans continued to admire Clinton for this political talents, quick intelligence, and determination. Chuck Close begins all his paintings by taking a photograph of the subject, in this case a 2005 image made as a cover for New York Magazine. He then creates grids on both the canvas and the original image to replicate the information contained in the photograph with a series of abstract modules. Chuck Close (born 1940) Oil on canvas, 2006 Lent by Ian and Annette Cumming
242. SIPGPR_100131_34.JPG: Abraham Lincoln a month before his second inauguration: Lincoln's faint, tired smile in this likeness makes it one of he most compelling photographic images ever taken of him. For many years, it was commonly thought that this photograph dated from early April 1865 and that it was the last one every made of Lincoln. But in fact, it was part of a series of photographs taken at Alexander Gardner's Washington DC studio two months earlier, on February 5. The large glass negative that Gardner used for this particular portrait broke after it was developed, and just one print was made before the ruined negative was discarded. The portrait later acquired special significance when some interpreted the crack running through the image as a portent of Lincoln's assassination. Alexander Gardner (1821-1882) Polaroid facsimile of the original 1865 albumen silver print Courtesy of the Polaroid Corporation. This reproduction has replaced the original to protect it from further exposure to light.
243. SIPGPR_091121_01.JPG: James A. Garfield, 1831-1881 While serving in the Ohio infantry, James A. Garfield was elected to Congress in 1862; he represented his home state for eighteen years. Nominated by the Republican Party as its presidential candidate in 1880, he was elected president and inaugurated on March 4, 1881. Garfield had served only four months in office when, on July 2, he was shot by religious fanatic Charles J. Guiteau. Mortally wounded, Garfield died in September. His assassination led to an outpouring of national mourning, which resulted in numerous full-length paintings and sculptures. This small figure appears to be a trial casting a larger statue in Washington, D.C., completed by John Quincy Adams Ward in 1887. Attributed to John Quincy Adams Ward Bronze, c. 1883-1887
244. SIPGPR_090517_001.JPG: Thomas Jefferson, 1743-1826: (Mather Brown) As the new American republic emerged from its war with the mother country, Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, collaborators in the formulation of the Declaration of Independence (although Jefferson wrote the final document), were brought together as trade negotiators in France, where their mutual respect turned into friendship. In the spring of 1786-when Jefferson was the American minister to France and Adams the American minister to England-Jefferson visited Adams, who suggested that he pose for the young Boston-born artist Mather Brown. An exchange of portraits between the two colleagues ensued. This painting, the earliest known likeness of Jefferson, remained in Adams's family until given to the nation in 1999. The background contains the classical figure of Freedom holding a staff topped by a cap, which had its origins in the conical cloth cap adopted by freed Roman slaves as the symbol of their liberty. Mather Brown, 1786
245. SIPGPR_090517_012.JPG: Thomas Jefferson, 1743-1826: (Mather Brown) (detail)
246. SIPGPR_090517_030.JPG: The Teddy Roosevelt portrait has this sign on it: Scenes from the movie are inspired by this artifact! Night at the Museum Battle of the Smithsonian
247. SIPGPR_090517_049.JPG: William Jefferson Clinton, born 1946 A key to Bill Clinton's successes as president, along with his resilience and personal affability, was his determination to govern through consensus. Major accomplishments such as welfare reform, the first budget surplus since the late 1960s, the North American Free Trade Agreement, and successful US intervention in the Balkans stemmed from this pragmatic viewpoint. Other proposals, which galvanized opposition, such as universal health care, failed. His administration was plagued, however, by charges of real-estate schemes ("Whitewater") dating back to his years as governor of Arkansas and the consequences of an affair with a White House intern. His denial under oath about his relationship led to his impeachment. He was not convicted in the Senate trial, however, and his popularity actually increased as Americans continued to admire Clinton for his political talents, quick intelligence, and determination. Nancy Harris painted Clinton's portrait from life sittings in Chappaqua, New York, and Washington, DC, in 2006 and 2007. Nancy Fleming Harris, 2007
248. SIPGPR_090517_055.JPG: William Jefferson Clinton, born 1946 (Nancy Fleming Harris) (detail)
249. SIPGPR_090517_064.JPG: William Jefferson Clinton, born 1946 (Nancy Fleming Harris portrait) (detail) The original portrait didn't show a wedding ring. The right wing (Time magazine) said this showed he was a philanderer but only one other presidential portrait (Benjamin Harrison) had wedding rings. The new George W. Bush portrait has a wedding ring to prove he wasn't Bill Clinton. A second Bill Clinton portrait, this time with a wedding ring, was loaned to the museum.
250. SIPGPR_090517_081.JPG: President Eisenhower throws out the first pitch in the 1956 Worlds Series between the New York Yankees and the Brooklyn Dodgers: The Brooklyn Dodgers won game number one of the "Subway Series" at home in Ebbets Field. Yankees Mickey Mantle and Billy Martin and Dodgers Gil Hodges and Jackie Robinson all hit home runs. Dwight Eisenhower, one of America's most athletic presidents, was on the football and baseball teams at West Point. Stories circulated that he had played professionally, but not until 1961 did the president acknowledge that he played semipro baseball under an assumed name a year before he entered West Point, most likely aware that it would have disqualified him from playing in college. With the president are managers Casey Stengel and Walter Alston. On the president's left is baseball commissioner Ford Frick and behind him, partially visible, is Dodger owner Walter O'Malley. Osvaldo Salas, 1956
251. SIPGPR_090502_01.JPG: Glenn Guthrie, Dixie Guthrie @ National Portrait Gallery
252. SIPGPR_090426_053.JPG: John Quincy Adams (detail)
253. SIPGPR_090426_071.JPG: Andrew Jackson, 1767-1815 (Clark Mills sculpture): In 1815, Andrew Jackson gave America its greatest land triumph in the War of 1812 with his successful defense of New Orleans. The victory proved to be Jackson's making as a national figure: upon his 1828 election to the presidency, his countrymen had still not forgotten that it was he who had "flogged the British" at New Orleans. In 1847, sculptor Clark Mills was commissioned to make an equestrian statue of Jackson for placement opposite the White House. Two years after the work's dedication in 1853, Mills patented a much-reduced version of it, copies of which were sold to the public. Clark Mills, patented 1855
254. SIPGPR_090426_100.JPG: Andrew Johnson, 1808-1875 A one-time tailor whose wife had taught him to read, Andrew Johnson thought he had reached his political summit with his election to the Senate in 1856. But Johnson's ardent opposition to his native Tennessee's membership in the Confederacy led to his becoming Abraham Lincoln's vice president, and then successor to the presidency upon Lincoln's assassination in April 1865. Johnson shared Lincoln's determination to readmit the South to the Union with a minimum of punitive demands on the defeated region. That, however, put him at odds with a Congress out to punish the South's white leadership and ensure the rights of the region's newly freed blacks. The tactless and combative Johnson survived impeachment by one vote, but was without any real influence for the remainder of his presidency. Washington B. Cooper was a leading Tennessee portraitist, and Johnson sat for him on several occasions. Although this likeness is undated, Johnson's apparent age in the picture suggests that it was painted during his presidency. Washington B. Cooper, after 1866
255. SIPGPR_090426_105.JPG: Andrew Johnson, 1808-1875 (detail)
256. SIPGPR_090426_110.JPG: James Buchanan (detail)
257. SIPGPR_090426_118.JPG: James Buchanan, 1791-1868: James Buchanan entered the White House in 1857 hoping to quell the mounting sectional rancor over slavery. But the events of his administration often had the opposite effect. The Supreme Court's Dred Scott decision, which denied Congress's power to ban slavery in the western territories, unleashed an unprecedented wave of anger in the North. When Buchanan supported proslavery forces in the Kansas Territory, that anger rose to a fever pitch In response, the South's militance in defending slavery waxed ever stronger, and by the end of Buchanan's term, the long-feared specter of war was turning into a reality. With the outbreak of hostilities in the spring of 1861, Buchanan became the object of vilification in many quarters. Among the milder expressions of anti-Buchanan feeling was the disposition of the version of this portrait that had been painted for the White House. When artist George Healy presented his bill for the picture, Congress refused to pay it, and many years passed before the White House acquired a portrait of Buchanan. George P.A. Healy, 1859
258. SIPGPR_090426_138.JPG: Ulysses S. Grant, 1822-1885 (Thomas LeClear portrait) (detail)
259. SIPGPR_090426_198.JPG: Grover Cleveland, 1837-1908 (detail)
260. SIPGPR_090426_210.JPG: Abraham Lincoln, 1809-1865 (Willard portrait): The Penny Image of Abraham Lincoln: This familiar image of Abraham Lincoln, a version of which appears on the copper penny, is easily the most ubiquitous of all Lincoln images. William Willard based this portrait on a photograph taken by Anthony Berger at Mathew Brady's studio in Washington DC on February 9, 1864. The sitting occurred three weeks prior to Lincoln's appointment of General Ulysses S. Grant as commander of all the Union armies. The Lincoln penny was first minted in 1909, on the one-hundredth anniversary of Lincoln's birth. William Willard, 1864
261. SIPGPR_090426_213.JPG: Abraham Lincoln, 1809-1865 (Willard portrait) (detail)
262. SIPGPR_090419_02.JPG: Andrew Jackson, 1767-1845 Andrew Jackson of Tennessee, Indian fighter and hero of the Battle of New Orleans-the first president of truly humble background and the first from the West-ushered in a new political era. His supporters hailed him as "The People's President"; conservatives saw his election as the ascent of "King Mob." Before his two terms in office were out, Jackson vetoed more legislation than his predecessors combined, and his opponents coalesced into a new political party called the Whigs. Ferdinand Pettrich, replica of 1836 original
263. SIPGPR_090419_09.JPG: Andrew Jackson, 1767-1845
264. SIPGPR_090419_19.JPG: William Henry Harrison, 1773-1841 William Henry Harrison, who came from a family of Virginia aristocrats, made his career in the West, at first as a soldier and later as governor of the Indiana Territory, charged with keeping settlers safe from angry Indians, who had many grievances against the white interlopers. Alarmed by the growing power of the Shawnee brothers Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh, and suspicious of British influence, Harrison marched an army to Prophet's Town on the Tippecanoe River and in October 1812 won a battle that would provide the rallying cry ("Tippecanoe and Tyler, too!") for his campaign for the presidency in 1840. After the outbreak of the War of 1812, Harrison was appointed a brigadier general. At the fight along the Thames River in Canada, on October 5, 1813, he routed the British and the Indians, whose chief, Tecumseh, was killed in battle. Rembrandt Peale, c 1813
265. SIPGPR_090419_26.JPG: William Henry Harrison (detail)
266. SIPGPR_090419_34.JPG: Mrs. John Quincy Adams Charles Bird King, c 1824
267. SIPGPR_090419_46.JPG: Andrew Jackson Hiram Powers, 1835
268. SIPGPR_090419_50.JPG: Andrew Jackson Hiram Powers, 1835
269. SIPGPR_090410_04.JPG: Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1882-1945 Davidson sculpted Franklin D. Roosevelt at the White House. Davidson noted, "He was rolled in, seated in a wheelchair and he greeted us with a broad, cheerful smile." He wrote later that Roosevelt "won me completely with his charm, his beautiful voice and his freedom from constraint. He had unshakeable faith in man. . . . Nobody before had worried about the artist, but in Roosevelt's tremendous relief program, the artist too was included, and the influence of the WPA projects was tremendous." Davidson, a strong supporter of Roosevelt, offered casts similar to this one as a fundraiser for the Young Democrats during the 1936 election. Jo Davidson, 1934
270. SIPGPR_090405_05.JPG: Abraham Lincoln: Augustus Saint-Gaudens, 1887
271. SIPGPR_090405_34.JPG: Washington Resigning His Commission
272. SIPGPR_090404_05.JPG: Thomas Jefferson, 1743-1826: (Mather Brown) As the new American republic emerged from its war with the mother country, Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, collaborators in the formulation of the Declaration of Independence (although Jefferson wrote the final document), were brought together as trade negotiators in France, where their mutual respect turned into friendship. In the spring of 1786-when Jefferson was the American minister to France and Adams the American minister to England-Jefferson visited Adams, who suggested that he pose for the young Boston-born artist Mather Brown. An exchange of portraits between the two colleagues ensued. This painting, the earliest known likeness of Jefferson, remained in Adams's family until given to the nation in 1999. The background contains the classical figure of Freedom holding a staff topped by a cap, which had its origins in the conical cloth cap adopted by freed Roman slaves as the symbol of their liberty. Mather Brown, 1786
273. SIPGPR_090404_12.JPG: Thomas Jefferson
274. SIPGPR_090404_17.JPG: Thomas Jefferson
275. SIPGPR_090404_29.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 (Houdon portrait)
276. SIPGPR_090404_40.JPG: Washington Resigning His Commission: George Washington refused to accept the extraordinary power Congress offered to him after his victory over the British, declaring "as the sword was the last resort for the preservation of our liberties, so it ought to be the first thing laid aside, when those liberties are firmly established." He resigned his military commission and became an ordinary citizen because he believed that only monarchies needed standing armies, chiefly to keep the people subdued. Citizen militias, organized at moments of crisis and quickly disbanded, represented the true nature of a democracy. Pettrich created this work at a time when political power in the United States was being confiscated around the federal government. He may have felt that this historic moment in Washington's life would remind a new generation of the nation's founding ideals, and of the dangers of too much power given to too few. Fredinand Pettrich, c 1841
277. SIPGPR_090404_69.JPG: Ronald Reagan, 1911-2004 (Nelson Shanks portrait): This portrait, taken from life and signed by the artist on May 4, 1989, was made when Ronald Reagan had been out of office a little more than three months. Nelson Shanks's image is that of an aging man, strikingly older than the adjacent photograph from Time's 1984 cover. Second terms for presidents have been notoriously hard, and Reagan's was marred by the Iran/Contra episode. On the other hand, he achieved a considerable triumph in his arms-control negotiations with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, culminating in the treaty signed in the 1987 Washington Summit that eliminated medium-range missiles in Europe and the Soviet Union. It was also during these years that the American economy came roaring back from the "stagflation" of the 1970s. Nelson Shanks, 1989
278. SIPGPR_090404_72.JPG: William Jefferson Clinton, born 1946 A key to Bill Clinton's success as president, along with his resilience and personal affability, was his determination to govern through consensus. Major accomplishments such as welfare reform, the first budget surplus since the late 1960s, the North American Free Trade Agreement, and successful US intervention in the Balkans stemmed from this pragmatic viewpoint. Other proposals, which galvanized opposition, such as universal health care, failed. His administration was plagued, however, by charges of real-estate schemes ("Whitewater") dating back to his years as governor of Arkansas and the consequences of an affair with a White House intern. His denial under oath about this relationship led to his impeachment. He was not convicted in the Senate trial, however, and his popularity actually increased as Americans continued to admire Clinton for his political talents, quick intelligence, and determination. Nelson Shanks, 2005 On March 4, 2015, Nelson Shanks, who painted this piece (which hasn't been on display at the National Portrait Gallery since 2010), said in an interview with Philly.com that the portrait included a subtle reference to the Monica Lewinsky scandal. Regarding the shadow to the left of Clinton, "It actually literally represents a shadow from a blue dress that I had on a mannequin, that I had there while I was painting it, but not when he was there. It is also a bit of a metaphor in that it represents a shadow on the office he held, or on him." Shanks died August 28 that year. Frankly, I wasn't sorry to see him go.
