BGuthrie Photos: Merge Subject: (Smithsonian) Anacostia Community Museum

BGuthrie Photos: Merge Subject: (Smithsonian) Anacostia Community Museum Merge Subject: (Smithsonian) Anacostia Community Museum:

Bruce Guthrie Photos Home Page: [Click here] to go to Bruce Guthrie Photos home page.

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Slide Show: Want to see the pictures as a slide show? [Click here for Slideshow]

Copyrights: All pictures were taken by amateur photographer Bruce Guthrie (me!) who retains copyright on them. Free for non-commercial use with attribution. See the [Creative Commons] definition of what this means. "Photos (c) Bruce Guthrie" is fine for attribution. (Commercial use folks including AI scrapers can of course contact me.) Feel free to use in publications and pages with attribution but you don't have permission to sell the photos themselves. A free copy of any printed publication using any photographs is requested. Descriptive text, if any, is from a mixture of sources, quite frequently from signs at the location or from official web sites; copyrights, if any, are retained by their original owners.

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[313] FOOD4P_210527_147.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[314] FOOD4P_210527_150.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[315] FOOD4P_210527_153.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[316] FOOD4P_210527_158.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[317] FOOD4P_210527_161.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[318] FOOD4P_210527_164.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[319] FOOD4P_210527_166.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[320] FOOD4P_210527_169.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[321] FOOD4P_210527_175.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[322] FOOD4P_210527_178.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[323] FOOD4P_210527_182.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[324] FOOD4P_210527_185.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[325] FOOD4P_210527_188.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[326] FOOD4P_210527_191.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[327] FOOD4P_210527_194.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[328] FOOD4P_210527_201.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[329] FOOD4P_210527_206.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[330] FOOD4P_210527_208.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[331] FOOD4P_210527_211.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[332] FOOD4P_210527_217.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[333] FOOD4P_210527_220.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[334] FOOD4P_210527_227.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[335] FOOD4P_210527_230.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[336] FOOD4P_210527_234.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[337] FOOD4P_210527_239.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[338] FOOD4P_210527_243.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[339] FOOD4P_210527_246.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[340] FOOD4P_210527_248.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[341] FOOD4P_210527_251.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[342] FOOD4P_210527_259.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[343] FOOD4P_210527_262.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[344] FOOD4P_210527_266.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[345] FOOD4P_210527_270.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[346] FOOD4P_210527_272.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[347] FOOD4P_210527_274.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[348] MENOFC_210527_001.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[349] MENOFC_210527_004.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[350] MENOFC_210527_007.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[351] MENOFC_210527_011.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[352] MENOFC_210527_014.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[353] MENOFC_210527_017.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[354] MENOFC_210527_020.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[355] MENOFC_210527_024.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[356] MENOFC_210527_027.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[357] MENOFC_210527_030.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[358] MENOFC_210527_032.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[359] MENOFC_210527_040.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[360] MENOFC_210527_044.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[361] MENOFC_210527_048.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[362] MENOFC_210527_051.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[363] MENOFC_210527_055.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[364] MENOFC_210527_056.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[365] MENOFC_210527_059.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[366] MENOFC_210527_061.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[367] MENOFC_210527_063.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[368] MENOFC_210527_066.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[369] MENOFC_210527_067.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[370] MENOFC_210527_070.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[371] MENOFC_210527_072.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[372] MENOFC_210527_074.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[373] MENOFC_210527_078.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[374] MENOFC_210527_081.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[375] MENOFC_210527_084.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[376] MENOFC_210527_088.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[377] MENOFC_210527_090.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[378] MENOFC_210527_093.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[379] MENOFC_210527_096.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[380] MENOFC_210527_099.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[381] MENOFC_210527_102.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[382] MENOFC_210527_104.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[383] MENOFC_210527_107.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[384] MENOFC_210527_112.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[385] MENOFC_210527_117.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[386] MENOFC_210527_120.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[387] MENOFC_210527_122.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[388] MENOFC_210527_125.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[389] MENOFC_210527_128.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[390] MENOFC_210527_132.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[391] MENOFC_210527_134.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[392] MENOFC_210527_137.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[393] MENOFC_210527_140.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[394] MENOFC_210527_145.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[395] MENOFC_210527_148.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[396] MENOFC_210527_151.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[397] MENOFC_210527_153.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[398] MENOFC_210527_156.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[399] MENOFC_210527_159.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[400] MENOFC_210527_162.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[401] MENOFC_210527_164.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[402] MENOFC_210527_167.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[403] MENOFC_210527_169.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[404] MENOFC_210527_174.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[405] MENOFC_210527_175.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[406] MENOFC_210527_178.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[407] MENOFC_210527_182.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[408] MENOFC_210527_185.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[409] MENOFC_210527_189.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[410] MENOFC_210527_191.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[411] MENOFC_210527_197.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[412] MENOFC_210527_199.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[413] MENOFC_210527_205.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[414] MENOFC_210527_210.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[415] MENOFC_210527_212.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[416] MENOFC_210527_216.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[417] MENOFC_210527_219.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[418] MENOFC_210527_223.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[419] MENOFC_210527_226.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[420] MENOFC_210527_230.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[421] MENOFC_210527_232.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[422] MENOFC_210527_235.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[423] MENOFC_210527_238.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[424] MENOFC_210527_240.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[425] MENOFC_210527_244.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[426] MENOFC_210527_246.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[427] MENOFC_210527_249.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[428] MENOFC_210527_251.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[429] MENOFC_210527_254.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[430] MENOFC_210527_257.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[431] MENOFC_210527_263.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[432] MENOFC_210527_265.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[433] MENOFC_210527_269.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[434] MENOFC_210527_272.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[435] MENOFC_210527_275.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[436] MENOFC_210527_278.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[437] MENOFC_210527_281.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[438] MENOFC_210527_285.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[439] MENOFC_210527_290.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[440] MENOFC_210527_294.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[441] MENOFC_210527_297.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[442] MENOFC_210527_300.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[443] MENOFC_210527_305.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[444] MENOFC_210527_308.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[445] MENOFC_210527_315.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[446] MENOFC_210527_318.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[447] MENOFC_210527_321.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[448] MENOFC_210527_325.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[449] MENOFC_210527_328.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[450] MENOFC_210527_331.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[451] MENOFC_210527_336.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[452] MENOFC_210527_343.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[453] MENOFC_210527_345.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[454] MENOFC_210527_348.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[455] MENOFC_210527_351.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[456] MENOFC_210527_356.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[457] MENOFC_210527_359.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[458] MENOFC_210527_362.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[459] MENOFC_210527_369.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[460] MENOFC_210527_372.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[461] MENOFC_210527_376.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[462] MENOFC_210527_379.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[463] MENOFC_210527_381.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[464] MENOFC_210527_384.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[465] MENOFC_210527_388.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[466] MENOFC_210527_390.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[467] MENOFC_210527_396.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[468] MENOFC_210527_398.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[469] MENOFC_210527_401.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[470] MENOFC_210527_405.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[471] MENOFC_210527_407.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[472] MENOFC_210527_416.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[473] MENOFC_210527_421.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[474] MENOFC_210527_423.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[475] MENOFC_210527_429.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[476] MENOFC_210527_431.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[477] MENOFC_210527_434.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[478] MENOFC_210527_437.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[479] MENOFC_210527_440.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[480] MENOFC_210527_443.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[481] MENOFC_210527_446.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[482] MENOFC_210527_449.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[483] MENOFC_210527_452.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[484] MENOFC_210527_458.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[485] MENOFC_210527_462.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[486] MENOFC_210527_464.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[487] MENOFC_210527_468.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[488] MENOFC_210527_472.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[489] MENOFC_210527_475.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[490] MENOFC_210527_478.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[491] MENOFC_210527_482.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[492] MENOFC_210527_485.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[493] MENOFC_210527_486.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[494] MENOFC_210527_489.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[495] MENOFC_210527_492.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[496] MENOFC_210527_495.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[497] MENOFC_210527_498.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[498] MENOFC_210527_503.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[499] MENOFC_210527_507.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[500] MENOFC_210527_510.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[501] MENOFC_210527_515.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[502] MENOFC_210527_518.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[503] MENOFC_210527_521.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[504] MENOFC_210527_525.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[505] MENOFC_210527_528.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[506] MENOFC_210527_532.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[507] MENOFC_210527_535.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[508] MENOFC_210527_541.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[509] MENOFC_210527_544.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[510] MENOFC_210527_548.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[511] MENOFC_210527_551.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[512] MENOFC_210527_554.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[513] MENOFC_210527_557.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[514] MENOFC_210527_561.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[515] MENOFC_210527_569.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[516] MENOFC_210527_571.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[517] MENOFC_210527_574.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[518] MENOFC_210527_577.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[519] MENOFC_210527_582.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[520] MENOFC_210527_585.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[521] MENOFC_210527_590.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[522] MENOFC_210527_593.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[523] MENOFC_210527_596.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[524] MENOFC_210527_599.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[525] MENOFC_210527_604.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[526] MENOFC_210527_607.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[527] MENOFC_210527_610.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[528] MENOFC_210527_613.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[529] MENOFC_210527_616.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[530] MENOFC_210527_619.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[531] MENOFC_210527_625.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[532] MENOFC_210527_629.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[533] MENOFC_210527_634.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[534] MENOFC_210527_638.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[535] MENOFC_210527_642.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[536] MENOFC_210527_649.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[537] MENOFC_210527_652.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[538] MENOFC_210527_656.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[539] MENOFC_210527_659.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[540] MENOFC_210527_662.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[541] MENOFC_210527_664.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[542] MENOFC_210527_667.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[543] MENOFC_210527_669.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[544] MENOFC_210527_675.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[545] MENOFC_210527_679.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[546] MENOFC_210527_685.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[547] MENOFC_210527_688.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[548] MENOFC_210527_692.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[549] MENOFC_210527_695.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[550] MENOFC_210527_699.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[551] MENOFC_210527_703.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[552] MENOFC_210527_706.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[553] MENOFC_210527_710.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[554] MENOFC_210527_715.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[555] MENOFC_210527_720.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[556] MENOFC_210527_727.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[557] SIAM_210527_18.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[558] SIAM_210527_21.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[559] WALLS_210527_01.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[560] WALLS_210527_05.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[561] WALLS_210527_09.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[562] WALLS_210527_13.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[563] WALLS_210527_17.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[564] WALLS_210527_22.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[565] WALLS_210527_29.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[566] WALLS_210527_31.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[567] WALLS_210527_39.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[568] WALLS_210527_46.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[569] WALLS_210527_52.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[570] WALLS_210527_61.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[571] WALLS_210527_63.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[572] WALLS_210527_65.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[573] WALLS_210527_69.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[574] WALLS_210527_72.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[575] WALLS_210527_74.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[576] SIACM5_181121_01.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[577] SIACM5_181121_04.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[578] SIACM5_181121_07.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[579] SIACM5_181121_09.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[580] SIACM5_181121_12.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[581] SIACM5_181121_17.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[582] SIACM5_181121_20.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[583] SIACM5_181121_22.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[584] SIACM5_181121_25.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[585] SIACM5_181121_29.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[586] SIACM5_181121_32.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[587] SIACM5_181121_34.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[588] SIACM5_181121_37.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[589] SIACM5_181121_39.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[590] SIACM5_181121_41.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[591] SIACM5_181121_44.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[592] SIACM5_181121_46.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[593] SIACM5_181121_48.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[594] SIACM5_181121_52.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[595] SIACM5_181121_54.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[596] SIACM5_181121_56.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[597] SIACM5_181121_59.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[598] SIACM5_181121_62.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[599] SIACM5_181121_64.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[600] SIACM5_181121_67.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[601] SIACM5_181121_68.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[602] SIACM5_181121_76.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[603] SIACM5_181121_79.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[604] SIACM5_181121_80.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[605] SIACM5_181121_82.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[606] SIACM5_181121_84.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[607] SIACM5_181121_89.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[608] SIACM5_181121_91.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[609] SIACM5_181121_94.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[610] SIAMKY_181121_03.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[611] SIAMKY_181121_07.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[612] SIAMKY_181121_09.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[613] SIAMKY_181121_12.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[614] SIAMKY_181121_15.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[615] SIAMKY_181121_17.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[616] SIAMKY_181121_20.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[617] SIAMKY_181121_22.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[618] SIAMRC_181121_001.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[619] SIAMRC_181121_005.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[620] SIAMRC_181121_010.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[621] SIAMRC_181121_015.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[622] SIAMRC_181121_018.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[623] SIAMRC_181121_021.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[624] SIAMRC_181121_024.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[625] SIAMRC_181121_029.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[626] SIAMRC_181121_032.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[627] SIAMRC_181121_038.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[628] SIAMRC_181121_039.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[629] SIAMRC_181121_042.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[630] SIAMRC_181121_045.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[631] SIAMRC_181121_048.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[632] SIAMRC_181121_052.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[633] SIAMRC_181121_055.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[634] SIAMRC_181121_057.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[635] SIAMRC_181121_062.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[636] SIAMRC_181121_063.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[637] SIAMRC_181121_066.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[638] SIAMRC_181121_069.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[639] SIAMRC_181121_072.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[640] SIAMRC_181121_076.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[641] SIAMRC_181121_079.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[642] SIAMRC_181121_081.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[643] SIAMRC_181121_084.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[644] SIAMRC_181121_086.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[645] SIAMRC_181121_088.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[646] SIAMRC_181121_090.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[647] SIAMRC_181121_092.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[648] SIAMRC_181121_093.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[649] SIAMRC_181121_096.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[650] SIAMRC_181121_099.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[651] SIAMRC_181121_101.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[652] SIAMRC_181121_102.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[653] SIAMRC_181121_105.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[654] SIAMRC_181121_106.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[655] SIAMRC_181121_109.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[656] SIAMRC_181121_111.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[657] SIAMRC_181121_113.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[658] SIAMRC_181121_118.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[659] SIAMRC_181121_122.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[660] SIAMRC_181121_125.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[661] SIAMRC_181121_128.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[662] SIAMRC_181121_130.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[663] SIAMRC_181121_132.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[664] SIAMRC_181121_134.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[665] SIAMRC_181121_141.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[666] SIAMRC_181121_143.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[667] SIAMRC_181121_145.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[668] SIAMRC_181121_147.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[669] SIAMRC_181121_149.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[670] SIAMRC_181121_151.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[671] SIAMRC_181121_153.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[672] SIAMRC_181121_155.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[673] SIAMRC_181121_157.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[674] SIAMRC_181121_161.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[675] SIAMRC_181121_162.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[676] SIAMRC_181121_168.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[677] SIAMRC_181121_170.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[678] SIAMRC_181121_171.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[679] SIAMRC_181121_174.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[680] SIAMRC_181121_177.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[681] SIAMRC_181121_179.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[682] SIAMRC_181121_181.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[683] SIAMRC_181121_183.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[684] SIAMRC_181121_185.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[685] SIAMRC_181121_189.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[686] SIAMRC_181121_191.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[687] SIAMRC_181121_193.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[688] SIAMRC_181121_195.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[689] SIAMRC_181121_197.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[690] SIAMRC_181121_199.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[691] SIAMRC_181121_203.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[692] SIAMRC_181121_206.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[693] SIAMRC_181121_208.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[694] SIAMRC_181121_210.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[695] SIAMRC_181121_212.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[696] SIAMRC_181121_214.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[697] SIAMRC_181121_220.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[698] SIAMRC_181121_222.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[699] SIAMRC_181121_225.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[700] SIAMRC_181121_229.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[701] SIAMRC_181121_231.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[702] SIAMRC_181121_234.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[703] SIAMRC_181121_236.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[704] SIAMRC_181121_238.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[705] SIAMRC_181121_241.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[706] SIAMRC_181121_244.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[707] SIAMRC_181121_245.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[708] SIAMRC_181121_248.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[709] SIAMRC_181121_251.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[710] SIAMRC_181121_253.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[711] SIAMRC_181121_257.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[712] SIAMRC_181121_262.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[713] SIAMRC_181121_265.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[714] SIAMRC_181121_270.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[715] SIAMRC_181121_273.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[716] SIAMRC_181121_275.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[717] SIAMRC_181121_278.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[718] SIAMRC_181121_280.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[719] SIAMRC_181121_283.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[720] SIAMRC_181121_286.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[721] SIAMRC_181121_289.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[722] SIAMRC_181121_292.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[723] SIAMRC_181121_295.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[724] SIAMRC_181121_301.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[725] SIAMRC_181121_304.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[726] SIAMRC_181121_306.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[727] SIAMRC_181121_309.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[728] SIAMRC_181121_311.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[729] SIAMRC_181121_313.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[730] SIAMRC_181121_316.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[731] SIAMRC_181121_318.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[732] SIAMRC_181121_320.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[733] SIAMRC_181121_322.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[734] SIAMRC_181121_324.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[735] SIAMRC_181121_327.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[736] SIAMRC_181121_328.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[737] SIAMRC_181121_333.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[738] SIAMRC_181121_336.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[739] SIAMRC_181121_339.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[740] SIAMRC_181121_344.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[741] SIAMRC_181121_346.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[742] SIAMRC_181121_350.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[743] SIAMRC_181121_352.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[744] SIAMRC_181121_355.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[745] SIAMRC_181121_358.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[746] SIAMRC_181121_361.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[747] SIAMRC_181121_364.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[748] SIAMRC_181121_368.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[749] SIAMRC_181121_370.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[750] SIAMRC_181121_373.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[751] SIAMRC_181121_375.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[752] SIAMRC_181121_379.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[753] SIAMRC_181121_384.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[754] SIAMRC_181121_386.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[755] SIAMRC_181121_388.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[756] SIAMRC_181121_391.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[757] SIAMRC_181121_393.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[758] SIAM_181121_01.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[759] SIAM_181121_06.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[760] SIAM_181121_08.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[761] SIAM_181121_11.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[762] SIAM_181121_15.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[763] SIAM_181121_18.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[764] SIAM_181121_21.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[765] SIAM_181121_24.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[766] SIAM_181121_42.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[767] SIAM_181121_50.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[768] SIAM_181121_53.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[769] SIARIV_181121_01.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[770] SIARIV_181121_05.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[771] SIARIV_181121_07.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[772] SIARIV_181121_10.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[773] SIARIV_181121_12.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[774] SIARIV_181121_14.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[775] SIARIV_181121_17.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[776] SIARIV_181121_19.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[777] SIARIV_181121_22.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[778] SIARIV_181121_24.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[779] SIARIV_181121_26.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)