279. SIPGPR_090404_78.JPG: William Jefferson Clinton, 1946- (detail)
280. SIPGPR_090329_013.JPG: John Quincy Adams, 1767-1848 Son of the second president, to whom he owed his formidable intellectual training, John Quincy Adams was fated, like his father, to serve an undistinguished term as president (1824-28). Despite his long experience as an ambassador, senator, and secretary of state, Adams was unable to master the fractious sectional politics of the 1820s. The rigid and humorless New Englander was also out of step with the new popular political style pioneered by Andrew Jackson. Yet these so-called flaws contributed to Adams's success in his life's second act. Returning to Congress in 1831, Adams became known as "Old Man Eloquent" for his passionate opposition to slavery. In defending the African prisoners on the slave ship Amistad, he made the case in Congress that slavery was not just immoral but unconstitutional. William Hudson, Jr., 1844
281. SIPGPR_090329_023.JPG: Zachary Taylor, 1784-1850 A career army officer, by the 1840s Zachary Taylor -- "Old Rough and Ready" -- was the commanding general of the southwestern territories. With the outbreak of the Mexican American War in 1846, Taylor led a small army that achieved victories against overwhelming odds at Palo Alto and Monterrey. With victory came public acclaim, which crested when Taylor won the Battle of Buena Vista in February 1847. The Whig Party capitalized by nominating Taylor for the presidency, and he was elected in 1848. Ironically, Taylor, who had become a wealthy Louisiana planter, had opposed the annexation of Texas, knowing that expansion would reopen the slavery question. Taylor died during debate over the Compromise of 1850, the attempt to integrate the Mexican territories into the Union without disturbing the status quo on the slavery issue. James Walker, not dated
282. SIPGPR_090329_045.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 (Apotheosis): After the American Revolution, renewed demand for imported tablewares from England kept the Herculaneum Pottery of Liverpool busy producing transfer-printed creamware decorated for an American market. Appearing on this pitcher, along with a distinctly un-American agricultural scene, are two especially popular subjects: an eagle and the apotheosis of Washington. John James Barralet, who designed the apotheosis print, depicted Washington rising from his tomb, assisted by Father Time and Immortality, and mourned by an eagle, an allegorical "America, and a sorrowful Indian. Faith, Hope, and Charity appear in the background. Barralet's ambitious engraving spawned many copies, including Chinese reverse paintings on glass. Herculaneum Pottery, c 1800-5
283. SIPGPR_090329_054.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 (Apotheosis) (detail)
284. SIPGPR_090329_065.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 (Apotheosis) (detail)
285. SIPGPR_090329_074.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 (Apotheosis) (reverse)
286. SIPGPR_090329_088.JPG: Andrew Jackson, 1767-1845 (Silver Jubilee portrait): Andrew Jackson won national acclaim for his successful military campaigns against the Creek Indians in the Mississippi Territory in 1814 and against the Seminole nation in Florida in 1818. Yet Jackson's spectacular victory over the British in New Orleans on January 8, 1815, was the event for which he would be most feted in his lifetime. In 1840, the city hosted a Silver Jubilee for Jackson and his victory. This portrait of the aging hero, white-haired and in poor health, depicts him at that time. James Tooley, Jr., watercolor on ivory, 1840
287. SIPGPR_090329_092.JPG: Abraham Lincoln, 1809-1865 (Healy portrait): Today, Abraham Lincoln is universally regarded as one of our greatest presidents. But from the start of his administration, Lincoln, guiding the nation in a time of civil war, was beset with criticism from all sides. Some charged him with moral cowardice for initially insisting that an end to slavery was not one of his wartime goals; others accused him of overstepping his constitutional powers; still others blamed him for military reverses in the field. But as Union forces moved toward victory, Lincoln's eloquent articulation of the nation's ideals and his eventual call for an end to slavery gradually invested him with grandeur. Following his assassination in 1865, that grandeur became virtually unassailable. The original version of this portrait was a template for artist George PA Healy's large painting The Peacemakers, depicting Lincoln in consultation with three of his main military advisers at the end of the Civil War. But Healy recognized that this made a fine portrait in its own right and eventually made three replicas, including this one. George P.A. Healy, 1887
288. SIPGPR_090329_103.JPG: Abraham Lincoln, 1809-1865 (Healy portrait) (detail)
289. SIPGPR_090329_107.JPG: Abraham Lincoln, 1809-1865 (Healy portrait) (detail)
290. SIPGPR_090329_122.JPG: Ulysses S. Grant, 1822-1885 (Thomas LeClear portrait): In the spring of 1861, Ulysses Grant hardly seemed destined for greatness. Having resigned his army captain's commission in 1854, this West Point graduate was eking out a living as a clerk. But the Civil War marked a dramatic shift in his fortunes. Re-enlisting in the army, he was soon made a general. By war's end, he was commander of all Union land forces and, as the chief architect of the South's defeat, had become one of the country's heroes. Grant's popularity led to his election to the presidency in 1868, but his weak control over his administration spawned an outbreak of federal corruption that made "Grantism" synonymous with public graft. Nevertheless, his charisma persisted through his two terms. Grant posed for this portrait shortly after he returned from a triumphant world tour following his presidency. The largely self-taught artist Thomas LeClear painted two versions. This one was originally owned by Grant himself, while the second one became part of the White House collection. Thomas LeClear, c 1880
291. SIPGPR_090329_142.JPG: Grover Cleveland, 1837-1908: After his defeat in 1888, Grover Cleveland's presidential career was by no means over. Four years later, the electorate returned him to the White House. But Cleveland might have been better off remaining in retirement. By early 1893, the country was entering a deep economic depression, and whatever he did to meet various phases of that crisis seemed only to alienate his supporters. During the final year of his presidency, Cleveland suffered the ultimate humiliation of being an outcast within the party he had once led. The painter of this portrait, Swedish artist Anders Zorn, drew his loose brushwork and preference for natural lighting from French impressionism. Cleveland was quite pleased with Zorn's likeness, declaring to a correspondent, "As for my ugly mug, I think the artist has 'struck it off' in great shape." Anders Zorn, 1899
292. SIPGPR_090329_154.JPG: Grover Cleveland, 1837-1908 (detail)
293. SIPGPR_090329_189.JPG: John F. Kennedy, 1917-1963: When an assassin's bullet cut short John F. Kennedy's presidency in November 1963, the country experienced a collective sense of loss that it had not known since the death of Abraham Lincoln. But the grief was not so much inspired by Kennedy's presidential accomplishments as it was an expression of what he had come to represent: his eloquence, and idealism had made him, in the eyes of many, the embodiment of this country's finest aspirations. Still, his administration could claim triumphs in foreign policy, including a successful face-off with the Soviets over the presence of missiles in Cuba. Its support for the civil rights movement, moreover, would soon give birth to landmark legislation promoting racial equality. Elaine de Kooning arranged for sittings with Kennedy in late 1962, intending to complete a single portrait. Fascinated with the changeability of Kennedy's features, she instead painted an entire series of likenesses, including this one. In its loose, almost chaotic brushwork, the portrait illustrated de Kooning's close identification with the abstract expressionist movement of the 1950s. Elaine de Kooning, 1963 Adopt-a-Portrait: This portrait was adopted by Walter F. and Joan A. Mondale.