[780]

SIAMGW_170115_003_STITCH.JPG

Medium (Email) (Bigger?)

[781] SIAMGW_170115_007.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[782] SIAMGW_170115_010.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[783] SIAMGW_170115_015.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[784] SIAMGW_170115_022.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[785] SIAMGW_170115_029.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[786] SIAMGW_170115_038.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[787] SIAMGW_170115_042.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[788] SIAMGW_170115_049.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[789] SIAMGW_170115_055.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[790] SIAMGW_170115_059.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[791] SIAMGW_170115_065.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[792] SIAMGW_170115_067.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[793] SIAMGW_170115_071.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[794] SIAMGW_170115_075.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[795] SIAMGW_170115_081.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[796] SIAMGW_170115_087.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[797] SIAMGW_170115_095.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[798] SIAMGW_170115_099.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[799] SIAMGW_170115_102.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[800] SIAMGW_170115_108.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[801] SIAMGW_170115_113.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[802] SIAMGW_170115_116.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[803] SIAMGW_170115_121.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[804] SIAMGW_170115_125.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[805] SIAMGW_170115_128.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[806] SIAMGW_170115_132.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[807] SIAMGW_170115_135.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[808] SIAMGW_170115_138.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[809] SIAMGW_170115_141.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[810] SIAMGW_170115_145.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[811] SIAMGW_170115_148.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[812] SIAMGW_170115_150.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[813] SIAMGW_170115_153.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[814] SIAMGW_170115_158.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[815] SIAMGW_170115_161.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[816] SIAMGW_170115_168.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[817] SIAMGW_170115_170.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[818] SIAMGW_170115_175.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[819] SIAMGW_170115_178.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[820] SIAMGW_170115_181.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[821] SIAMGW_170115_184.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[822] SIAMGW_170115_187.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[823] SIAMGW_170115_190.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[824] SIAMGW_170115_194.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[825] SIAMGW_170115_202.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[826] SIAMGW_170115_205.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[827] SIAMGW_170115_210.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[828] SIAMGW_170115_219.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[829] SIAMGW_170115_222.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[830] SIAMGW_170115_226.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[831] SIAMGW_170115_230.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[832] SIAMGW_170115_234.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[833] SIAMGW_170115_238.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[834] SIAMGW_170115_239.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[835] SIAMGW_170115_243.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[836] SIAMGW_170115_244.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[837] SIAMGW_170115_248.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[838] SIAMGW_170115_252.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[839] SIAMGW_170115_255.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[840] SIAMGW_170115_259.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[841] SIAMGW_170115_266.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[842] SIAMGW_170115_269.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[843] SIAMGW_170115_277.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[844] SIAMGW_170115_280.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[845] SIAMGW_170115_283.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[846] SIAMGW_170115_287.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[847] SIAMGW_170115_292.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[848] SIAMGW_170115_295.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[849] SIAMGW_170115_297.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[850] SIAMGW_170115_299.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[851] SIAMGW_170115_302.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[852] SIAMGW_170115_305.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[853] SIAMGW_170115_307.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[854] SIAMGW_170115_311.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[855] SIAMGW_170115_314.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[856] SIAMGW_170115_316.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[857] SIAMGW_170115_321.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[858] SIAMGW_170115_323.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[859] SIAMGW_170115_325.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[860] SIAMGW_170115_328.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[861] SIAMGW_170115_332.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[862] SIAMGW_170115_334.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[863] SIAMGW_170115_336.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[864] SIAMGW_170115_340.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[865] SIAMGW_170115_343.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[866] SIAMGW_170115_347.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[867] SIAMGW_170115_350.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[868] SIAMGW_170115_353.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[869] SIAMGW_170115_355.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[870] SIAMGW_170115_358.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[871] SIAMGW_170115_361.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[872] SIAMGW_170115_366.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[873] SIAMGW_170115_370.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[874] SIAMGW_170115_373.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)

[875]

SIAMC1_150202_001_STITCH.JPG

Medium (Email) (Bigger?)

[876] SIAMC1_150202_003_STITCH.JPG

Medium (Email) (Bigger?)

[877] SIAMC1_150202_005_STITCH.JPG

Medium (Email) (Bigger?)

[878] SIAMC1_150202_006.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[879] SIAMC1_150202_014.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[880] SIAMC1_150202_019.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[881] SIAMC1_150202_022.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[882] SIAMC1_150202_026.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[883] SIAMC1_150202_033.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[884] SIAMC1_150202_037.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[885] SIAMC1_150202_041.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[886] SIAMC1_150202_047.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[887] SIAMC1_150202_054.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[888] SIAMC1_150202_057.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[889] SIAMC1_150202_061.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[890] SIAMC1_150202_068.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[891] SIAMC1_150202_077.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[892] SIAMC1_150202_080.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[893] SIAMC1_150202_087.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[894] SIAMC1_150202_093.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[895] SIAMC1_150202_097.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[896] SIAMC1_150202_101.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[897] SIAMC1_150202_110.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[898] SIAMC1_150202_118.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[899] SIAMC1_150202_129.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[900] SIAMC1_150202_135.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[901] SIAMC1_150202_142.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[902] SIAMC1_150202_149.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[903] SIAMC1_150202_154.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[904] SIAMC1_150202_162.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[905] SIAMC1_150202_165.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[906] SIAMC1_150202_169.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[907] SIAMC1_150202_178.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[908] SIAMC1_150202_183.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[909] SIAMC1_150202_191.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[910] SIAMC1_150202_195.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[911] SIAMC1_150202_199.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[912] SIAMC1_150202_203.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[913] SIAMC1_150202_205.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[914] SIAMC1_150202_208.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[915] SIAMC1_150202_215.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[916] SIAMC1_150202_220.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[917] SIAMC1_150202_232.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?) $Soldiers' Settlements: Camp Life in the Civil War: Only a small fraction of a Civil War soldier's time was spent in combat. During good weather, a soldier could usually expect to be engaged in battle one day out of thirty. Army camps became temporary towns, a refuge from war and yet a constant reminder of it. Time in camp was mostly spent drilling, although music and gambling provided some entertainment. Much time was spent dealing with poor shelter, bad food, and lack of basic hygiene in these makeshift communities. Rations consisted of allotments of hardtack, salted pork or fresh meat, and coffee, sugar, and salt. The lack of fresh fruits and vegetables contributed to vitamin deficiencies and diseases such as scurvy. Another constant was dysentery, colloquially called "quickstep." After four long years of war under such circumstances, it is not surprising that for every soldier killed in combat, two died of disease.$	[918] SIAMC1_150202_235.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[919] SIAMC1_150202_240.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[920] SIAMC1_150202_249.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[921] SIAMC1_150202_255.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[922] SIAMC1_150202_258.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[923] SIAMC1_150202_263.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[924] SIAMC1_150202_267.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[925] SIAMC1_150202_269.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[926] SIAMC1_150202_277.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[927] SIAMC1_150202_278.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[928] SIAMC1_150202_282.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[929] SIAMC1_150202_297.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[930] SIAMC1_150202_303.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[931] SIAMC1_150202_309.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[932] SIAMC1_150202_313.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[933] SIAMC1_150202_314.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[934] SIAMC1_150202_320.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[935] SIAMC1_150202_326.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[936] SIAMC1_150202_333.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[937] SIAMC1_150202_336.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[938] SIAMC1_150202_342.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[939] SIAMC1_150202_349.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[940] SIAMC1_150202_356.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[941] SIAMC1_150202_362.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[942] SIAMC1_150202_365.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[943] SIAMC1_150202_369.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[944] SIAMC1_150202_372.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[945] SIAMC1_150202_375.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[946] SIAMC1_150202_381.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[947] SIAMC1_150202_389.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[948] SIAMC1_150202_391.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[949] SIAMC1_150202_402.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[950] SIAMC1_150202_404.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[951] SIAMC1_150202_408.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[952] SIAMC1_150202_412.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[953] SIAMC1_150202_419.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[954] SIAMC1_150202_423.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[955] SIAMC1_150202_427.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[956] SIAMC1_150202_430.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[957] SIAMC1_150202_437.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[958] SIAMC1_150202_440.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[959] SIAMC1_150202_445.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[960] SIAMC1_150202_452.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[961] SIAMC1_150202_461.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[962] SIAMC1_150202_467.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[963] SIAMC1_150202_471.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[964] SIAMC1_150202_477.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
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Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. FOOD4P_210807_001.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2021_DC_SIAM_Food4PeopleI DC -- Anacostia Community Museum -- Exhibit: Food for the People: Eating and Activism in Greater Washington (Interior portion) (266 photos from 2021)
2. FOOD4P_210807_008.JPG: Food Matters
3. FOOD4P_210807_016.JPG: 46% of US land is used for grazing livestock, growing crops for livestock, or growing crops for humans. Still, the US imports 15% of its food from other countries: 94% of the seafood that Americans consume annually is imported 32% of fresh vegetables are imported 55% of fresh fruit is imported
4. FOOD4P_210807_018.JPG: 1.4% of the US federal budget went toward SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program), the nation's largest anti-hunger program.
5. FOOD4P_210807_020.JPG: Restaurant and food service jobs 8% of DC workers are employed in restaurant and food service jobs. 9% of Maryland and Virginia workers are employed in restaurant and food service jobs.
6. FOOD4P_210807_023.JPG: 13% of people in DC have a diet-related chronic illness like diabetes or heart disease. DC's African American residents are six times more likely that white residents to die from diabetes0-related complications.
7. FOOD4P_210807_027.JPG: 37% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions can be attributed to food production, transportation, and packaging.
8. FOOD4P_210807_030.JPG: 14.3% of DC seniors are food insecure, the highest rate in the nation.
9. FOOD4P_210807_032.JPG: 20% of US municipal landfill waste is food waste
10. FOOD4P_210807_038.JPG: Food for the People Eating & Activism in Greater Washington
11. FOOD4P_210807_049.JPG: Myth of the American Farm
12. FOOD4P_210807_052.JPG: Reality of the American Farm
13. FOOD4P_210807_068.JPG: The Food System
14. FOOD4P_210807_072.JPG: From chick to chicken Production
15. FOOD4P_210807_074.JPG: From whole live chicken to packaged wing Processing
16. FOOD4P_210807_079.JPG: From processing plant to carry-out restaurant Distribution
17. FOOD4P_210807_081.JPG: From carry-out restaurant to your mouth Preparation & Consumption
18. FOOD4P_210807_085.JPG: From table to garbage Disposal
19. FOOD4P_210807_094.JPG: A Taste of Home Preserving Local Food Cultures
20. FOOD4P_210807_097.JPG: Honoring and Serving Salvadoran Food
21. FOOD4P_210807_107.JPG: Nam-Viet Restaurant: One of the Last in "Little Saigon"
22. FOOD4P_210807_111.JPG: A Taste of Home
23. FOOD4P_210807_113.JPG: "The COVID-19 Effect" The COVID-19 pandemic has devastated the restaurant industry. Just between March and December 2020, more than 100,000 restaurants across the country permanently closed. Many more have since.
24. FOOD4P_210807_119.JPG: Food in the former Chocolate City
25. FOOD4P_210807_124.JPG: Capital City Mambo Sauce
26. FOOD4P_210807_127.JPG: Mumbo sauce
27. FOOD4P_210807_133.JPG: "Gentrification is cultural genocide." -- Richard "Dickie" Shannon, longtime owner of Horace & Dickie's
28. FOOD4P_210807_136.JPG: Ben's Chili Bowl
29. FOOD4P_210807_137.JPG: Ben's Chili Bowl
30. FOOD4P_210807_146.JPG: Lotte Market: Today's Food Culture Lifeline
31. FOOD4P_210807_149.JPG: Korean Business Directory
32. FOOD4P_210807_153.JPG: Hollywood East Cafe
33. FOOD4P_210807_156.JPG: From Chinatown to Chinaburb
34. FOOD4P_210807_158.JPG: El Gavilan
35. FOOD4P_210807_169.JPG: A Taste of Home
36. FOOD4P_210807_176.JPG: This electric mitad grill
37. FOOD4P_210807_177.JPG: Wing Kong Yao
38. FOOD4P_210807_179.JPG: Wing Kong Yao
39. FOOD4P_210807_181.JPG: Traditional Salvadoran apron
40. FOOD4P_210807_182.JPG: Street Vendors
41. FOOD4P_210807_189.JPG: Street Vendors
42. FOOD4P_210807_190.JPG: Maria Isabel Guevarra
43. FOOD4P_210807_193.JPG: Food as a Human Right?