294. SIPGPR_090329_199.JPG: Nixon on Horseback Since the late nineteenth century, the editorial cartoon has played a provocative role in presidential politics, countering partisan advertising with irreverence. Australian-born Pulitzer-Prize winner Pat Oliphant (born 1935) hones a distinctive, repeatable caricature of each incoming president. When each fails to live up to expectations, those exaggerated figures begin to age, sag, shrink, weaken, or bloat. Oliphant has summarized his cartoon depictions of each president since Lyndon Johnson in a series of bronze sculptures. His images of Richard Nixon as a haunting and malevolent Napoleon, Gerald Ford as Band-Aided hollow mask, Jimmy Carter as an insignificant miniature, and George H. W. Bush as a wizened horseshoe player, remind us of the powerful impact of satiric portraiture. Pat Oliphant, 1985
295. SIPGPR_090329_213.JPG: Jimmy Carter Since the late nineteenth century, the editorial cartoon has played a provocative role in presidential politics, countering partisan advertising with irreverence. Australian-born Pulitzer-Prize winner Pat Oliphant (born 1935) hones a distinctive, repeatable caricature of each incoming president. When each fails to live up to expectations, those exaggerated figures begin to age, sag, shrink, weaken, or bloat. Oliphant has summarized his cartoon depictions of each president since Lyndon Johnson in a series of bronze sculptures. His images of Richard Nixon as a haunting and malevolent Napoleon, Gerald Ford as Band-Aided hollow mask, Jimmy Carter as an insignificant miniature, and George H. W. Bush as a wizened horseshoe player, remind us of the powerful impact of satiric portraiture. Pat Oliphant, 1989
296. SIPGPR_090328_044.JPG: Thomas Jefferson, 1743-1826 (Gilbert Stuart portrait): Thomas Jefferson's tombstone notes, by his own instruction, that he authored the Declaration of Independence, founded the University of Virginia, and was responsible for Virginia's Statue for Religious Freedom. But it fails to mention that this philosopher, inventor, and scientist was also president of the United States. This does not mean that his administration lacked significance. During Jefferson's presidency, the nation acquired from France the vast wilderness known as the Louisiana Purchase and successfully stood its ground against extortion attempts from Barbary Coast pirates in the Mediterranean. These early successes, however, paled in comparison to the wrath later heaped on Jefferson in the wake of the economically disastrous trade embargo he imposed in response to British and French interference with US shipping. A much-beleaguered Jefferson ended his presidency by calling it a best-forgotten "splendid misery." Gilbert Stuart was not only early America's most admired portraitist but also an eccentric known for procrastinating. After sitting for this portrait in 1805, Jefferson had to wait sixteen years before it was finally delivered. Gilbert Stuart, 1805/1821
297. SIPGPR_090328_099.JPG: Theodore Roosevelt, 1858-1919 (Philip de Laszlo portrait): No one ever craved the presidency more than Theodore Roosevelt, or used its powers more joyously. In early 1901, however, his rise toward that office was suddenly checked. Having gained national prominence as a civil service reformer, Spanish-America War hero, and reform-minded governor of New York, he was now relegated to being William McKinley's vice president. But McKinley's assassination several months later changed everything, and Roosevelt was soon rushing headlong into one of American history's most productive presidencies. By the time he left office in 1909, his accomplishments ranged from implementing landmark efforts to conserve the nation's disappearing natural heritage, to instituting some of the first significant curbs on the excesses of big business, to building the Panama Canal. When Hungarian-born English artist Philip de Laszlo painted the original version of this portrait, he encouraged Roosevelt to have visitors chat with him during the sittings, apparently thinking that it made for a more animated likeness. Adrian Lamb, after Philip de Laszlo, 1967, after the 1908 original
298. SIPGPR_090328_109.JPG: Theodore Roosevelt, 1858-1919 (Philip de Laszlo portrait) (detail)
299. SIPGPR_090328_115.JPG: Theodore Roosevelt, 1858-1919 (Eugene Zimmerman): And Teddy (Roosevelt) Comes Marching Home: In 1898, Theodore Roosevelt's political ambitions were greatly enhanced as a result of his participation in the Spanish-American War. Roosevelt had resigned his post as assistant secretary of the navy, from which he had argued the case for war against Spain, to organize the first US Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, which served in Cuba. He returned a hero after leading his rugged regiment -- the "Rough Riders" -- to victory in the San Juan highlands above Santiago. Roosevelt received voluminous praise, as suggested by this cartoon fro Judge magazine, in which he is shown riding upon an elephant, symbol of the Republican Party. His name was even being mentioned for the presidency. That fall, Roosevelt was elected governor of New York. Two years later, he was elected vice president for President William McKinley's second administration. When McKinley was assassinated in 1901, Roosevelt became, at age forty-two, the youngest president of the United States. Eugene Zimmerman, 1898
300. SIPGPR_090328_124.JPG: Theodore Roosevelt, 1858-1919 (Farnham bas-relief): Jacob Riis, the noted journalist and advocate for New York City's underprivileged tenement population at the turn of the twentieth century, commissioned this bas-relief of his friend Theodore Roosevelt. When Roosevelt was a city police commissioner (1895-97), Riis was a valuable source of information because he understood the reforms needed in the police department, as well as the evils of the slums. In 1906, Riis opened the Henry Street Settlement House and had this bas-relief, sculpted by Sally James Farnham, placed in the gymnasium. Farnham got the chance to sketch Roosevelt, by then president, at an informal cabinet meeting. The settlement house was sold in 1952, and the bas-relief was later acquired by the National Portrait Gallery. Sally James Farnham, c 1906
301. SIPGPR_090328_132.JPG: Theodore Roosevelt, 1858-1919 (Farnham bas-relief) (detail)
302. SIPGPR_090328_137.JPG: Theodore Roosevelt, 1858-1919 (Peter Juley photograph): Theodore Roosevelt in riding attire: President Theodore Roosevelt's dynamic view of the presidency infused vigor into a branch of government that had been dominated by Congress during the last three decades of the nineteenth century. His personal energy mirrored his executive activities. Riding and hiking were almost daily pastimes; one senator joked that anyone wishing to have an influence with the president would have to buy a horse. This photograph by Peter Juley of Roosevelt dressed in his riding clothes appeared on the cover of Harper's Weekly on July 2, 1904. Peter A. Juley, 1903
303. SIPGPR_090328_146.JPG: Rutherford B. Hayes, 1822-1893 The presidential election of 1876 was among the closest in American history. Although Democratic candidate Samuel J. Tilden won the popular vote by 250,000, his Electoral College total was one short of the majority needed for election. Republican Rutherford B. Hayes would not concede because of disputed results in Florida, Louisiana, South Carolina, and Oregon. Both parties agreed to appoint an Electoral Commission, which awarded the Florida vote and presidency to Hayes. A prior secret agreement between Republicans and Democrats made Hayes president in return for his withdrawal of federal troops from the South. This effectively ended Reconstruction and black political participation in the South, and it restored the rule of the Democratic Party there. Even though he was not a strong president, Hayes did take initial steps toward curbing corrupted in the civil service. Hayes's portraitist, Eliphalet Andrews, was the founding director of Washington DC's Corcoran School of Art. Eliphalet Andrews, 1881
304. SIPGPR_090328_158.JPG: James A. Garfield, 1831-1881 Through repeated balloting at the Republican convention of 1880, delegates remained deadlocked in naming a presidential candidate. Finally, after thirty-five ballots, they were ready for a compromise. Rejecting both front-runners -- James Blaine and Ulysses S. Grant -- the delegates endorsed Ohio congressman James A. Garfield, whose aspirations had been limited to becoming a senator. The patronage-driven factionalism that led to Garfield's nomination continued to fester following his assumption of the presidency. On July 2, 1881, angered that Garfield had not awarded him a public office, a member of a GOP faction shot the president as he went to board a train. Eleven weeks later, Garfield was dead from his wound. This staid portrait by Norwegian artist Ole Peter Hanson Balling may have captured Garfield's physical traits accurately, but it did not convey his spell-binding impact on people. Having once been a lay preacher, Garfield was at his most impressive when speaking. According to one observer, his thoughts sometimes seemed to issue forth at the podium "like solid shot from a cannon." Ole Peter Hansen Balling, 1881
305. SIPGPR_090328_168.JPG: Chester A. Arthur, 1830-1886: When Vice President Chester Arthur succeeded to the presidency on the death of James Garfield, a newspaper noted that he was "not a man who would have entered anybody's mind" as a worthy candidate for the office. Indeed, as a major player in a spoils system that reduced the civil service to a vehicle for rewarding party faithful, he struck many as an emblem of all that was wrong in American politics. As president, however, Arthur rose above his past to promote landmark legislation designed to curb the spoils system. He also proved to be a foe of other forms of corruption. When, for example, a "pork barrel" bill for public improvements reached his desk, he vetoed it. This head-and-shoulders portrait can only hint at the fashionable figure that Arthur cut. With his muttonchop whiskers "trimmed to the perfection point" and his suits made of only the finest fabrics, he invariably looked like the very epitome of the well-bred Victorian gentleman. Ole Peter Hansen Balling, 1881
306. SIPGPR_090328_196.JPG: Benjamin Harrison, 1833-1901: Much like his presidential grandfather William Henry Harrison, Benjamin Harrison did not owe his White House nomination of 1888 to lustrous performances in lesser political offices. Rather, he was safe, clean, and loyal member of the Republic Party. Known as the "iceberg," Harrison was unusually detached from the normal hurly-burly of politics, and in domestic matters his presidential style was essentially passive. As a result, he took little part in shaping the major congressional measures of his administration, including the landmark Sherman Antitrust Act. In foreign policy, however, Harrison exercised more influence, and his enthusiasm for a stronger American posture in the international arena foreshadowed this country's emergence as a world power after 1900. Harrison's portraitist, Theodore Steele, was an Indiana painter best known for his impressionistic landscapes. One of four Harrison likenesses done by Steele, this version belonged to the Harrison family for many years. Theodore C. Steele, 1900
307. SIPGPR_090328_201.JPG: Benjamin Harrison, 1833-1901 (detail)
308. SIPGPR_090328_212.JPG: Benjamin Harrison -- Folk portrait: This crudely carved portrayal of Benjamin Harrison is a memento from his 1888 presidential campaign. One noteworthy aspect of the contest was the quantity of funds raised to promote Harrison's candidacy. Built up largely through donations from eastern businessmen who supported Harrison's call for a high protective tariff, his presidential war chest contained in excess of three million dollars. By modern standards, that figure seems almost paltry, but in the late nineteenth century it was an extraordinary sum of money. Unidentified artist, 1888
309. SIPGPR_090328_240.JPG: William McKinley, 1843-1901 William McKinley's "front porch" campaign for the White House in 1896 consisted mainly of speeches delivered to well-wishers flocking by train to his Canton, Ohio, home. As president, the main focus of his administration lay in responding to calls for aid in Cuba's struggle against Spanish rule. Although reluctant to meddle, McKinley felt obliged to act when the American battleship Maine blew up in Havana harbor, and interventionists blamed it on the Spanish. The result was the Spanish-American War, which led to Cuba's independence and Spain's surrender of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam to the United States. Despite his own doubts about this turn of events, McKinley made the traditionally isolationist United States more visible in international politics. One of several portraits derived from 1897-98 sittings at the White House, August Benziger's likeness testified to McKinley's blandly funereal appeaance. But housed in that uninteresting exterior was an unusual supply of warmth and charm that, as one observer put it, made McKingley "a marvelous manager of men." August Benziger, 1897
310. SIPGPR_090328_242.JPG: William McKinley, 1843-1901 (detail)
311. SIPGPR_090328_260.JPG: Warren G. Harding, 1865-1923 The first two decades of the twentieth century had been marked by American involvement in a world war and a host of progressive reforms in the country's economic and social institutions. By 1920, voters wanted a rest from all this change and ferment and were ready for a brand of White House leadership that did not threaten the status quo. In Warren G. Harding, that year's Republic presidential candidate, they found what they wanted. A convivial one-time newspaper editor, Harding made "normalcy" the keynote of his campaign. Although the meaning of the newly coined term was uncertain, it at least promised no unsettling changes. Harding's administration was marked by scandals. A trusting individual, he appointed cronies to his administration who proved all too ready to use their offices for private gain. Harding, however, escaped having to face the corrupt behavior of his appointees. Just as stories of their wrongdoing were coming to light, he collapsed and died. Margaret Lindsay Williams, 1923
312. SIPGPR_090328_265.JPG: Warren G. Harding, 1865-1923 (detail)
313. SIPGPR_090328_271.JPG: Warren G. Harding, 1865-1923 (detail)
314. SIPGPR_090328_280.JPG: William Howard Taft, 1857-1930 William Howard Taft would have much preferred it if his White House predecessor, Theodore Roosevelt, had appointed him to the Supreme Court. But Roosevelt had other plans for this man who had been one of his most trusted advisers. In November 1908, the good-natured Taft found himself elected to the presidency as Roosevelt's hand-picked successor. In many respects, Taft's administration continued Roosevelt's progressive reforms that sought to monitor the nation's economic life. But many of Taft's old allies questioned the sincerity of his commitment and ultimately regarded him as a betrayer of the Roosevelt's legacy. As a result, in Taft's bid for reelection for 1912, he faced a challenge not only from Democratic hopeful Woodrow Wilson but also from the third-party presidential candidacy of the very man who had put him in the White House, Theodore Roosevelt, in the three-way contest, Taft came in a distant third. William Valentine Schevill, c 1910
315. SIPGPR_090328_287.JPG: William Howard Taft, 1857-1930 (detail)
316. SIPGPR_090328_303.JPG: Woodrow Wilson, 1856-1924 (Jo Davidson sculpture): Jo Davidson was a gifted sculptor and a charming raconteur. But when President Woodrow Wilson allowed Davidson a series of sittings in June 1916, the artist, declaring "it takes two to make a bust," had to prompt the president's interest in the portrait by having Wilson sit on the back of an armchair, feet on the seat, to force him to chat with the artist rather than read. One reviewer noted that this bust "is a perfect likeness. Davidson has got all the firmness of the face, without any of that sourness by which some artists unconsciously and mistakenly make people think they would not care to know President Wilson personally." Jo Davidson, 1919
317. SIPGPR_090328_310.JPG: Calvin Coolidge, 1872-1933: Americans expect their presidents to be active, which explains why Calvin Coolidge has been labeled by historians as the "quiet president" and an "American enigma." Coolidge was propelled to national prominence, and the vice presidency, by his decision, while governor of Massachusetts, to fire striking officers in Boston's police strike of 1919, proclaiming, "there is no right to strike against the public safety by anybody, anywhere, any time." Assuming the presidency after Warren Harding's death in 1923, Coolidge determined not to do anything to upset American prosperity. Upon election to the presidency, Coolidge, in his 1925 inaugural address -- the first on radio -- expressed his belief that "the people of America [should] ... work less for the government and more for themselves.... That is the chief meaning of freedom." When Coolidge left office, political commentator Walter Lippmann wrote, "Surely no one will write of those years... that an aggressive president altered the destiny of the Republic. Yet... no one will write... that the Republic wished its destiny to be altered." Joseph E. Burgess, 1956
318. SIPGPR_090328_325.JPG: Woodrow Wilson, 1856-1924 (John Johansen portrait): Elected to the White House after winning wide acclaim as the reforming governor of New Jersey, Woodrow Wilson left an impressive legacy of change that sought to curb abusive business practices and improve conditions for workers. But Wilson was not as successful in winning approval for his international idealism during World War I. Determined to make this conflict "the war to end all wars," he sought at its end to create a world order that put peace ahead of national self-interest. America's European allies, however, undermined these hopes, insisting on a postwar peace settlement that contained the seeds of another war. A far worse disappointment for Wilson himself was hi failure to persuade his own country to join the League of Nations, an organization he had conceived as the best hope for avoiding future wars. Having suffered a stroke while campaigning for American entry into the league, he left office in 1921, broken in both health and spirit. John Christen Johansen, c 1919
319. SIPGPR_090328_333.JPG: Woodrow Wilson, 1856-1924 (John Johansen portrait) (detail)
320. SIPGPR_090328_344.JPG: Herbert Hoover, 1874-1964: Herbert Hoover seemed to be the ultimate problem-solver. As a mining engineer, he had turned marginal operations into thriving enterprises. During World War I, his administration of European food relief was nothing short of brilliant. As secretary of commerce in the 1920s, he transformed a once sleepy department into a purposeful information clearinghouse. But as the Great Depression took hold during the second year of his presidency, Hoover was hard pressed for a solution. Believing in the power of private initiative, he hesitated to involve the federal government in reviving business. When lengthening bread lines and escalating joblessness finally convinced him of the necessity of such steps, the measured proved inadequate. As a result, Hoover was defeated by a crushing margin in his 1932 re-election bid. This portrait was intended for Time magazine's cover. But Hoover delayed his sittings, and by the time it was finished, the magazine was no longer interested. Hoover is thus the only president in Time's history never to appear on a cover while in office. Douglas Chandor, 1931