44. FOOD4P_210807_198.JPG: 1930s-1950s Most of the federal food policies that we know today -- from food stamps to farm subsidies -- were created in the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s. America's food system almost collapsed during the Great Depression. In the face of drought and rising hunger, the federal government stepped in to keep farms running and stomachs full. But everyone did not benefit equally from the policies and programs of this "New Deal." Black farmers and farmworkers were often denied access to government farm aid. Meanwhile, millions of struggling Black families were written out of new federal welfare programs like food stamps.
45. FOOD4P_210807_200.JPG: A shopper uses food stamps while checking out, 1939
46. FOOD4P_210807_204.JPG: "We got a picture of a gorge, with farm surpluses on one cliff and under-nourished city folks with outstretched hands on the other. We set out to find a practical way to build a bridge across that chasm." -- Milo Perkins, first Food Stamp Program administrator, 1939
47. FOOD4P_210807_206.JPG: The Food Stamp Program was created in 1939.
48. FOOD4P_210807_209.JPG: Food stamps from the first Food Stamp Program.
49. FOOD4P_210807_211.JPG: Food stamps from the first Food Stamp Program.
50. FOOD4P_210807_213.JPG: Free Breakfast Program for Children flyer, DC chapter of the Black Panther Party, 1970.
51. FOOD4P_210807_221.JPG: "The BCP (Breakfast for Children Program) represents the best and most influential activity going for the BPP and, as such, is potentially the greatest threat to efforts by authorities to neutralize the BPP and destroy what it stands for." -- FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover, memo to FBI offices, 1969
52. FOOD4P_210807_223.JPG: The Black Panther Party's DC headquarters
53. FOOD4P_210807_229.JPG: 1960s-1970s Hunger, poverty, and racism took center stage in the 1960s and 1970s. The civil rights and Black power movements sought to address the shortcomings of existing federal programs while also creating new, community-run alternatives. Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson introduced bold food aid and anti-poverty initiatives and activists pushed for these policies to be genuinely inclusive. Locally, organizers like Barry Farms resident Etta Horn rose up to highlight the rampant hunger in the nation's capital and the discriminatory practices of the city welfare agency. Their work resulted in more just food aid and welfare policies for the nation.
54. FOOD4P_210807_245.JPG: "I believe that when the local and federal government isn't providing resources in response to a serious crisis, providing food and supportive relationships is the same thing as radical activism." -- Carla Gorrell, founding Executive Director of Food & Friends
55. FOOD4P_210807_248.JPG: 1980s-1990s During the 1980s, the federal government made major cuts to food stamps and other anti-poverty programs. The HIV/AIDS epidemic was in full swing, a homelessness crisis was sweeping the nation, and many of the District's most vulnerable residents were literally dying of starvation. In response, Washingtonians mobilized to feed their neighbors. Many of the large food non-profits that operate in the region today -- like the Capital Area Food Bank, Martha's Table, Food & Friends, and DC Central Kitchen -- were birthed in this moment. But the activists behind these organizations did more than serve food. They also forged community among marginalized people and pressed for the government to re-invest in solutions.
56. FOOD4P_210807_251.JPG: An early photo of the national AIDS Nutrition Services Alliance.
57. FOOD4P_210807_258.JPG: "That's not the elderly and needy you're talking to in those food lines. There are people who take advantage of those things." -- Robert Leard, administrator, USDA Food and Nutrition Service, 1982
58. FOOD4P_210807_265.JPG: Cartons of USDA cheese
59. FOOD4P_210807_267.JPG: "We've looked and looked at ways to deal with this, but the distribution problems are incredible. And you cannot permit a disruption of sales. Probably the cheapest and most practical thing would be to dump it in the ocean." -- US Department of Agriculture official discussing surplus cheese, 1981
60. FOOD4P_210807_269.JPG: This was the first public day of the exhibit and some of the signage still had to be worked out.
61. FOOD4P_210807_271.JPG: "There are children in the Mississippi Delta whose bellies are swollen with hunger... These conditions are not confined to rural Mississippi. They exist in dark tenements in Washington, DC, within sight of the Capitol, in Harlem, in South Side Chicago, in Watts." -- Senator Robert F. Kennedy
62. FOOD4P_210807_281.JPG: "Our aim is not only to relieve the symptom of poverty, but to cure it and, above all, to prevent it." -- President Lyndon B. Johnson, 1964 State of the Union Address
63. FOOD4P_210807_288.JPG: NWRO political buttons, c. early 1970s
64. FOOD4P_210807_291.JPG: "We are not nutritionists. We cannot speak technically of diet deficiencies. But we do know our city, its streets and its people. We know hunger and its gnawing away here in the nation's capital. We know babies are dying here because their mothers are malnourished... Thousands upon thousands of our older citizens, barely subsisting on meager monthly stipends, go without adequate food for days and weeks on end." -- Etta Horn, National Welfare Rights Organization
65. FOOD4P_210807_305.JPG: An Iowa farm foreclosure auction, 1933
66. FOOD4P_210807_312.JPG: Destroy Livestock, Get Paid
67. FOOD4P_210807_315.JPG: In 1954 Congress established the Special Milk Program
68. FOOD4P_210807_319.JPG: Supporting agriculture
69. FOOD4P_210807_321.JPG: A Notice to Appear for Physical Examination, 1940
70. FOOD4P_210807_323.JPG: School children
71. FOOD4P_210807_328.JPG: In 1981, the Reagan administration
72. FOOD4P_210807_335.JPG: How much DC Public Schools spends on lunch ingredients: $1.50
73. FOOD4P_210807_344.JPG: DC is a national leader when it comes to improving school meals.
74. FOOD4P_210807_349.JPG: Where does the extra money come from?
75. FOOD4P_210807_350.JPG: How much a US school system might spend on lunch ingredients: $1.25
76. FOOD4P_210807_352.JPG: Over 30 million students eat a National School Lunch Program (NSLP) meal each school day.
77. FOOD4P_210807_356.JPG: "If a candy bar has only one nut in it, we feel it is above our minimum nutrient standards." -- US Department of Agriculture official, 1979
78. FOOD4P_210807_370.JPG: Jacket of Mitch Snyder, c 1980s
79. FOOD4P_210807_377.JPG: Mitch Snyder (center), leader of The Community for Creative Non-Violence (CCNV), with fellow activists, 1981
80. FOOD4P_210807_380.JPG: California Congressman Pete Stark
81. FOOD4P_210807_381.JPG: CCNV regularly visited the dumpsters
82. FOOD4P_210807_383.JPG: DC Mayor Marion Barry
83. FOOD4P_210807_401.JPG: Is food a human right? What does that mean? Having a "right" means that it is guaranteed and protected by the government. So what is our government's responsibility when it comes to getting enough quality food to eat? Americans disagree on what it means to create a system that guarantees the right for people to be able to feed themselves.
84. FOOD4P_210807_402.JPG: The UN Definition As defined by the United Nations, a "right to adequate food" means that the government guarantees that people have access and means to feed themselves. Adequate food also means that the food available is healthy and culturally appropriate.
85. FOOD4P_210807_416.JPG: Does the government agree with you?
86. FOOD4P_210807_457.JPG: Food Aid and the Government Today
87. FOOD4P_210807_462.JPG: "Access to healthy food is both a human right and a public health crisis. We need to push our governments to recognize healthy food access as one of their fundamental responsibilities. This means public investment that creates systemic change: dollars for school food, tax incentives for grocery stores, Medicaid reimbursements to buy fresh groceries." -- Lauren Shweder Biel, Executive Director of DC Greens
88. FOOD4P_210807_474.JPG: "Building relationships -- and meeting needs based on those relationships -- helps us learn to depend on the people in our direct community. It builds trust. And we need that trust in order to demand what we deserve from the city. Mutual aid is the foundation for revolutionary, radical change." -- Alexis McKenney, East of the River Mutual Aid organizer
89. FOOD4P_210807_513.JPG: Ingredients for Food Justice
90. FOOD4P_210807_534.JPG: The museum's board is given a tour of the new exhibit.
91. FOOD4P_210807_540.JPG: Table
92. FOOD4P_210807_561.JPG: Rise of the Supermarket
93. FOOD4P_210807_567.JPG: Back to the Roots
94. FOOD4P_210807_580.JPG: The People Behind the Plate (From Farm to Table)
95. FOOD4P_210807_605.JPG: Weighing the True Cost of Supermarkets
96. FOOD4P_210807_608.JPG: Public Markets and Mom-and-Pops to Supermarkets and Farmers' Markets
97. FOOD4P_210807_614.JPG: "There was a void for healthy, inexpensive food.... it was also a community center where you could get some education... You could come to Fields of Plenty and tap into what was going on about building the boycott to South Africa, how to support the Sandinistas, how to link up to the co-op movement. That was part of what we saw ourselves as trying to cultivate this further empowerment, further activism while we were serving people directly." -- Patrick Merloe, co-founder, Fields of Plenty
98. FOOD4P_210807_634.JPG: Consumers Take Action
99. FOOD4P_210807_636.JPG: A Giant in the Brookland neighborhood, pictured one week before it was scheduled to close in March 1972.
100. FOOD4P_210807_638.JPG: A Safeway supermarket damaged from the unrest that followed Martin Luther King Jr.'s assassination in April 1968. Only a few store closures were the direct result of this kind of damage. Supermarket companies had already begun consolidating stores and relocating to the suburbs before the unrest erupted.
101. FOOD4P_210807_640.JPG: The first Giant opened at the intersection of Georgia Ave. and Park Road NW in 1936. The number og Giant stores across the region almost tripled during the 1950s.
102. FOOD4P_210807_644.JPG: Consumers shop at a Giant Food supermarket on Wisconsin Avenue NW in DC, 1942. The invention of the modern shopping cart, like the rise of the supermarket, revolutionized the food shopping experience. Popularized in the 1940s, the cart allowed shoppers to purchase more groceries at one time, unlike the carry-around basket that preceded it.
103. FOOD4P_210807_646.JPG: "Let's face it. Many stores are closed not because they operate at a loss, but because they are marginal and the profit could be more advantageously invested elsewhere." -- Joseph Danzansky, chairman, Giant Food, 1978
104. FOOD4P_210807_649.JPG: Between 1968 and 1978, over half of the District's supermarkets closed. The industry determined that larger-format stores were more profitable than the smaller supermarket buildings that dotted American cities.
105. FOOD4P_210807_661.JPG: President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, thereby introducing America's first federal minimum wage: 25 cents per hour. The law excluded agricultural and service workers at a time when most African American workers fell into one of those categories. Because restaurant workers and Pullman porters were not covered by the law, they had to continuing relying on tips.
106. FOOD4P_210807_664.JPG: "Negroes take tips, of course. One expects that of them -- it is a token of their inferiority. But to give money to a white man was embarrassing to me." -- John Speed, journalist, 1902
107. FOOD4P_210807_667.JPG: In the 1901 Puck magazine illustration, a Pullman car porter confronts a railroad company boss about declining tips. The porter argues that the company should begin paying employees a salary. Porters were often depicted in white media as greedy people who lived large off of tips. In reality, they worked 20-hour shifts for very low wages.
108. FOOD4P_210807_685.JPG: To
109. FOOD4P_210807_694.JPG: "The boss would yell at you to speed up. 'Fast speed! Why are you slowing down?' They take people for their robots, and we are human. We cannot do the same thing like a machine. It's really painful, physically." -- Unnamed poultry worker
110. FOOD4P_210807_697.JPG: A poultry worker displays his injured finger in 2008. Poultry workers suffer amputations at three times the rate of the average American worker.
111. FOOD4P_210807_700.JPG: In 1939, Eastern Shore businessman Franklin Perdue began doing something virtually unheard of: selling chickens for their meat. Perdue was one of the first farmers in the country to industrialize the process of raising broiler chickens.
112. FOOD4P_210807_703.JPG: A farmer collecting chicken eggs, 1939. In the 1930s, most chicken farms raised birds in order to sell their eggs. Outside of farmers, few American families ate chicken meat on a regular basis.
113. FOOD4P_210807_704.JPG: A vigil created by the co-workers of chicken processing pant workers who died of COVID-19 in 2020. A t the beginning of the pandemic, the broiler chicken industry lobbies for its workers to be considered "essential." Many plants simultaneously increased work speeds, squeezed more workers onto the processing lines, failed to provide personal protective equipment, and pushed workers to work while sick. These conditions helped make chicken plants across the country early hotspots of the pandemic.
114. FOOD4P_210807_706.JPG: "One day in 1990, I came to the plant, and I had about two hundred bushels of crabs to pick. And I had only three pickers. We tried hiring people from Washington, DC and interviewed probably 100 people, and [only] one actually showed up to work. So I took the step of ckecking into migrant labor through the federal H-2B program, filled out the paperwork, and got approved." -- Jay Newcomb, manager, A.E. Phillips Seafood
115. FOOD4P_210807_726.JPG: Farm The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the critical importance of farm labor for our economy and our food system. But the people who plant, tend, and harvest America's food are still excluded from most federal labor protections. The estimated 47% of farmworkers who are undocumented are especially vulnerable to abuse, dangerous conditions, and exploitation on the job. Activists in the Washington region and across the nation are pushing for higher wages, stronger workplace safety protections, overtime pay, and unemployment benefits for farmworkers. What do we owe these most essential workers?
116. FOOD4P_210807_733.JPG: "One thing I wish consumers knew? That there are months of time and prep put into each crop we grow. That we actually care about what we're doing. That there's a lot of hard work that goes into this, and that we're growing right in DC's backyard." -- Adam Miller, manager, Miller Farms
117. FOOD4P_210807_735.JPG: "Since it is very contagious, we didn't know at what moment we could catch [COVID-19]. Thank god we are fine right now." -- Jose Lopez, migrant farmworker
118. FOOD4P_210807_737.JPG: "No industry should feel entitled to limitless labor from their employees. The exclusion of farmworkers from fundamental protections like overtime is a racist leftover from the Jim Crow era when the Fair Labor Standards Act was written." -- Lisa Zucker, legislative attorney, New York Civil Liberties Union
119. FOOD4P_210807_759.JPG: "Farmworkers bring in so much food to feed you and me and the whole country and enough food to export to other places. The ironic thing and tragic thing is that after they make this tremendous contribution, they don't have any money or any food for themselves." -- Cesar Chavez, UFW Co-Founder, Los Angeles, June 1974
120. SIAM_210807_03.JPG: Welcome to the Smithsonian! We have implemented enhanced health and safety measures for our staff, visitors, volunteers, and collections. Please be mindful of all posted guidelines during your visit today. Thank you for doing your part. * Maintain a safe social distance. * Wear a face covering. * Wash hands, sanitize, and practice good hygiene.
121. FOOD4P_210527_001.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2021_DC_SIAM_Food4People DC -- Anacostia Community Museum -- Exhibit: Food for the People: Eating and Activism in Greater Washington (Outdoor portion) (80 photos from 2021)
  Food for the People Eating & Activism in Greater Washington #Food4ThePeople
122. FOOD4P_210527_025.JPG: What is food justice? We all make decisions about what we eat... but we don't make those decisions by ourselves.
123. FOOD4P_210527_032.JPG: 40% of the food supply in the United States is wasted each year.
124. FOOD4P_210527_039.JPG: DC's Ward 3: 1 full service grocery store for every 9,336 residents
125. FOOD4P_210527_048.JPG: LAND OF ABUNDANCE We currently cultivate 40 million more acres than would be needed to feed all Americans. Even with our broken and unjust food system, the United States could produce enough food to feed everyone in the country using less crop and pastureland than it currently does. Yet 11% of U.S. households experience "food insecurity": limited or uncertain access to affordable, nutritionally adequate food. Why are so many people struggling to eat, and to eat well? 873,012,000 acres: The amount of crop and pastureland required to feed every American, based on 2008 American consumption patterns 914,425,000 acres: Current amount of active crop and pastureland in the U.S.
126. FOOD4P_210527_051.JPG: THE GROCERY GAP DC's Ward 3: 1 grocery store for every 9,336 residents DC's Ward 8: 1 grocery store for every 85,160 residents Residents of the District's whitest and wealthiest ward (Ward 3) have nearly 9 times as many grocery stores as residents of the Ward with the most Black residents and the most poverty 3 (Ward 8). For residents of Ward 8, almost half of whom do not have access to a car, this can mean that shopping for healthy food requires a great deal of time and effort. Many food justice activists refer to this kind of unequal access to grocery stores as "food apartheid,"rather than a "food desert," in recognition of the history of discriminatory policies that shape the food landscape.
127. FOOD4P_210527_071.JPG: Thank you farmer
128. FOOD4P_210527_074.JPG: I truly do appreciate the hard work because without your service we all would as a whole drastically decrease.
129. FOOD4P_210527_076.JPG: The labor of millions of people goes into growing, processing, transporting, preparing, serving, and delivering our nation's food. Without these food workers, life in the United States would grind to a halt. Yet many of these workers labor in oppressive conditions, earning poverty wages while risking pesticide poisoning, serious injury, sexual harassment, deportation, wage theft, and more. The health and economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic have only worsened the already higher rates of poverty, hunger, and health disparities among food workers.
130. FOOD4P_210527_081.JPG: Community = Collective Power Rebecca Lemos-Otero, Co-founder, City Blossoms QUOTE: "Every young person should be able to walk within their neighborhood to a safe green space that they feel comfortable in and that can be their own. A space they can take care of, where they can be the leaders." -- Rebecca Lemos-Otero, Co-Founder, City Blossoms QUOTE: "Selling our product felt really empowering. We grew the herbs. We came up with the names. We made the logo labels, and we were in charge of what happened. We put our heart into this." -- Sae Garrett, City Blossoms and Mighty Greens alumna STORY: DC native Rebecca Lemos-Otero co-founded City Blossoms to help her neighbors in Adams Morgan and Columbia Heights take control of their outdoor community spaces. Today, City Blossoms coordinates youth-run community gardens throughout the District. This includes the Mighty Greens program which supports teenagers who want to grow herbs, develop products, and sell the results at local farmers' markets. CONTEXT: In recent years, Washington, DC has been one of the most rapidly gentrifying cities in the nation. The accompanying population growth and real estate development have meant that land and green space are at a premium and will continue to be even more crucial to the health and well-being of the city's residents in the future. TAKE ACTION: There are dozens of public and non-profit community gardens throughout the Washington region. These are not only spaces to grow food, but to build positive relationships with neighbors and the land. You can see if a community garden near you has a plot available. Advocate for local policies that support urban agriculture.
131. FOOD4P_210527_088.JPG: Judy Davis, Glut Food Co-op QUOTE: "Increased choices for shopping, everyone's time pressures, limited area parking -- all these points have made our small business an endangered species.... But we're doing a community service. And when we fell back last year, people came to our aid and said, ‘Oh no, you can't close!' People donated money. It made a big difference... You have to have everybody come together on stuff for it to work." STORY: Judy Davis has worked at Glut Food Cooperative for 40 years. Founded in 1969 by conscientious objectors to the Vietnam War who wanted an affordable, ethical, and healthy alternative to the large supermarket chains, Glut today is a not-for-profit charitable trust that is collectively managed by its workers. In 2019, when facing financial troubles and potential closure, the community rallied behind the co-op, pitched in money, and helped it to remain open. CONTEXT: In the 1970s and early 1980s, when large chain supermarkets were largely abandoning DC, the region was home to more than two dozen food cooperatives. With for-profit natural food grocery chains growing in number and popularity over the past couple decades, food co-ops have often struggled to compete. TAKE ACTION: Seek out and support local food cooperatives and small local food businesses that nurture an ethical, sustainable food system. Take the time to learn about and support endeavors that operate on a cooperative economic model
132. FOOD4P_210527_089.JPG: CONTEXT: In the 1970s and early 1980s, when large chain supermarkets were largely abandoning DC, the region was home to more than two dozen food cooperatives. With for-profit natural food grocery chains growing in number and popularity over the past couple decades, food co-ops have often struggled to compete. TAKE ACTION: Seek out and support local food cooperatives and small local food businesses that nurture an ethical, sustainable food system. Take the time to learn about and support endeavors that operate on a cooperative economic model
133. FOOD4P_210527_091.JPG: CONTEXT: In recent years, Washington, DC has been one of the most rapidly gentrifying cities in the nation. The accompanying population growth and real estate development have meant that land and green space are at a premium and will continue to be even more crucial to the health and well-being of the city's residents in the future. TAKE ACTION: There are dozens of public and non-profit community gardens throughout the Washington region. These are not only spaces to grow food, but to build positive relationships with neighbors and the land. You can see if a community garden near you has a plot available. Advocate for local policies that support urban agriculture.
134. FOOD4P_210527_093.JPG: CONTEXT: Most urban farms are tiny compared to the huge farms that can operate in rural areas. Because of this, some see urban agriculture as a practice that can bring communities together and beautify spaces -- but not create enough food to make a commercial product. The Pippin Pepper growers sought to challenge this conventional wisdom. While none of the urban farmers can grow enough peppers for the sauce by themselves, together the network of small growers gets the job done. TAKE ACTION: Brainstorm what you and your neighbors could create if you all grew food together. And make use of your local public gardening resources, like DC's Department of Parks & Recreation gardening classes