321. SIPGPR_090328_355.JPG: Herbert Hoover, 1874-1964 (detail). Notice how the old frame used to be set up.
322. SIPGPR_090328_360.JPG: Herbert Hoover, 1874-1964 (detail)
323. SIPGPR_090328_366.JPG: Herbert Hoover, 1874-1964 (detail)
324. SIPGPR_090328_378.JPG: Rutherford B. Hayes, 1822-1893 (Warner bust): Rutherford B. Hayes modeled during his presidential campaign: In the summer of 1876, sculptor Olin Warner tried to interest the two major political parties in commissioning busts of their presidential candidates to be replicated for campaigning. The Republican camp, which was having a hard time drumming up interest in the rather colorless Rutherford B. Hayes, took advantage of the proposal. At least one Hayes supporter pinned great hopes on the resulting likeness's ability to persuade a so-far doubting public that Hayes was "a man of power." The venture for replicating the bust on a large scale, however, never went very far, and only a few copies were ever made. Olin Levi Warner, 1876
325. SIPGPR_090328_406.JPG: Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1882-1945 (Douglas Chandor portrait): When Franklin Roosevelt began serving in New York's state legislature in 1911, some observers declared him ill-suited to the rough realities of politics. But Roosevelt thrived on those realities; some two decades later, he was advancing from the New York governorship to the presidency. Taking office against the bleak backdrop of the Great Depression, Roosevelt responded quickly to this economic disaster with a host of regulatory and welfare measures that redefined the government's role in American life. Among conservatives, the new federal involvement in matters traditionally left to the private sector was a betrayal of America's ideals. But in other quarters, Roosevelt's activism inspired an unwavering popularity that led to his election to an unprecedented four terms. When Roosevelt sat for this portrait in 1945, his presidential concerns had long since shifted to guiding the nation through World War II. This likeness is a study for a larger painting -- a sketch of which appears at the lower left -- commemorating Roosevelt's meeting with wartime Allied leaders Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin at Yalta. Douglas Chandor, 1945
326. SIPGPR_090328_415.JPG: Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1882-1945 (Douglas Chandor portrait) (detail)
327. SIPGPR_090328_420.JPG: Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1882-1945 (Douglas Chandor portrait) (detail)
328. SIPGPR_090328_425.JPG: Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1882-1945 (Douglas Chandor portrait) (detail)
329. SIPGPR_090328_431.JPG: Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1882-1945 (Douglas Chandor portrait) (detail)
330. SIPGPR_090328_437.JPG: Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1882-1945 (Douglas Chandor portrait) (detail)
331. SIPGPR_090328_443.JPG: Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1882-1945 (Douglas Chandor portrait) (detail)
332. SIPGPR_090328_450.JPG: Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1882-1945 (Douglas Chandor portrait) (detail)
333. SIPGPR_090328_455.JPG: Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1882-1945 (Douglas Chandor portrait) (detail)
334. SIPGPR_090328_469.JPG: Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1882-1945 (Ben Shahn poster): During the 1930s and 1940s, Ben Shahn's murals and portraits on behalf of liberal and progressive causes earned him national recognition. Shahn worked for President Franklin Roosevelt's Farm Security Administration in the 1930s, convinced that New Deal reforms were necessary to get the country out of the Great Depression. He also favored the president's strong support of organized labor and the passage of the landmark National Labor Relations Act in 1935. In 1944, Shahn worked for the Political Action Committee of the Congress of Industrial Organizations, creating posters that supported Roosevelt's strongly contested campaign for a fourth term. The CIO PAC was one of FDR's most powerful and wealthy supporters in this election. Shahn's poster presents a warm and sympathetic image of FDR, a father-like figure looming above his supporters; laborers wearing AFL and CIO buttons; soldiers; African Americans; and a child representing the future. Ben Shahn, 1944
335. SIPGPR_090328_484.JPG: Franklin Roosevelt and the medium of radio: Franklin Roosevelt's election to the presidency in 1932 coincided with radio's own coming-of-age. From its tentative commercial beginnings in the mid-1920s, radio had emerged as a central part of American life. FDR's personality was made from broadcasting, and his presidential "fireside chats" communicated warmth, confidence, humor, and purpose to Depression hearths.
336. SIPGPR_090328_490.JPG: Republican Encore -- Ronald Reagan and George Bush: This cover photograph of President Ronald Reagan and Vice President George Bush for the August 27, 1984, issue of Time magazine illustrated the story of the Republican Party's national convention, where the president and vice president were nominated for a second term. The title, Republican Encore--Coronation in Dallas, reflected a new Time poll indicating a "buoyant national mood giving the President a comfortable early lead." Because of an improving economy and stronger posture in the Cold War, voters judged Reagan better able that the Democratic nominee, Walter Mondale, to lower inflation, reduce unemployment, and deal with the Soviet Union. Although the Democratic Party made history by becoming the first major party to nominate a woman -- Geraldine Ferraro -- for vice president, the Time poll had voters preferring George Bush. Dirck Halstead, 1984
337. SIPGPR_090328_519.JPG: George H.W. Bush (Pat Oliphant): George HW Bush as a horseshoe player
338. SIPGPR_090328_541.JPG: Ronald Reagan, 1911-2004 (Henry Casselli Jr. portrait): When ex-California governor Ronald Reagan began his presidency in 1981, his warmth and skill in handling the media had already planted the seeds of his reputation as the "great communicator." More significant, however, was how those traits were made to work on behalf of his conservative agenda. By the end of his second term, despite widespread concern over budget deficits and several administration scandals, Reagan's presidency had wrought many significant changes. Under his leadership, the nation had undergone major tax reforms, witnessed a significant easing of relations with the Community world, and experienced a sharp upturn in prosperity. Reagan left office enjoying a popularity that only a few of his outgoing predecessors had ever experienced. This portrait is based on some thirty studies that artist Henry Casselli made of Reagan over four days at the White House in late 1988. Commissioned with the National Portrait Gallery in mind, the finished portrait arrived at the White House and following January for presidential inspection. When Reagan saw it, he exclaimed, "Yep! That's the old buckaroo." Henry C. Casselli Jr., 1989
339. SIPGPR_090328_543.JPG: Ronald Reagan, 1911-2004 (Henry Casselli Jr. portrait) (detail)
340. SIPGPR_090328_558.JPG: George H.W. Bush, 1924- (detail).
341. SIPGPR_090328_567.JPG: George H.W. Bush, 1924- (detail).
342. SIPGPR_090328_603.JPG: William Jefferson Clinton, 1946- (detail)
343. SIPGPR_090328_609.JPG: Jimmy Carter, 1924- (Templeton portrait): In the early stages of the 1976 presidential campaign, the experts hardly gave a second thought to Jimmy Carter's chances of winning the Democratic nomination, much less the White House. But the former Georgia governor's "can-do," Washington outsider's image, along with his traditional populism, had great voter appeal, and in the final poll he emerged triumphant. Unfortunately, Carter did not prove as popular in the presidency as he had on the stump, being blamed for problems such as runaway inflation. Nevertheless, his administration had some unalloyed successes, including a landmark peace agreement between Egypt and Israel, which would probably never have been reached without Carter's own dogged determination to make it happen. Artist Robert Templeton made the first sketches for this portrait at the White House in 1978. In the picture, Carter stands in the oval Office, which is furnished as it had been during his administration. The donkey statuette on his desk was a gift from the Democratic National Committee. Robert Templeton, 1980
344. SIPGPR_090328_615.JPG: Jimmy Carter, 1924- (Templeton portrait) (detail)
345. SIPGPR_090328_621.JPG: Jimmy Carter, 1924- (Templeton portrait) (detail)
346. SIPGPR_090328_627.JPG: Jimmy Carter, 1924- (Templeton portrait) (detail)
347. SIPGPR_090328_639.JPG: Jimmy Carter, 1924- (Abrams portrait): Elected in 1976, Jimmy Carter offered a new face to the White House with his "can-do" attitude and conservative population. He sat for his White House portrait in 1982 in Plains, Georgia, after he left office. This is the preliminary life study. Carter liked Herbert Abram's treatment of him immensely. The painter apparently agreed, saying later that the White House portrait just "fell off the brush. It just flowed -- I knew from the beginning it was going to be one of my best." Herbert E. Abrams, 1982
348. SIPGPR_090328_677.JPG: The sculpture of editorial cartoonist Pat Oliphant: Since the late nineteenth century, the editorial cartoon has played a provocative role in presidential politics, countering partisan advertising with irreverence. Austalian-born Pulitzer Prize winner Pat Oliphant (born 1935) hones a distinctive, repeatable caricature of each incoming president. When each fails to live up to expectations, those exaggerated figures begin to age, sag, shrink, weaken, or bloat. Oliphant has summarized his cartoon depictions of each president since Lyndon Johnson in a series of bronze sculptures. His images of Richard Nixon as a haunting and malevolent Napoleon, Gerald Ford as Band-Aided hollow mask, Jimmy Carter as an insignificant miniature, and George HW Bush as a wizened horseshoe player remind us of the powerful impact of satiric portraiture.
349. SIPGPR_090328_712.JPG: Richard M. Nixon, 1913-1994 Richard Nixon owed his election as Dwight Eisenhower's vice president to his early reputation as an anti-Communist. By the time he became president in 1969, however, his thinking had shifted considerably. As a result, under his leadership, the confrontational strategies that had long dominated this country's response to Communist gave way to a historic detente, marked by American recognition of Communist China and better relations with the Soviet Union. These achievements, however, were eventually overshadowed by disclosure of the Watergate scandals -- a web of illegal activity involving scores of Nixon's advisers. Although never implicated in the original crimes, Nixon did become party to attempts to cover them up. Following irrefutable discloser of that fact, he became the only president ever to resign from office. Artist Norman Rockwell admitted that he had intentionally flattered Nixon in this portrait. Nixon's appearance was troublesomely elusive, Rockwell noted, and if he was going to err in his portrayal, he wanted it to be in a direction that would please the subject. Norman Rockwell, 1968
350. SIPGPR_090328_716.JPG: Harry S. Truman, 1884-1972 When Franklin Roosevelt died in 1945, his successor, Vice President Harry Truman, felt as if the weight of the world had fallen on him. Feeling woefully unprepared, he now had the responsibility for guiding the country through the final phases of World War II and the often-jolting adjustments to peace. Elected to the presidency in his own right in 1948, Truman had his greatest impact in foreign policy. His most notable achievements including defeating Communist takeovers in Greece and Turkey and repelling the USSR's attempt to push the West out of Berlin. Truman also presided over implementation of the Marshall Plan to rebuild Western Europe's war-torn economies -- a strategy that may be the greatest triumph in the annals of American diplomacy. The Vienna-born Greta Kempton was Harry Truman's favorite portraitist. Shortly after she finished what would become his official White House likeness in 1947, she began this portrait. The picture was finally completed in 1970, when former members of Truman's administration presented it to the National Portrait Gallery. Greta Kempton, begun in 1948, completed in 1970
351. SIPGPR_090328_728.JPG: Harry S. Truman, 1884-1972 (detail).
352. SIPGPR_090328_732.JPG: Harry S. Truman, 1884-1972 (detail).
353. SIPGPR_090328_738.JPG: Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1890-1969 As the general who directed the Allied victory in Europe during World War II, Dwight Eisenhower enjoyed a popularity that made him a natural choice as a presidential candidate. In 1952, he finally succumbed to Republicans' urgings to seek the nation's highest office. After Eisenhower left the White House in 1961, many experts thought he had been slow to use his influence in gaining compliance with court-ordered racial integration of public schools, and claimed that his confrontational strategies in blocking the spread of Communism sometimes added unnecessary to Cold War tensions. Such criticism became more muted, however, in the face of a growing appreciation for his administration's sound fiscal policies and its efforts to promote peaceful coexistence with the Soviet Union while maintaining a strong posture against its aggressive promotion of Communism in the world. While posing for this portrait by Thomas Stephens, Eisenhower expressed an interest in trying his own hand at painting. At a rest break, Stephens handed him a brush. Within a month, painting had become one of Eisenhower's hobbies. Thomas E. Stephens, 1947
354. SIPGPR_090328_748.JPG: Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1890-1969 (Thomas E. Stephens portrait) (detail)
355. SIPGPR_090328_754.JPG: Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1890-1969 (detail)
356. SIPGPR_090328_766.JPG: John F. Kennedy, 1917-1963 (detail).
357. SIPGPR_090328_777.JPG: Gerald R. Ford, 1913-2006 Gerald Ford was perfectly happy being a Michigan congressman and House minority leader. But Ford's congressional career abruptly ended in 1973, when President Richard Nixon appointed him to succeed Vice President Spiro Agnew, who had resigned amid revelations of misconduct. Within a year, Ford's political fortunes took yet another sharp turn. On August 9, 1974, with Nixon himself forced to resign from office, Ford became the only unelected vice president to succeed to the White House. Ford's pardoning of Nixon shortly thereafter drew angry criticism. Nevertheless, his conciliatory leadership succeeded in restoring a much-eroded confidence in the presidency. Summarizing the orderly way he came to office despite the unsettling events that put him there, he said at his swearing-in, "Our Constitution works." In large measure, it was Ford who ensured that it did. Everett Raymond Kinstler's likeness was painted at Ford's request specifically for the National Portrait Gallery. Kinstler based the portrait on sketches that he had made in the late 1970s, when he was working on Ford's official White House likeness. Everett Raymond Kinstler, 1987
358. SIPGPR_090328_784.JPG: Gerald R. Ford, 1913-2006 (detail).
359. SIPGPR_090328_794.JPG: Claudia Taylor (Lady Bird) Johnson, 1912-2007: Claudia Taylor's African America nursemaid declared that she was as pretty as a "ladybird," a nickname that stuck with her through her entire life. She graduated from high school at age fifteen and earned two degrees at the University of Texas; a BA in 1933 and a degree in journalism in 1934. That same year, Lady Bird met Lyndon Johnson, a young congressional secretary. After a brief courtship -- best characterized by her statement that "sometimes Lyndon simply takes your breath away" -- they were married. Devoted to her husband's political career, she ran his office during World War II and in 1955, after he suffered a heart attack. The couple had two daughters. As first lady, Johnson was active in Head Start, and especially in her capital beautification project and in her promotion of the Highway Beautification Act. Boris Artzybasheff, 1964 Time cover, January 20, 1961
360. SIPGPR_090328_808.JPG: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1908-1973 Few individuals have managed to harness the forces of American politics better than Lyndon Johnson. Thus, when he surrendered his position as Senate majority leader to become John Kennedy's vice president in 1961, it was inevitable that, he should bridle at the political limbo of his new office. But when Johnson became president upon Kennedy's assassination, his ability to get what he wanted was soon yielding a string of landmark legislation that included a far-reaching civil rights act and a federally funded "war on poverty." Unfortunately, escalation of the war against Communist aggression in Vietnam overshadowed those successes. BY the end of his presidency, Johnson had gone from being one of the most successful presidents in history to one of the most maligned. This portrait by Peter Hurd was meant to be Johnson's official White House likeness. But that plan was quickly scrapped after Johnson declared it "the ugliest thing I ever saw." Soon the pun was making the rounds in Washington that "artists should be seen around the White House -- but not Hurd." Peter Hurd, 1967
361. SIPGPR_090328_820.JPG: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1908-1973 (detail).
362. SIPGPR_090328_822.JPG: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1908-1973 (detail).
363. SIPGPR_090328_826.JPG: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1908-1973 (detail).
364. SIPGPR_090328_839.JPG: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1908-1973 (detail).
365. SIPGPR_090323_002.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 (Pine portrait). George Washington, appointed commander-in-chief of the Continental army, took command of a ragtag force of some 17,000 men in July 1775. He kept an army together for the next eight-and-a-half years -- losing more battles than he won -- but effectively ended the war with his victory at Yorktown in October 1781. Mission accomplished, Washington -- a hero who could have been kind -- resigned his military commission before Congress on December 23, 1783, and retired to Mount Vernon. Here, the man all artists yearned to portray posed in his Continental army uniform for English artist Robert Edge Pine and wryly observed, "I am so hackneyed to the touches of the Painter's pencil, that I am now altogether at their beck, and sit like patience on a Monument." Robert Edge Pine, 1785
366. SIPGPR_090323_017.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 (Ceracchi sculpture): This heroic sculpture depicts George Washington as a Roman emperor, a popular European tradition for representing political and military leaders. The portrait is based on a likeness modeled in Philadelphia in 1791 or 1792 by Italian sculptor Giuseppe Ceracchi, who came to the United States seeking the commission for a congressional monument to Washington (which was never made). A plaster cast of his life portrait of Washington was acquired in 1809 by Thomas Appleton, American consul in Livorno (Leghorn), Italy. A decade later, Italian sculptor Massimiliano Ravenna made several marble copies of the portrait for sale in the United States. Attributed to Massimiliano Ravenna, after Giuseppe Ceracchi, 1819
367. SIPGPR_090323_021.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 (Ceracchi sculpture)
368. SIPGPR_090323_030.JPG: Thomas Jefferson, 1743-1826 (Sokolnicki): This print resulted from a friendship that developed in 1798 between Thomas Jefferson and Tadeusz Kosciuszko, a Polish-born patriot who had fought in the American Revolution. General Kosciuszko returned to the Untied States in 1797. An amateur artist trained in topographical drawing, he persuaded Jefferson to sit for a profile likeness. Kosciuszko took his now-lost watercolor portrait to Paris, where it was engraved by the Polish nobleman Michael Sokolnicki. Jefferson received four copies of the print from Kosciuszko and gave some of them away to family and friends, including James Madison. Michel Sokolnicki, after Tadeusz Kosciuszko, 1798-99
369. SIPGPR_090323_060.JPG: Thomas Jefferson, 1743-1826 (Gilbert Stuart portrait) (detail)
370. SIPGPR_090323_067.JPG: Martha Washington (detail)
371. SIPGPR_090323_110.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 (Lansdowne portrait) (detail)
372. SIPGPR_090323_116.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 (Lansdowne portrait) (detail)
373. SIPGPR_090323_119.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 (Lansdowne portrait) (detail)
374. SIPGPR_090323_124.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 (Lansdowne portrait) (detail)
375. SIPGPR_090323_129.JPG: The National Portrait Gallery is proud to hold one of two official national collections of presidential portraits. The other belongs to the White House. Some of the portraits are more sophisticated than others; some are calculated to impress us with their gravity; some are warmly intimate. Together they have one thing in common; they all evoke the history of the nation's highest office and the individuals who have held it in trust for the American people. The first citizens of our republic came to know their presidents through paintings, sculpture, or prints. Later, representation was enhanced through photographs and then through the technological revolutions of film, radio, television, and other new media. In all of these forms, the president's portrayal has reflected an ongoing dialogue about the office itself, and posing for the presidential portrait has become part of the process by which chief executives have affirmed their understanding of the role.
376. SIPGPR_090323_145.JPG: Martha Washington, 1731-1802 Gilbert Stuart painted this portrait of Martha Washington at the same time he did that of the president. Both paintings were commissioned by the Washingtons. They were never completed, however, and the artist kept them in his possession until his death. Although Stuart made many copies of the president's portrait, no other likeness of Martha Washington by Stuart is known to exist. Gilbert Stuart, 1796
377. SIPGPR_090323_149.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 (Rembrandt Peale portrait): When Americans chose their first president under the new Constitution of 1788, George Washington's election was a foregone conclusion. But despite Washington's prestige, his presidency had its critics. Toward the end of his administration, one newspaper branded him a "scourge and misfortune." The portrait shows some of the stress that even our first president felt under the burden of the office. Even under attack, however, Washington's firm leadership gave credibility to the new federal government and assured its survivability. Young Rembrandt Peale, then seventeen, was so nervous about painting Washington that his artist father, Charles Wilson Peale, had to come along to the sittings to soothe his son's jangled nerved. The younger Peale made several replicas of his resulting portrait, including this version. Rembrandt Peale, 1795
378. SIPGPR_090323_171.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 (Houdon portrait): In 1784, the much-admired French sculptor Jean-Antoine Houdon agreed to execute a full-length marble statue of George Washington for the Virginia State Capitol in Richmond, and he traveled to America the following year to make a life mask of his subject. In addition to serving as an aid in completing the final marble statue, the mask became the basis for master plaster and terra-cotta busts of Washington, including this one. Houdon fashioned the first of these smaller likenesses while still in the United States, and before returning to France he presented it to Washington. The marble statue took some ten years to complete and still resides in the Virginia Capitol. Jean-Antoine Houdon, c 1786
379. SIPGPR_090323_177.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 (Heath engraving): James Heath's engraving of Stuart's "Lansdowne" portrait of George Washington: Gilbert Stuart's full-length portrait of George Washington was sent to London in the fall of 1796, where its owner, the Marquis of Lansdowne, gave James Heath permission to engrave it. The English print was published soon after Washington's death in December 1799. Heath erroneously identified the painter as "Gabriel" Stuart, not Gilbert Stuart, and gave an incorrect date of 1797. Stuart learned about Heath's engraving when he saw examples for sale in a Philadelphia print shop. Angry at the loss of artistic control of the engraving -- as well as of the income its sales would bring -- Stuart complained without success to William Bingham, who had, he thought, promised to secure copyright for the image. Stuart also drafted a letter to Lord Lansdowne about the publication of the print "without my privilege and participation," which was never sent. James Heath, after Gilbert Stuart, 1800
380. SIPGPR_090323_199.JPG: George Washington's letter to Gilbert Stuart, April 11, 1796: In this letter, George Washington arranged a sitting for the full-length portrait known as the "Lansdowne" portrait, now in the Portrait Gallery's collection. The painting was commissioned by American senator William Bingham as a gift to the Marquis of Lansdowne, the Englishman who had supported peace with the American colonies at the end of the Revolutionary War. Washington notes to artist Gilbert Stuart that he is "under promise to Mrs. Bingham to set [sit] for you tomorrow," and asks if the sittings would be at Stuart's Philadelphia house or at the State House (Independence Hall). Stuart later added that this was one of three life portraits that he had painted of Washington. Two of these -- the "Lansdowne" and the "Athenaeum" -- belong to the National Portrait Gallery. Stuart painted a third, earlier, portrait of Washington in 1795, but, as he notes here, he had "rubbed it out." Lent by the Earl of Rosebery