135. FOOD4P_210527_098.JPG: "Selling our product felt really empowering. We grew the herbs. We came up with the names. We made the logo labels, and we were in charge of what happened. We put our heart into this." -- Sae Garrett, City Blossoms and Mighty Greens alumna
136. FOOD4P_210527_103.JPG: STORY/CONTEXT: In 2018, the DC City Council committed DC Public Schools to the "Good Food Purchasing Program." This means that the city's school system will set and work towards goals for purchasing healthy food that is grown locally, under fair labor conditions, and with environmentally sustainable practices. TAKE ACTION: Do you or your family members get food from an institution, like a school, workplace, or nursing home? Ask that institution to evaluate its food purchases and commit to sourcing food from providers that meet the "Good Food Purchasing" standards.
137. FOOD4P_210527_107.JPG: Xavier Brown, Founder, Soilful City QUOTE: "I make my hot sauce to create an interdependent system of Black growers. So, if something happens to my people in Baltimore and they lose all their peppers, my people all over Northeast DC got peppers, my people in Capitol Heights still got peppers. You know what I'm saying? To show a model where if one falls, the whole thing don't just shut down. And where urban agriculture is more economically viable." STORY: In 2016, a "seedkeeper" gifted Xavier Brown with Pippin Pepper seeds, a variety of sweet pepper known to have been passed down from renowned 20th-century African American visual artist Horace Pippin. Xavier used his first crop to develop a sauce recipe, then recruited urban farmers across DC and Baltimore to grow the small plots of peppers. Today, their Pippin Hot Sauce is sold at stores across the city.
138. FOOD4P_210527_110.JPG: Judy Davis, Glut Food Co-op QUOTE: "Increased choices for shopping, everyone's time pressures, limited area parking -- all these points have made our small business an endangered species.... But we're doing a community service. And when we fell back last year, people came to our aid and said, ‘Oh no, you can't close!' People donated money. It made a big difference... You have to have everybody come together on stuff for it to work." STORY: Judy Davis has worked at Glut Food Cooperative for 40 years. Founded in 1969 by conscientious objectors to the Vietnam War who wanted an affordable, ethical, and healthy alternative to the large supermarket chains, Glut today is a not-for-profit charitable trust that is collectively managed by its workers. In 2019, when facing financial troubles and potential closure, the community rallied behind the co-op, pitched in money, and helped it to remain open. CONTEXT: In the 1970s and early 1980s, when large chain supermarkets were largely abandoning DC, the region was home to more than two dozen food cooperatives. With for-profit natural food grocery chains growing in number and popularity over the past couple decades, food co-ops have often struggled to compete. TAKE ACTION: Seek out and support local food cooperatives and small local food businesses that nurture an ethical, sustainable food system. Take the time to learn about and support endeavors that operate on a cooperative economic model.
139. FOOD4P_210527_112.JPG: CONTEXT: In the last 80 years, the number of U.S. farms has plummeted -- with more than 90% of Black farmers dispossessed of their land -- while the average farm size has more than doubled. This means a greater amount of land and control of the food system now lies in fewer hands. Many of the remaining small farmers today struggle to make a living, making it increasingly inaccessible for farmers of color to get into the business. TAKE ACTION: Support farmers of color by purchasing from them wherever possible.Ask your local grocery stores and farmers' market to source from small farmers and farmers of color
140. FOOD4P_210527_116.JPG: LaT�n Dicks, Community Advocate QUOTE: "I joined the School Food Advisory Board because I had a granddaughter who wasn't eating lunch because she didn't like the food. I want her to have school meals that she likes and that support local farmers." STORY/CONTEXT: In 2018, the DC City Council committed DC Public Schools to the "Good Food Purchasing Program." This means that the city's school system will set and work towards goals for purchasing healthy food that is grown locally, under fair labor conditions, and with environmentally sustainable practices. TAKE ACTION: Do you or your family members get food from an institution, like a school, workplace, or nursing home? Ask that institution to evaluate its food purchases and commit to sourcing food from providers that meet the "Good Food Purchasing" standards.
141. FOOD4P_210527_119.JPG: SHARE A MESSAGE Grab a tag, a marker, write your message, and attach it to the fencing: Are you a food worker (now or in the past)? What do you wish people knew about your work? Not a food worker? Share a note of gratitude or a story for the food workers in your life.
142. FOOD4P_210527_122.JPG: Thanks for all you do to assure we eat Thank you for all your support. We pray for all workers. Kennedi W
143. FOOD4P_210527_124.JPG: Black Food Matters! -- Camille
144. FOOD4P_210527_126.JPG: Thank you for all your support. We pray for all workers. Kennedi W
145. FOOD4P_210527_128.JPG: TITLE: Transforming the Local Food System Chris Newman, Co-Founder, Sylvanaqua Farms QUOTE: "We want to do sustainable agriculture on as many acres as we can get our hands on. We're trying to get big. We want to be controlling upwards of 10,000 acres in this area [in Virginia], because when you restore 10,000 acres, it makes a difference. When you can leverage economies of scale and take out some of the unnecessary price increases, you have food that can actually get to people that traditionally can't [afford it]." STORY: Chris Newman seeks to build on the traditions of his African American and Piscataway forebears with his farm. While many sustainable farms in the region are small, Newman believes he can have the most positive impact on the environment -- and create the most opportunities for other farmers of color -- by farming as much land as possible and in the most sustainable way. 6CONTEXT: In the last 80 years, the number of U.S. farms has plummeted -- with more than 90% of Black farmers dispossessed of their land -- while the average farm size has more than doubled. This means a greater amount of land and control of the food system now lies in fewer hands. Many of the remaining small farmers today struggle to make a living, making it increasingly inaccessible for farmers of color to get into the business. TAKE ACTION: Support farmers of color by purchasing from them wherever possible.Ask your local grocery stores and farmers' market to source from small farmers and farmers of color.
146. FOOD4P_210527_130.JPG: STORY/CONTEXT: In 2018, the DC City Council committed DC Public Schools to the "Good Food Purchasing Program." This means that the city's school system will set and work towards goals for purchasing healthy food that is grown locally, under fair labor conditions, and with environmentally sustainable practices. TAKE ACTION: Do you or your family members get food from an institution, like a school, workplace, or nursing home? Ask that institution to evaluate its food purchases and commit to sourcing food from providers that meet the "Good Food Purchasing" standards.
147. FOOD4P_210527_139.JPG: "Selling our product felt really empowering. We grew the herbs. We came up with the names. We made the logo labels, and we were in charge of what happened. We put our heart into this." -- Sae Garrett, City Blossoms and Mighty Greens alumna Rebecca Lemos-Otero, Co-founder, City Blossoms QUOTE: "Every young person should be able to walk within their neighborhood to a safe green space that they feel comfortable in and that can be their own. A space they can take care of, where they can be the leaders." -- Rebecca Lemos-Otero, Co-Founder, City Blossoms
148. FOOD4P_210527_141.JPG: The labor of millions of people goes into growing, processing, transporting, preparing, serving, and delivering our nation's food. Without these food workers, life in the United States would grind to a halt. Yet many of these workers labor in oppressive conditions, earning poverty wages while risking pesticide poisoning, serious injury, sexual harassment, deportation, wage theft, and more. The health and economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic have only worsened the already higher rates of poverty, hunger, and health disparities among food workers.
149. FOOD4P_210527_144.JPG: CONTEXT: In 2010, the DC City Council passed the Healthy Schools Act. This law requires greater access to school meals for students, healthier meal options that include locally-grown and unprocessed foods whenever possible, and the incorporation of weekly nutrition education into the school curriculum. While the Act was ambitious, much of it remains to be fully implemented a decade after its passage. TAKE ACTION: Read up about the Healthy Schools Act -- or any similar local legislation in your community -- and advocate for its requirements to be met. And learn about and advocate around the U.S. farm bill, which is the recurring federal legislation that shapes national food policy, including school meal funding.
150. FOOD4P_210527_147.JPG: Lea Howe, Director of School Food Initiatives, DC Greens QUOTE: "DC Public Schools serves 10 million school meals each year. That means the school system's food purchases can have ripple effects that improve our regional food system. It's a huge opportunity."
151. FOOD4P_210527_153.JPG: Chris Newman, Co-Founder, Sylvanaqua Farms QUOTE: "We want to do sustainable agriculture on as many acres as we can get our hands on. We're trying to get big. We want to be controlling upwards of 10,000 acres in this area [in Virginia], because when you restore 10,000 acres, it makes a difference. When you can leverage economies of scale and take out some of the unnecessary price increases, you have food that can actually get to people that traditionally can't [afford it]. " STORY: Chris Newman seeks to build on the traditions of his African American and Piscataway forebears with his farm. While many sustainable farms in the region are small, Newman believes he can have the most positive impact on the environment -- and create the most opportunities for other farmers of color -- by farming as much land as possible and in the most sustainable way.
152. FOOD4P_210527_178.JPG: CONTEXT: Today, there are only around 300 remaining Chinese American residents in DC's Chinatown, most of whom are low-income elders who must travel significant distances to find grocery stores that carry Chinese ingredients. Ensuring that immigrant communities are able to access traditional foods is part of food justice. TAKE ACTION: Support small, local food businesses -- especially longstanding ones–that serve neighborhoods with a distinct history and culture. Get informed about and advocate for local legislation that can help such businesses survive and thrive, especially in moments of rapid gentrification or economic crisis.
153. FOOD4P_210527_182.JPG: Ricky Tang and Chunni Fang, DC Chinatown residents QUOTE: "Cantonese cooking is marvelous. Many of us are Chinese residents and we prefer Chinese vegetables. Since there are no Chinese grocery stores in Chinatown, we have no choice but to go to the Chinese supermarket in Falls Church or Rockville." STORY: Chunni Fang learned how to cook Cantonese dishes as a young girl in Hong Kong. When she moved to DC in 2009, she was surprised to learn that although Chinatown once was home to several Chinese grocery stores, large-scale developments projects over the years had displaced many residents and small businesses from the neighborhood.