381. SIPGPR_090323_208.JPG: John Adams, 1735-1826 In 1789, after performing invaluable service to his country both during and after the Revolution, John Adams became George Washington's vice president and the first to discover how insignificant that office could be. The position, however, yielded one important compensation: it became the springboard for his election to the presidency in 1796. Chief among Adams's presidential successes was the avoidance of hostilities over France's infringement on American neutrality in the war between France and Great Britain. Unfortunately, Adams pleased no one in doing so, and he left the White House in 1801 largely discredited on all sides. Recalling his administration years later, he noted, "No man who ever held the office of president would ever congratulate a friend on obtaining it." This portrait was derived from sittings that occurred during Adams's vice presidency. By then, John Trumbull had painted two other likenesses of Adams, including one that was eventually incorporated into Trumbull's picture depicting the singing of the Declaration of Independence, which now resides in the US Capitol rotunda. John Trumball, 1793
382. SIPGPR_090323_252.JPG: Dolley Madison, 1768-1849: Dolley Madison served as White House hostess during the administrations of the widowed Thomas Jefferson and her own husband, James Madison. Her effervescence doubtless accounted, in part at least, for the popularity of Madison's presidency in its last several years. After the end of Madison's term in 1817, Dolley helped her husband put his papers in order, selling a portion of them to Congress after his death. William Elwell painted Dolley Madison's portrait in February 1848 and later sold it to her long-time friends William Winston Seaton, editor and co-owner of the Washington DC newspaper The National Intelligencer. The portrait offers a glimpse of the aging Mrs. Madison, described by the artist in his diary as "a very Estimable lady -- kind & obliging -- one of the Old School." William S. Elwell, 1848
383. SIPGPR_090323_258.JPG: Martin Van Buren, 1782-1862 Martin Van Buren's genius as a backroom strategist earned him the nickname of "Little Magician." But when he succeeded to the White House following his tenure as Andrew Jackson's vice president, the gift of orchestration that he had enlisted to promote Jackson's cause proved of little use in advancing his own. At the heart of the problem was an economic depression that persisted through most of his term and for which he was blamed. Damaging him further was a taste for the finer things of life, which led critics to portray him as indifferent to the country's suffering. Van Buren's reputation has improved, however, and today he is often lauded for his evenhanded foreign policy and landmark support for limiting the hours of workers on public projects. This was one of the first likenesses that the White House acquired under an 1857 congressional act authorizing the purchase of presidential portraits. The artist named to do the work in the legislation was George P.A. Healy, one of mid-nineteenth-century America's most popular portraitists. George P.A. Healy, 1864
384. SIPGPR_090323_267.JPG: Martin Van Buren (detail)
385. SIPGPR_090323_277.JPG: Martin Van Buren (detail)
386. SIPGPR_090323_282.JPG: William Henry Harrison, 1773-1841 As a two-term congressman and former territorial governor, William Henry Harrison could lay no claim to proven abilities in political leadership. But his reputation as a frontier Indian fighter and hero of the War of 1812 amply made up for this, and in 1840 the Whigs eagerly made him their presidential standard-bearer. In the so-called "hard cider" campaign that followed, Harrison's supporters celebrated his military prowess, and combined it with home-spun frontier imagery that was unprecedented for its carnival-like brouhaha. While discussion of real issues was avoided, that brouhaha proved sufficient in itself to win Harrison the presidency. Jubilance over his victory, however, proved short-lived. Soon after delivering the longest inaugural address ever made, Harrison contracted pneumonia and, on April 4, 1841, became the first president to die in office. Albert Gallatin Hoit, 1840
387. SIPGPR_090323_292.JPG: National Whig Song: The partisan ballyhoo of prints, cartoons, song sheets, and broadsides was particularly effective during the raucous electioneering of the 1840 presidential campaign. Promoters transformed William Henry Harrison, the college-educated Whig candidate, into a champion of the common man. When a critic's sneering comment that Harrison, if given a pension and a barrel of hard cider, would be content to retire to his log cabin, Whig campaigners seized on the imagery, enlivening mass rallies with free cider, new campaign songs, and log cabin pictures. The words to the "National Whig Song" helped inspire Harrison's supporters: "Come to the fight; we'll win the field -- away with doubts and fears; The People's man is HARRISON -- let's give him three good cheers." The lower and middle classes had suffered keenly after the Panic of 1837, and populist symbols, slogans, and tunes greatly helped Harrison's cause. Attributed to William Sharp, 1840
388. SIPGPR_090323_325.JPG: Andrew Jackson, 1767-1845 (Ralph Earl portrait) (detail)
389. SIPGPR_090323_340.JPG: Andrew Jackson, 1767-1845 (Ralph Earl portrait) (detail)
390. SIPGPR_090323_358.JPG: James Madison, 1751-1836 As a central figure in framing the Constitution, James Madison had a good deal of influence over shaping the American presidency. But helping to conceive that office did not guarantee success in occupying it, and much of Madison's own presidency was marred by his inept handling of the War of 1812 and the bitter criticism that it engendered. Derisively labeled "Mr. Madison's War," the conflict, one commentator railed, had been "commenced in folly... carried on with madness, and... will end in ruin." The advent of peace in late 1814, however, mellowed feelings toward Madison. Although many of the issues that had spawned hostilities remained unresolved, the war had produced enough military glory to satisfy national pride. In the process, Madison emerged as the American David who had dared to take on the British Goliath. In 1829, Madison came out of retirement to attend a convention for revising Virginia's constitution. While there, he posed for this portrait by the Massachusetts painter Chester Harding. Chester Harding, 1829-30
391. SIPGPR_090323_366.JPG: James Monroe, 1758-1831 In 1820, White House incumbent James Monroe stood virtually unopposed in his bid for a second term, an expression of the so-called "Era of Good Feelings" that set in after the War of 1812 and was marked by a temporary halt in two-party factionalism. Monroe brought to his presidency a style that meshed well with this rancorless climate. When, for example, he vetoed public improvements legislation, he offered Congress suggestions for accomplishing the same end through means that circumvented his Constitution-based objections. The most enduring legacy of his administration, however, was the Monroe Doctrine, which registered opposition to European meddling in the Western Hemisphere. It ultimately became a keystone of American foreign policy. Gilbert Stuart, c 1820-1822
392. SIPGPR_090323_376.JPG: John Quincy Adams, 1767-1848 John Quincy Adams's tenure as James Madison's secretary of state ranks among the most productive in the history of that office. But Adams's often tactless ways were ill-suited for the presidency, and when his vision for such items as a comprehensive national transportation system met with hostility in Congress, he would not compromise. As a result, his administration's accomplishments were meager. But Adams was not through with political life. Elected to the House of Representatives in 1830, he served there until his death. In his prolonged and successful struggle defending the antislavery movement's right to petition Congress, "Old Man Eloquent" had gained a circle of admirers that extended well beyond his Massachusetts constituency. When Adams sat for this portrait, he doubted that artist George Caleb Bingham could produce "a strong likeness." But Bingham did just that, and this portrait's vitality seems to echo Ralph Waldo Emerson's comment that the aging Adams was "like one of those old cardinals, who was quick as he is chosen Pope, throws away his crutches and his crookedness, and is as straight as a boy;." George Caleb Bingham, c 1850, after 1844 original
393. SIPGPR_090323_388.JPG: Franklin Pierce, 1804-1869 In 1852, Franklin Pierce seemed to his fellow Democrats to be an ideal choice for the presidency. A northerner with southern sympathies, Pierce could seemingly engender credibility in both regions in a year marked by continuing debate over slavery. But his willingness to listen to proslavery extremists served the country poorly once he was in office. The most obvious case in point was his approval of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, which allowed slaveholders to settle in an area once closed to slavery. The result was armed violence in Kansas and an escalation in hostilities between North and South. Northerners could not find words harsh enough to describe him: Ralph Waldo Emerson, for example, accused him of "imbecility." George P.A. Healy derived the original version of this image from sittings that took place in Boston in November 1852, shortly after Pierce's election was confirmed. At the same time, Healy was painting for pierce of likeness of the president-elect's campaign biographer and long-time friend Nathaniel Hawthorne. George P.A. Healy, 1853
394. SIPGPR_090323_390.JPG: Franklin Pierce (detail)
395. SIPGPR_090323_432.JPG: Ulysses S. Grant, 1822-1885 (Thomas Nast cartoon): It was one of General Ulysses S. Grant's small good fortunes after the Civil War, as he began settling into the White House as the eighteenth president, to count one of the nation's leading political cartoonists, Thomas Nast, as a friend. In part, Grant attributed his election to the presidency in 1868 "to the pencil of Nast"; the cartoonist was a staunch supporter of both Grant and the Republican Party. Nast developed a camaraderie with the president and the first family, as this watercolor drawing of Grant might suggest. Yet Nast's drawing of Grant has, in hindsight, become a caricature of his "armchair" presidency, one in which he relegated too much authority to untrustworthy subordinates, and interpretation that the artist never intended to suggest. Thomas Nast, 1872
396. SIPGPR_090323_444.JPG: Indian Peace Medals: Indian peace medals are an important part of the history of US presidential portraiture and also an essential element in federal Indian policy. Presented to Indian chiefs on such important occasions as the signing of a treaty or a visit to the nation's capital, the medals gave rank and distinction, and many were passed down from generation to generation. In the first half of the nineteenth century, design was determined by the need to win the allegiance of the Indians. Medals contained the likeness of the president on one side and symbols of peace and friendship on the other. Acceptance of a medal marked the Indian's friendship and loyalty to the United States. By midcentury, the medals encouraged assimilation of the Indian into American society.
397. SIPGPR_090323_495.JPG: James K. Polk, 1795-1849 It is often said that James K. Polk was the first "dark horse" to claim a presidential nomination, and during his White House campaign of 1844, his opponents were fond of sneering, "Who is James Polk?" Once he was in office, however, the question quickly lost its sarcastic bite. A diligent worker who abhorred the thought of time unprofitably spent, Polk set four goals for his presidency -- reducing tariffs, creating an independent treasury system, settling the Oregon boundary dispute with Great Britain, and acquiring California. None of the four objectives was easily reached, and gaining California meant going to war with Mexico. By this administration's close, however, all had been accomplished. Unfortunately, Polk's success came at great personal cost. A spent man, he died within four months of retiring to private life. George P.A. Healy, 1846
398. SIPGPR_090322_014.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 (Charles Wilson Peale portrait) (detail)
399. SIPGPR_090322_017.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 (Charles Wilson Peale portrait) (detail)
400. SIPGPR_090322_025.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 (Lansdowne portrait)
401. SIPGPR_090322_028.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 (Lansdowne portrait) (detail)
402. SIPGPR_090322_041.JPG: Andrew Jackson, 1767-1845 (Ralph Earl portrait): With the possible exception of Abraham Lincoln, no nineteenth-century president wielded his powers more aggressively than Andrew Jackson, which is confirmed by his use of the presidential veto over Congress. Unlike his predecessors, who invoked that power on strictly constitutional grounds, Jackson vetoed key congressional measures, not because he deemed them illegal, but simply because he did not like them. In doing so, he set a precedent that vastly enlarged the presidential role in congressional law-making. Among Jackson's opponents, this executive activism drew charges of dictatorship. Those accusations, however, carried little weight among yeoman farmers and laborers, who doted on Jackson's professed opposition to elitism. Jackson is here depicted in the last year of his presidency, standing on the east portico of the White House with the Capitol in the distance. In 1836, Jackson selected the plan ,architects, and site for the new Patent Office Building, now the home of the National Portrait Gallery and the Smithsonian American Art Museum. Ralph E.W. Earl, 1836-37
403. SIPGPR_090322_083.JPG: Zachary Taylor, 1784-1850 Throughout his career as a professional soldier, Zachary Taylor took no more than a passing interest in politics. But his victories at the battles of Palo Alto, Monterrey, and Buena Vista during the Mexican War changed all of that. In their wake, this "rough and ready" general became eminently ripe for elective office. Even if Taylor had wanted to, he perhaps could not have stopped the groundswell of determination within the Whig Party to elect him president in 1848. Upon entering the White House, Taylor declared his intention to bring harmony to the Union. Yet his refusal to placate the South by allowing slavery in some of the new territories acquired during the Mexican War did quite the opposite. Within a year of Taylor's coming to office, the country seemed to be moving toward civil war. Only after his unexpected death in July 1850 did compromise on this divisive issue become possible. Attributed to James Reid Lambdin, 1848
404. SIPGPR_090322_100.JPG: John Tyler, 1790-1862: In rallying to the cry of "Tippecanoe and Tyler, too" in 1840, voters had their eyes fixed on the Whig Party's White House contender referred to in the first half of that catchy slogan -- William Henry Harrison, hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe. For most, his vice-presidential running mate, John Tyler, represented merely an afterthought. Within a month of his inauguration, however, Harrison was dead, and Tyler became the first vice president to be made president upon the death of his predecessor. Tyler claimed the full powers of the presidency on taking office and thereby set a valuable precedent for future vice presidents who faced his situation. But Tyler's White House tenure was tempestuous. When his belief in the limited powers of federal government led him to veto his fellow Whigs' measure for re-establishing a national bank, he found himself deserted by his cabinet, formally read out of his party, and branded "His Accidency" by former allies. George P.A. Healy, 1859
405. SIPGPR_090322_113.JPG: Millard Fillmore, 1800-1874: At the beginning of his administration, Millard Fillmore bestowed his presidential blessing on the Compromise of 1850 -- Senator Henry Clay's proposal to unite the North and the slaveholding South. The ensuing harmony, however, was short-lived. Among the compromise's concessions to the South was the new Fugitive Slave Law, which facilitated the capture of runaway slaves, and Fillmore was determined to enforce it. As northern abolitionists sought to undermine the enforcement, tempers on both sides of the issue flared again. The sectional bitterness made a future rupture over slavery all but certain. Fillmore's portrait by an unidentified artist dates to about the time he retired from the House of Representatives in the early 1840s. In the years following, he devoted to reconciling the growing differences among fellow Whigs in his native New York State. Unidentified artist, c 1843
406. SIPGPR_090209_32.JPG: Barack Obama (detail): The word "Morphine" is centered within the Obama "O".
407. SIPGPR_090129_02.JPG: Barack Obama (detail): Some close-ups of the collage that's behind the Obama portrait. You'll recognize parts of the pattern from the artist's Obey series.
408. SIPGPR_090129_04.JPG: Artist's autograph
409. SIPGPR_090129_05.JPG: Barack Obama (detail): The "O" character has the word "morphine" prominently in it.
410. SIPGPR_090118_14.JPG: Bruce Guthrie, Hope
411. SIPGPR_090117_10.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2009_DC_SIPG_Pres DC -- Donald W. Reynolds Center (NPG) -- Exhibit: America's Presidents (221 photos from 2009)
  Barack Obama born 1961 Born Honolulu, Hawaii Shepard Fairey's Barack Obama "Hope" poster became the iconic campaign image for the first African American president of the United States. Early in 2007, the Los Angeles-based graphic designer and graffiti artist produced his first Obama portrait, with a stenciled face, visionary upward glance, and the caption "Progress." In this second version, Fairey repeated the heroic pose and patriotic color scheme, substituting the slogan "Hope." The artist's intention that the image be widely reproduced and "go viral" on the Internet exceeded his greatest expectations. The campaign sold 50,000 official posters; a San Francisco streetwear company produced T-shirts; grassroots organizations disseminated hundreds of thousands of stickers; and a free downloadable version generated countless repetitions. Although the reproduction rarely conveys the elegant surface patterning seen in this original collage, they forged an unprecedented and powerful icon for Barack Obama's historic campaign. Shepard Fairey (born 1970) Hand-finished collage, stencil, and acrylic on paper, 2008 Gift of the Heather and Tony Podesta Collection in honor of Mary K. Podesta Note: The famous Shepard Fairey poster was unveiled that morning.
412. SIPGPR_081221_011.JPG: Laura Bush, born 1946 In 1968, Laura Welch graduated from Southern Methodist University and became an elementary school teacher in Dallas. She then obtained a master of science degree from the University of Texas at Austin, and was employed as a librarian. In 1977, she married George W. Bush, and in 1981 gave birth to twin daughters. During the years her husband was governor of Texas, she worked for children's causes and on issues dealing with women's health, literacy, and libraries. As first lady of the United States, Laura Bush has continued to focus on those issues. In November 2001, she delivered the weekly presidential radio address on the hardships suffered by women in Afghanistan. She was the first first lady -- and the only person other than the president -- to use this format to speak to the national and international community on an important social issue. Laura Bush chose Aleksander Titovets, a Russian-trained painted who now lives in Texas, to paint her portrait for the National Portrait Gallery. Aleksander Titovets, 2008
413. SIPGPR_081221_025.JPG: National Portrait Gallery Presents President and Mrs. Bush's Portraits During the winter holidays, visitors will have the first chance to view the portraits of President George W. Bush and first lady Laura Bush commissioned for the National Portrait Gallery. The president and first lady will unveil the portraits in a private ceremony at the museum Friday, Dec. 19. The paintings will be on public view beginning Dec. 20. This is the first time that the Portrait Gallery will present the official likenesses of a sitting president and first lady. "It is always a great moment for the National Portrait Gallery to unveil the portraits of presidents and first ladies," said Martin E. Sullivan, director of the museum. "I am thrilled that the museum is able to install these two works while President Bush is in the White House." Robert Anderson was selected by the White House to paint the president's portrait. Anderson was a classmate of Bush's at Yale University and received his training in fine arts at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston. A professional portraitist based in Darien, Conn., Anderson has also painted a portrait of Bush for the Yale Club in New York. Bush's portrait will be installed in the exhibition "America's Presidents," among those of George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Theodore Roosevelt and George H.W. Bush. Laura BushAleksander Titovets was selected by the White House to paint Laura Bush's portrait. Titovets is a native Russian painter who now lives in El Paso, Texas. Trained at the St. Petersburg State University College of Fine Arts, he specializes in figurative and landscape painting inspired by his native Russia as well as the landscape of the Southwest. Initially, the portrait of Laura Bush will be hung on the first floor in the north hall of the National Portrait Gallery. Bush's portrait was funded by a generous group of supporters: American Fidelity Foundation, William S. and Ann Atherton, J. Thomas and Stefanie Atherton, Dr. Jon C. and Jane G. Axton, Thomas A. Cellucci, A. James Clark, Richard H. Collins, Edward and Kaye Cook, Don and Alice Dahlgren, Mr. and Mrs. James L. Easton, Robert Edmund, Robert and Nancy Payne Ellis, Dr. Tom and Cheryl Hewett, Dr. Dodge and Lori Hill, Pete and Shelley Kourtis, Dr. Lee and Sherry Beasley, Tom and Judy Love, David L. McCombs, Tom and Brenda McDaniel, Herman and LaDonna Meinders, The Norick Family, Kenneth and Gail Ochs, Robert and Sylvia Slater, Richard L. Thurston, Lew and Myra Ward, Dr. James and Susan Wendelken and Jim and Jill Williams. Laura Bush's portrait was funded by Mr. and Mrs. J. O. Stewart of El Paso, TX.
414. SIPGPR_081221_040.JPG: William Jefferson Clinton: They had made a big issue of the fact that the Bill Clinton portrait had shown him without a wedding ring. No wedding ring, unfaithful... Afterward, I checked and, sure enough, none of the other presidential portraits had wedding rings. They don't show those for formal portraits. Well, of course W had to be posed with a wedding ring. Also note the watch. Note the American flag. I guess the Mickey Mouse one was broken...
415. SIPGPR_081221_048.JPG: George W. Bush, born 1946 Forty-third president, 2001– "The biggest advantage and the biggest handicap I have," George W. Bush frankly admitted, "is my name." The grandson of a United States senator and the eldest son of a president, Bush was a popular governor of Texas who worked successfully with both Republicans and Democrats. In 2000, in an election so close that it required the intervention of the Supreme Court, Bush defeated Al Gore, the vice president during the previous administration. Expecting that the success of his presidency would hinge, as it had when he was governor, on his negotiating skills and ability to solve problems, Bush found his two terms in office instead marked by a series of cataclysmic events: the attacks on September 11, 2001; the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq; the devastation wrought by Hurricane Katrina; and a financial crisis during his last months in office. The White House selected Robert Anderson, a Connecticut portraitist and a Yale classmate of the president, to create this painting for the National Portrait Gallery. Robert Anderson (born 1946) Oil on canvas, 2008 Gift of: American Fidelity Foundation J. Thomas and Stefanie Atherton William S. and Ann Atherton Dr. Jon C. and Jane G. Axton Dr. Lee and Sherry Beasley Thomas A. Cellucci A. James Clark Richard H. Collins Edward and Kaye Cook Don and Alice Dahlgren Mr. and Mrs. James L. Easton Robert Edmund Robert and Nancy Payne Ellis Dr. Tom and Cheryl Hewett Dr. Dodge and Lori Hill Pete and Shelley Kourtis Tom and Judy Love David L. McCombs Tom and Brenda McDaniel Herman and LaDonna Meinders The Norick Family Kenneth and Gail Ochs Robert and Sylvia Slater Richard L. Thurston Lew and Myra Ward Dr. James and Susan Wendelken Jim and Jill Williams -- Note: The text description of the portrait (above) is the second version of the text. It was modified after installion. According to the Washington Post on http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/13/AR2009011303299.html At Gallery, History Is Rewritten Bush Portrait Caption Had Linked Iraq to 9/11 By Jacqueline Trescott Washington Post Staff Writer Wednesday, January 14, 2009; Page C01 The National Portrait Gallery has taken the unusual step of amending a caption for a portrait of President George W. Bush at the request of a U.S. senator. The caption describes the Bush administration and the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. In a letter to the gallery, Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-Vt.) objected to the language that said "the attacks on September 11, 2001, that led to wars in Afghanistan and Iraq . . ." Sanders wrote: "When President Bush and Vice President Cheney misled our nation into the war in Iraq, they certainly cited the attacks on September 11, along with the equally specious claim that Iraq possessed vast arsenals of weapons of mass destruction. The notion, however, that 9/11 and Iraq were linked, or that one 'led to' the other, has been widely and authoritatively debunked." Soon after Sept. 11, the Bush administration did suggest there was a link between Iraq and the attacks. Later, the 9/11 commission reported that there was no evidence of a collaborative relationship between al-Qaeda and Iraq. That view was supported by the FBI and Bush later concurred. Martin E. Sullivan, the gallery's director, thought the request was reasonable and ordered that the caption be amended. The new text will be installed today. The new wording eliminates the "led to" phrase and instead provides a list of events that mark the Bush terms. It now reads ". . . Bush found his two terms in office instead marked by a series of cataclysmic events: the attacks on September 11, 2001; the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq; the devastation wrought by Hurricane Katrina; and a financial crisis during his last months in office." The president's portrait and one of Laura Bush were unveiled last month. Sanders, who was told about the caption by a staff member, said yesterday he was satisfied that the museum acted quickly. "On one hand, one could say this is a small issue; on the other hand, it is not," Sanders said. "People can like George Bush or not. People can support the war in Iraq or not. But we have got to get our history right. George Bush has acknowledged 9/11 did not cause the war in Iraq. That is simply the case. I don't like the rewriting of history." Sullivan, who has been director of the museum since April, explained: "The core issue here is not about a political point of view but a clarity of the sentence. In this instance, Senator Sanders called attention to the original label, saying it implied there was a direct causal relationship. We didn't intend to do that, but wanted to list the defining events of the Bush administration." All the captions at the Portrait Gallery are limited to 140 words, whether they describe a president or an opera singer. Occasionally they are changed when sharp-eyed visitors notice a factual or grammatical mistake. The gallery changed the word "lynching" to "murder" in the case of one historic portrait. Over the years, exhibitions at the Smithsonian, of which the Portrait Gallery is a part, have drawn criticism from members of Congress. In 2003, a Senate hearing included a testy discussion of the captions in a photography exhibit on the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge at the National Museum of Natural History. Smithsonian officials said they had not used the text in the photography book, the basis of the show, because they decided the language -- about the pros and cons of oil drilling -- was political, and stated that they had not caved into political interests.