154. FOOD4P_210527_185.JPG: CONTEXT: The DC wards with the fewest supermarkets per resident -- Wards 5, 7, and 8 -- are also the area with the most reliance on public transportation. And because of federal regulations, the corner groceries in these neighborhoods are too small to accept WIC vouchers (a critical resource for pregnant women, new mothers,and young children). This can mean that families have to travel long distances -- often by bus -- to buy fresh food. TAKE ACTION:Support organizations that are working to address the grocery gap. Champion legislation that can help bring more full-service and small grocery stores to neighborhoods where they're lacking, as well as expand access to WIC at already existing corner stores.
155. FOOD4P_210527_188.JPG: Mary Blackford, Founder, Market Seven QUOTE: "It's hard to eat healthy when you live in a food desert or when the quality of the grocery stores you have is not that great. In Ward 7, there's not much fresh anything. They may have a couple bananas at the 7-Eleven. Eventually I said, ‘We just need our own market here. That's the real solution.' And we did it." STORY: Mary Blackford grew up in Ward 7 where she experienced food apartheid firsthand. So when she left for business school, she says, "The dream was always to come back and build my community." Inspired by the cooperative economics of markets she explored while living in Ghana, Mary decided to build something similar at home. The result is Market 7, a community food hall set to open in the Benning neighborhood. CONTEXT: All grocery stores are not created equal. In addition to organizing for more grocery stores, many residents have mobilized to address the quality of the stores that exist in their neighborhoods. Some have pressed supermarkets to improve food quality, long lines, and cleanliness,while others have turned to entrepreneurship to create new food options themselves. TAKE ACTION: Support community-minded businesses and local entrepreneurs that are working to bring new fresh food options to DC's underserved wards
156. FOOD4P_210527_191.JPG: CONTEXT: All grocery stores are not created equal. In addition to organizing for more grocery stores, many residents have mobilized to address the quality of the stores that exist in their neighborhoods. Some have pressed supermarkets to improve food quality, long lines, and cleanliness,while others have turned to entrepreneurship to create new food options themselves. TAKE ACTION: Support community-minded businesses and local entrepreneurs that are working to bring new fresh food options to DC's underserved wards
157. FOOD4P_210527_194.JPG: Beverley Wheeler, Director, D.C. Hunger Solutions QUOTE: "Grocery store access is a racial equity issue that must be dealt with, and it's a health issue. We can no longer pretend we don't see what we see. Can you imagine if you have to take two or three buses and take your kids with you? You can't carry all that back with you." CONTEXT: The DC wards with the fewest supermarkets per resident -- Wards 5, 7, and 8 -- are also the area with the most reliance on public transportation. And because of federal regulations, the corner groceries in these neighborhoods are too small to accept WIC vouchers (a critical resource for pregnant women, new mothers,and young children). This can mean that families have to travel long distances -- often by bus -- to buy fresh food. TAKE ACTION: Support organizations that are working to address the grocery gap. Champion legislation that can help bring more full-service and small grocery stores to neighborhoods where they're lacking, as well as expand access to WIC at already existing corner stores
158. FOOD4P_210527_201.JPG: CONTEXT: In Washington, DC, nearly 1 in 5 residents lives in poverty -- one of the highest poverty rates in the country. DC also has a higher level of income inequality than any state in the country, with that inequality largely falling along racial lines. TAKE ACTION: Support efforts that take a holistic approach to addressing hunger,from directly providing people with food to creating living wage food jobs that offer a pathway out of poverty. Achieving food justice will require a variety of solutions. CONTEXT: Before the pandemic, more than 400,000 individuals in the Washington, DC region were already experiencing food insecurity. The Capital Area Food Bank's "Hunger Report 2020" predicted a 48 to 60 percent increase in the number of local people struggling to eat. TAKE ACTION: There are many food justice organizations and mutual aid groups working to address the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Washington, DC region. Look them up, get involved, and support their work.
159. FOOD4P_210527_206.JPG: CONTEXT: Washington, DC faces some of the highest food insecurity rates in the country. Nearly 12% of residents and 1 in 5 children are food insecure in DC. TAKE ACTION: Anyone can participate in shaping food policy. Hundreds of Food Policy Councils now exist in cities and counties across the country. If you live in DC, you can attend DC Food Policy Council meetings and even join one of the working groups.
160. FOOD4P_210527_208.JPG: Michael Wilkerson, DC resident QUOTE: "I want to eat right, but I can't always get it. In my vision of DC's future, DC residents should not need to be worrying about where they are getting their next healthy, nutritious meal." STORY: In 2012, Michael had to stop working because of a disability. Since then, he's relied on food banks and government food programs to meet his needs. Still, these sources of help are often not enough. Michael's experience with hunger led him to become an advocate for food and housing justice. He participates regularly in the DC Food Policy Council, and testifies in support of food programs at city council hearings.
161. FOOD4P_210527_211.JPG: CONTEXT: DC has the largest life expectancy gap between Blacks and whites in the country. Black men die 17 years earlier on average than white men, and Black women die 12 years earlier than white women. Heart disease, which is often a diet-related illness, is one of the primary causes of these inequalities. TAKE ACTION: Since 2012, Washington, DC has had a Produce Prescription Program -- known as "Produce Rx" -- which allows medical professionals to prescribe fresh fruits and vegetables to patients experiencing diet-related chronic illnesses who can redeem the prescriptions at a participating grocery store. Look the program up and learn about the program.Advocate for its expansion or the introduction of programs like it in your local community.
162. FOOD4P_210527_217.JPG: Dr. James Huang, physician and DC Food Policy Council member QUOTE: "I have a vision of a healthcare system where we acknowledge that access to fresh fruits and vegetables has a direct impact on your health and we prioritize providing that access." STORY: As the son of immigrants from Hong Kong, both of whom are also deaf, Dr. Huang was driven to the field of medicine by a passion for making health equity a possibility for all. Here in DC, he has been deeply involved in issues around food access and nutrition education, joining the DC Food Policy Council in 2019.
163. FOOD4P_210527_220.JPG: Alexander Moore, DC Central Kitchen QUOTE: "Show me a person who's food insecure and has enough money. Hunger -- ‘food insecurity' -- is a symptom of poverty and injustice. If we just talk about ameliorating daily hunger, we're missing the point." CONTEXT: In Washington, DC, nearly 1 in 5 residents lives in poverty -- one of the highest poverty rates in the country. DC also has a higher level of income inequality than any state in the country, with that inequality largely falling along racial lines. TAKE ACTION: Support efforts that take a holistic approach to addressing hunger,from directly providing people with food to creating living wage food jobs that offer a pathway out of poverty. Achieving food justice will require a variety of solutions. Marian Peele, Capital Area Food Bank QUOTE: "Even though [the pandemic] is unprecedented, our staff is very resilient. We're committed to providing to the community: the operations staff, the truck drivers, the guys that pull the order, folks that work in the warehouse and operations. We've been here. We have to be here because we have seniors who have to eat and food that has to be delivered." CONTEXT: Before the pandemic, more than 400,000 individuals in the Washington, DC region were already experiencing food insecurity. The Capital Area Food Bank's "Hunger Report 2020" predicted a 48 to 60 percent increase in the number of local people struggling to eat. TAKE ACTION: There are many food justice organizations and mutual aid groups working to address the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Washington, DC region. Look them up, get involved, and support their work.
164. FOOD4P_210527_246.JPG: Rebecca Lemos-Otero, Co-founder, City Blossoms QUOTE: "Every young person should be able to walk within their neighborhood to a safe green space that they feel comfortable in and that can be their own. A space they can take care of, where they can be the leaders." -- Rebecca Lemos-Otero, Co-Founder, City Blossoms QUOTE: "Selling our product felt really empowering. We grew the herbs. We came up with the names. We made the logo labels, and we were in charge of what happened. We put our heart into this." -- Sae Garrett, City Blossoms and Mighty Greens alumna
165. FOOD4P_210527_251.JPG: What is food justice? We all make decisions about what we eat... but we don't make those decisions by ourselves. Where our food comes from, who produces, processes, and prepares it, where the waste goes, and what impact it has on our health -- our food system is full of inequalities. But when we center equity, fairness, and environmental and public health in our food system, we can arrive at something resembling "food justice."
166. FOOD4P_210527_266.JPG: to donate ... because you matter ... because you are the future ... because you work hard @feed_the_fridge
167. FOOD4P_210527_270.JPG: Because we care... free meals here
168. MENOFC_210527_001.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2021_DC_SIAM_Men_Of_Change DC -- Anacostia Community Museum -- Exhibit: Men of Change: Taking it to the Streets @ Ron Brown High School (209 photos from 2021)
169. MENOFC_210527_004.JPG: Men of change Taking it to the Streets. #MenOfChangeDC
170. MENOFC_210527_017.JPG: Myth-Breakers MEN OF CHANGE are not simply a defense against lies -- they are the definition of truth. Throughout American history, the story of African Americans has often been mis-told, untold, or reformulated into untruth. This has created a longstanding and tragic mythology. Yet these MEN OF CHANGE prove that the lies used to attack black America can be stifled and destroyed by the confident, unapologetic assertion of truth. Oppressive myths have been drowned out by the roar of their truth. And their past, present, and future have been defined by a voice that is their own.