416. SIPGPR_081221_133.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 (Lansdowne portrait) (detail)
417. SIPGPR_081221_138.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 (Lansdowne portrait) (detail)
418. SIPGPR_081221_181.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 (Charles Wilson Peale portrait): George Washington after the Battle of Princeton: Appointed commander of the American troops in 1775, George Washington faced the daunting task of simultaneously organizing an army and fighting the British. At first, Washington ceded ground, retreating southward from Boston through New York and New Jersey until he reached Pennsylvania. With morale at a low ebb, Washington changed the tide of the war by turning back to defeat the British at the battles of Trenton and Princeton in 1776-77. He had laid the platform for an American military victory and colonial independence. Artist Charles Willson Peale fought at both battles. This painting, commissioned by Pennsylvania's Supreme Executive Council, shows Washington triumphant amid the trophies of victory. Peale created several replicas as Washington became a subject of international hero worship. This painting, the first of Washington to enter a European collection, was acquired about 1782 by a Spanish nobleman. It remained in Spain until about 1918, when it was sold to an American dealer. Charles Willson Peale, 1779
419. SIPGPR_081129_05.JPG: John Adams Gilbert Stuart, 1826
420. SIPGPR_080127_12.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2008_DC_SIPG_Pres DC -- Donald W. Reynolds Center (NPG) -- Exhibit: America's Presidents (13 photos from 2008)
421. SIPGPR_070504_01.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2007_DC_SIPG_Pres DC -- Donald W. Reynolds Center (NPG) -- Exhibit: America's Presidents (5 photos from 2007)
422. SIPGPR_070504_06.JPG: Conservators had to do work on the piece
423. SIPGPR_061025_27.JPG: William Jefferson Clinton, born 1946 (Nelson Shanks portrait) (detail) Back in 2006, Time magazine had an article about the then newly-unveiled portrait of Bill Clinton. They mentioned snidely he was not wearing a wedding ring which indicated his marital infidelity. I dutifully photographed the ring-less hand but then found that none of the other presidential portraits in the gallery had wedding rings either. Not Reagan, Eisenhower, Bush 41, the Roosevelt, Carter, Washington, Lincoln... none! But Clinton's was the only one that was mentioned. The Bush 43 portrait, unveiled in 2009, was the first to have a wedding ring, mostly I guess to prove that he wasn't Bill Clinton. (It was also the first to have a wristwatch, which had a tacky flag on it.)
424. SIPGPR_061025_29.JPG: Gerald Ford Since the late nineteenth century, the editorial cartoon has played a provocative role in presidential politics, countering partisan advertising with irreverence. Australian-born Pulitzer-Prize winner Pat Oliphant (born 1935) hones a distinctive, repeatable caricature of each incoming president. When each fails to live up to expectations, those exaggerated figures begin to age, sag, shrink, weaken, or bloat. Oliphant has summarized his cartoon depictions of each president since Lyndon Johnson in a series of bronze sculptures. His images of Richard Nixon as a haunting and malevolent Napoleon, Gerald Ford as Band-Aided hollow mask, Jimmy Carter as an insignificant miniature, and George H. W. Bush as a wizened horseshoe player, remind us of the powerful impact of satiric portraiture. Pat Oliphant, 1989
425. SIPGPR_061025_82.JPG: Richard Nixon (detail)
426. SIPGPR_060826_14.JPG: Ulysses S. Grant, 1822-1885 (photo).
427. SIPGPR_060826_35.JPG: George Bush Since the late nineteenth century, the editorial cartoon has played a provocative role in presidential politics, countering partisan advertising with irreverence. Australian-born Pulitzer-Prize winner Pat Oliphant (born 1935) hones a distinctive, repeatable caricature of each incoming president. When each fails to live up to expectations, those exaggerated figures begin to age, sag, shrink, weaken, or bloat. Oliphant has summarized his cartoon depictions of each president since Lyndon Johnson in a series of bronze sculptures. His images of Richard Nixon as a haunting and malevolent Napoleon, Gerald Ford as Band-Aided hollow mask, Jimmy Carter as an insignificant miniature, and George H. W. Bush as a wizened horseshoe player, remind us of the powerful impact of satiric portraiture. Pat Oliphant, 1989
428. SIPGPR_060707_062.JPG: Bill Clinton Forty-second president, 1993-2001 The first of the post-World War II baby boomers to sit in the White House, Bill Clinton came to national political attention when, at age thirty-two, he claimed the Arkansas governorship. He later served an additional ten years as governor. Clinton's political resilience earned him the 1992 Democratic presidential nomination and the presidential victory in November. During his presidency, Clinton's resilience continued to be his mainstay. In the face of several controversies, he maintained his credibility with the electorate. The most ambitious initiative of his presidency was an attempt to overhaul the nation's health care system. That effort failed, but Clinton could claim accomplishments on other fronts, including a role in reshaping the nation's public welfare system. His administration also played a crucial part in curbing the massive federal spending deficits that had soared out of control in the 1980s; during his second term the government had a surplus in revenues for the first time since the late 1960s. Nelson Shanks, 2005
429. SIPGPR_060707_091.JPG: Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis In 1961, First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy brought an elegance and glamour to the White House that has rarely been matched. At times public interest in her seemed to overshadow even that of her husband, President John Kennedy, who during a state visit to France good-humoredly introduced himself as "the man who accompanied Jacqueline Kennedy to Paris." Her quiet dignity after her husband's 1963 assassination only increased public admiration for her. In 1968 she married Aristotle Onassis, a Greek shipping magnate. After his death, she had a long career in publishing, remaining an object of popular fascination until her own death. This likeness appeared on Time's cover on the eve of President Kennedy's inauguration in 1961. Mrs. Kennedy was not especially relishing the prospect of being first lady; Time reported that she found it all rather "frightening." The baby carriage on the White House balcony is a reference to John F. Kennedy Jr., born on November 25, 1960. Boris Chaliapin, 1960-1961
430. SIPGPR_060707_232.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 (Houdon portrait)
431. SIPGPR_060707_249.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 (Lansdowne portrait): As the general who led us to victory in the American Revolution and as our first president, George Washington was often painted and sculpted. Everyone, it seemed, wanted the hero's portrait. But it is this portrait that stands for all time as the image that best represents what Washington meant to us when we were a new nation and continues to mean to us in the twenty-first century. It is the one picture that we can say ranks in importance with those sacred founding documents, the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights. We see Washington in 1796, the last year of his two-term presidency. Earlier full-length portraits show him in military uniform, but here he is in civilian dress, revealing that in our democracy the elected executive is the true commander-in-chief. Standing in elegant surroundings suggesting the grandeur of European tradition, Washington is nonetheless not draped like a king, which he refused to be; he is a man powerful only by the people's consent. This was the man who told us what this new kind of leader -- an elected president -- could be and whose maturity and resolve gave us confidence in our future. The rainbow behind him breaks through the stormy sky. Washington was lucky in his portraitist, and so are we. American-born Gilbert Stuart had eighteen years in Europe to hone his artistry. He was commissioned by Senator and Mrs. William Bingham of Pennsylvania to provide a gift to the Marquis of Lansdowne, an English supporter of American independence. It was copied by Stuart and others as THE image of Washington who sustains our national purpose -- the Washington every generation of Americans needs to rediscover. Gilbert Stuart, 1796 Fred W Smith: The great "Lansdowne" portrait of George Washington by Gilbert Stuart, on loan to the National Portrait Gallery since 1968, was threatened with sale in 2000. But when Fred W. Smith, chair of the Donald W. Reynolds Foundation, learned in a news article and then on television that the nation might lose this founding portrait of the American presidency, he responded quickly. It was his desire that every school-aged child might have the opportunity to see the painting in person. Toward that goal, the Reynolds Foundation provided $30 million to purchase the portrait, tour it around the country, and place it in this presidential gallery, which the Smithsonian Regents have named in honor of Smith's patriotic vision.
432. SIPGPR_060703_19.JPG: Hillary Rodham Clinton Born Park Ridge, Illinois A graduate of Wellesley College, Hillary Rodham enrolled at Yale Law School in 1969. There, she was an editor of the Yale Law Journal and met Bill Clinton, whom she married in 1975. During her husband's three terms as governor of Arkansas, she focused on child and family issues. In 1993, as the country's first lady, she chaired the Task Force on National Health Care Reform and wrote the bestseller It Takes a Village. In 2000 she was elected U.S. senator from New York-the first first lady elected to Congress-and served on several important committees. In 2007 she became the first woman to seriously contest the presidential nomination in a major political party. President Barack Obama, who defeated her for the nomination and won the presidency, appointed her secretary of state in 2009. Clinton chose Ginny Stanford, based in northern California, to create this, the Portrait Gallery's first commissioned portrait of a first lady. Ginny Stanford, 2006
433. SIPGPR_060701_002.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2006_DC_SIPG_Pres DC -- Donald W. Reynolds Center (NPG) -- Exhibit: America's Presidents (35 photos from 2006)
434. SIPGPR_060701_005.JPG: Theodore Roosevelt, 1858-1919 Born New York City Theodore Roosevelt was one of the most vibrant and dynamic figures in American history. Highly opinionated and calculating in his self-presentation and public statements, Roosevelt took part in the debate on modernism, throwing his voice into the reviews of the Armory Show. In his famous critique of the show, titled "A Layman's View of an Art Exhibition," he denounced the artists he labeled "extremists" by focusing on the Cubists: "In this recent art exhibit, the lunatic fringe was fully in evidence, especially in . . . the Cubists." While Roosevelt's criticism of the show was inconsequential in terms of shaping the direction of the art world, his review is important for what it reveals about his view of the arts as an essential component of national identity and the charged political nature of the Armory Show. Charles Dana Gibson's portrait of Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, published in the January 1899 issue of Scribner's, illustrated the first installment of Roosevelt's memoir, "The Rough Riders." Charles Dana Gibson, 1898
435. SIPGPR_060701_042.JPG: James Monroe, 1758-1831 Fifth president, 1817–1825 James Monroe continued the Virginia dynasty of Democratic-Republican presidents that had been interrupted only by the tenure of John Adams. As one of the last Founding Fathers to remain politically active in 1820, most people considered him to be unopposed in his bid for a second term. His success reflected the Era of Good Feelings -- the period following the War of 1812 that was marked by the temporary suspension of two-party factionalism. The Monroe Doctrine, the enduring legacy of his administration, articulated opposition to European meddling in the Western Hemisphere and became a keystone of American foreign policy. When Monroe was first elected, in 1816, the majority of voters did not know what he looked like. His friend John Vanderlyn, who had recently returned from studying art in Paris, painted two portraits of him. Monroe gave one to his friend James Madison and kept this one. With the careful rendering of Monroe's features, the highly finished surface, and the clarity of lighting, Vanderlyn's painting exemplifies the French neoclassical style that was prevalent at the time. The image was quickly engraved for public dissemination. John Vanderlyn, 1816
436. SIPGPR_060701_121.JPG: George H.W. Bush, 1924-: In the early 1960s, George HW Bush presided over a thriving oil business in Houston, Texas, but then he turned to politics. By 1980, when he was elected Ronald Reagan's vice president, he had served as ambassador to the United Nations, envoy to China, and director of the Central Intelligence Agency. In 1988, he won the presidency. Bush proved sure-footed in foreign policy, where, according to one observer, he proved a master of both "timing and substance." More widely traveled than any other president, he managed the policy transitions prompted by the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War. Perhaps his greatest success was the alliance he crafted to thwart Iraq's forceful takeover of Kuwait in 1990. Bush sat for this portrait at his home in Kennebunkport, Maine. The picture's backdrop, however, is the East Room of the White House. Among artist Ron Sherr's aims was to balance the formality of the composition with a warmth capable of drawing the viewer into the picture. Ronald Sherr, 1994-95
437. SIPGPR_060701_193.JPG: George Washington, 1732-1799 (Athenaeum portrait): American artist Gilbert Stuart was commissioned to paint this portrait after the success of his first portrait of Washington in 1795. Martha Washington convinced the president to sit again because, according to artist Rembrandt Peale, she "wished a portrait for herself; he therefore consented on the express condition that when finished it should be hers." Stuart, however, preferred this portrait to his earlier Washington; he purposely left it and that of the first lady unfinished so that he could use this as a model for the numerous copies that the first president's admirers commissioned. After Stuart's death, the two paintings were purchased for the Boston Athenaeum, which owned them for more than 150 years. This image served as the basis for the engraving of Washington on the one-dollar bill. John Neal, an early-nineteenth-century writer and art critic, wrote: "Though a better likeness of him were shown to us, we should reject it; for, the only idea that we now have of George Washington, is associated with Stuart's Washington." Gilbert Stuart, 1796
438. SIAHGB_970805_02.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 1997_DC_SIPG_Pres DC -- Donald W. Reynolds Center (NPG) -- Exhibit: America's Presidents (1 photo from 1997)
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Description of Subject Matter: The nation’s only complete collection of presidential portraits outside the White House, this exhibition lies at the heart of the Portrait Gallery’s mission to tell the American story through the individuals who have shaped it. Visitors will see an enhanced and extended display of multiple images of 42 presidents of the United States, including Gilbert Stuart’s “Lansdowne” portrait of George Washington, the famous “cracked plate” photograph of Abraham Lincoln and whimsical sculptures of Presidents Lyndon Johnson, Jimmy Carter, Richard Nixon and George H. W. Bush by noted caricaturist Pat Oliphant. Presidents Washington, Andrew Jackson, Lincoln, Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin D. Roosevelt will be given expanded attention because of their significant impact on the office. Presidents from FDR to Bill Clinton are featured in a video component of the exhibit.
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