171. MENOFC_210527_027.JPG: TA-NEHISI COATES JOURNALIST? AUTHOR? EDUCATOR? HE IS ALL OF THESE THINGS. BUT THE BEST WAY TO DESCRIBE TA-NEHISI COATES IS THIS: INTERROGATOR. Since first emerging as one of his generation's most prominent voices, Coates has spent his days sitting America down in a room, placing it beneath an unforgiving light, and exploring the infinite questions and possible answers to the pathologies of racism. His work has been published everywhere from the Village Voice, Time, The New Yorker, The New York Times, to O Magazine. As a national correspondent for The Atlantic, Coates won two National Magazine Awards and found time to write the bestselling book Between the World and Me, an extraordinarily personal examination of America's violent past and present, and the many issues facing the Black community. Since 2016 he has penned Marvel Comic's Black Panther series, spearheading the renaissance for the character that reached an apex with Ryan Coogler's feature film. The son of a Black publisher and a literary descendent of writers like James Baldwin, Ta-Nehisi Coates seeks answers by interrogating his country and exploring questions others have refused to ask.
172. MENOFC_210527_030.JPG: Men of Change Audio Tour Stop #1 Myth-breaking Powerful Stories & Community Voices, Musically Mixed
173. MENOFC_210527_040.JPG: Charles Bolden b. August 1946 In 1960s America, racial segregation extended to the stars. Space itself was restricted, and for a black child growing up in South Carolina, dreams of space flight were grounded by the idea of that frontier as accessible only to white pilots. But for Charles F. Bolden -- whose childhood fascinations eventually fueled an extraordinary career -- the boundaries of racism were not enough to confine his ambition. As a young Marine, Bolden received encouragement from Ron McNair (the second African American to journey into space) that inspired Bolden's climb toward the cosmos. After being refused a nomination to the U.S. Naval Academy by South Carolina's state representatives, Bolden's letter to Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson led to a nomination from a Chicago congressman. The young pilot served as an aviator before becoming a NASA astronaut, and suddenly space went from impossible to tangible -- a realm he would not only journey to, but one he could leave his mark on. As pilot and then commander on four momentous shuttle missions, Bolden created a legacy that would make him the first African American appointed administrator of NASA, and help him develop innovations such as the deep-space vessel, the Orion. A member of the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame and the National Aviation Hall of Fame, Bolden's impact now extends from the near skies to the far reaches of outer space.
174. MENOFC_210527_048.JPG: RYAN COOGLER HE CARRIES THE SOUL OF AN ARTIST AND THE WEIGHT OF A GRIOT. Since penning his first piece of creative writing in college, Ryan Coogler has displayed an uncanny ability to marry engrossing storytelling to hard-hitting truth. From early independent films to the record- breaking phenomenon Black Panther, Coogler has infused his films with the energy of real-life truths and delivered them via cinematic brilliance. His retelling of the murder of Oscar Grant (Fruitvale Station) thrust Coogler into the spotlight and gave him the status he needed to craft the hit film Creed. Both movies spoke to Coogler's goal of challenging himself and his audience, and in the case of Creed, a legendary franchise was rebooted on the shoulders of an African-American hero. Oakland-born and bound for greatness, Ryan Coogler is at the forefront of a new generation of filmmakers. He is sharing stories like an African griot while showcasing the power of African-American artistry.
175. MENOFC_210527_051.JPG: SHAKA SENGHOR SHAKA SENGHOR MET HIMSELF INSIDE A HOLE. It was a hole of his own making; guilty of killing a man, he spent nineteen years in prison -- seven of them in solitary confinement, aka the hole. This is where Senghor faced the truth of his crime and the impact it had on everyone it touched. This is where he read his way to new worlds by consuming the wisdom of Malcolm X, Nelson Mandela, and Plato. After being released from prison, Senghor became a college lecturer and a leading voice in the fight for criminal justice reform. But he never forgot the hole. Senghor used the pain of growing up in a violent home and the horrors he endured in prison to turn his life into both a warning and an inspiration. His 2016 memoir became a bestseller. His 2014 TED Talk has been viewed nearly 1.5 million times. His story has moved people all over the world. Guilty of an abhorrent crime, Shaka Senghor went on to prove an inescapable truth: by facing himself and committing to betterment, it's possible for a man to climb out of a hole.
176. MENOFC_210527_056.JPG: I am an invisible man... I am a man of substance, of flesh and bone, fiber and liquids -- and I might even be said to possess a mind. I am invisible, understand, simply because people refuse to see me. -- RALPH ELLISON, Invisible Man, 1952
177. MENOFC_210527_061.JPG: Paul Leroy Robeson Singer. Athlete. Actor. Activist.
178. MENOFC_210527_063.JPG: Jesse Owens
179. MENOFC_210527_070.JPG: KENDRICK LAMAR GREAT WRITING WON'T LET YOU LOOK AWAY. You can even close your eyes and it will still be there: stories told by some genius with a pen; some MC with the ability to capture your attention and hold your imagination hostage. Like Kendrick Lamar. Hailing from Compton, California -- a city with legendary ties to hip-hop -- Lamar rose from mixtape prominence to chart dominance on the strength of lyrics so authentic that his songs felt more like testimonials, the raw observations of a rapper judging his city, his country, and even himself. His incredible 2017 LP ‘Damn' earned a Grammy Award and became the first hip-hop album to win a Pulitzer Prize. But it's Lamar's 2015 ‘To Pimp A Butterfly' that most perfectly taps into the long tradition of Black musical myth-breaking. The funk-laden, jazz-dipped, gospel protests and moral reckonings of ‘Butterfly' come as a result of his knowledge of his forebears and the respect he holds for them. Kendrick Lamar's fervent desire to document his life and times has forced the world to pay attention to his every word. And every new song he creates dares them to look away.
180. MENOFC_210527_072.JPG: Bryan Stevenson
181. MENOFC_210527_074.JPG: At 27 years old, my biggest fear was bein' judged How they look at me reflect on myself, my family, my city What they say ‘bout me reveal If my reputation would miss me What they see from me Would trickle down generations in time What they hear from me Would make ‘em highlight my simplest lines KENDRICK LAMAR, FEAR.," 2017
182. MENOFC_210527_081.JPG: Jack Johnson Curt Flood
183. MENOFC_210527_084.JPG: Mythbreaking Credits
184. MENOFC_210527_093.JPG: Men of Change. Taking it to the Streets.
185. MENOFC_210527_096.JPG: Have you seen them? You see them. Bold. Powerful. Tragic. Beautiful. And true.
186. MENOFC_210527_099.JPG: Jack Johnson
187. MENOFC_210527_107.JPG: "When I get mad, I put it down on a pad, Give you somethin' that you never had..." -- Public Enemy, "Welcome to the Terrordome", 1990
188. MENOFC_210527_112.JPG: Imagining The freedom of imagination is the soul of invention. For centuries, African men in America have unleashed their imaginations in order to invent reflections of their souls. From art and style to performance and technology, these men have repeatedly set in motion tidal waves of change that have washed up on shores all over the world. Their inventions contain the shared identity of African Americans, resulting in prolific manifestations in their communities. The thoughts, ideas, dreams, and creative pursuits of black men have crafted a crucial amount of American culture.
189. MENOFC_210527_128.JPG: Duke Ellington/ John Coltrane/ Miles Davis/ Louis Armstorng Together, these men uniquely embody American ideals of the intellectual aesthetics of cool. Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, Miles Davis, and John Coltrane represent an imaginative freedom that pushed their artistic influence into every creative realm. In addition to making their music a living, ongoing documentary of the black America experience, these men became change agents -- formidable musicians who helped set the tone and beat of 20th century modernity. Jazz was their medium, but the influence of their music surpassed the genre and revolutionized entire cultures. Louis Armstrong b. August 1901 – d. July 1971 Pops was the New Orleans-born trumpeter, singer, and film star whose 1920s recordings ushered in music's modern beat and influenced generations of musicians and vocalists. Popularized through a career in Hollywood, Armstrong created, performed, and revolutionized jazz through his music. Duke Ellington b. April 1899 – d. May 1974 The Duke was the iconic composer, bandleader, and pianist whose five-decade career guided the birth and art of big-band jazz, made him one of the greatest composers in history, gave the Harlem Renaissance and modernity a soundtrack, and told the story of his people in musical tales like "Black Beauty," "Creole Rhapsody," and "Black, Brown and Beige." Miles Davis b. May 1926 – d. September 1991 Playing with greats like Charlie Parker and John Coltrane, nurturing careers of legends like Herbie Hancock, and creating a wildly diverse opus of music that gave the world Kind of Blue, Sketches of Spain, and Bitches Brew, along with jazz sub-genres like post-bop and fusion, Miles was the genius whose trumpet continuously pushed jazz into new realms. John Coltrane b. September 1926 – d. July 1967 Trane was the saxophonist-composer whose Giant Steps, My Favorite Things, A Love Supreme, and other LPs made him a forebear of modal, avant-garde, and spiritual jazz. Coltrane created a life's work of compositions that relentlessly explored harmony and revolutionized the sound.
190. MENOFC_210527_137.JPG: James Brown
191. MENOFC_210527_140.JPG: KEHINDE WILEY b. February 1977 The brushstrokes of African American influence can be found everywhere in the United States. Yet the lack of actual representation of people of color in Western art is what inspired Los Angeles-born artist Kehinde Wiley to create a catalogue of work that defies the absence of black and brown bodies by powerfully asserting them. Wiley's early photo-realistic paintings of men set against floral backgrounds created portraiture that reimagined the ties between tradition and modernism while presenting young black males in groundbreaking imagery. After earning an MFA at Yale, Wiley became an artist-in-residence at the Studio Museum in Harlem. Soon he created landmark works, like his 2005 series of Hip-Hop icons; 2007's "The World Stage;" special projects commissioned by the likes of Michael Jackson; and the official presidential portrait of former United States President Barack Obama. The bold authenticity and brilliance of Kehinde Wiley's style has challenged the old paradigms of Western art forms. His influence has altered the landscape of art and affirmed the importance of the black presence in it.
192. MENOFC_210527_145.JPG: Romare Bearden b. September 1911 – d. March 1988 In the early 1930s, Bearden -- a talented pitcher -- was offered a spot in Major League Baseball if he agreed to one condition: that he would use his light skin tone to his "advantage" and pass for white. Bearden refused the offer and pursued an uncertain future in art. His choice would have beautiful ramifications. Inspired by the political vision of his mother and the Harlem Renaissance giants who visited his childhood home, Bearden created modern art compositions that evoked the complexities and multi-dimensionality of black life. His unparalleled collage work gathered the array of African American experience and used those fragments to create a whole, a technique that resulted in a visceral truth. Bearden's work appeared on the cover of magazines such as Fortune and Time, and, in the case of his seminal Projections, captured the emotion of the Black Pride movement. He earned acclaim for his jazz-like improvisational style. He took his role as an artist-activist seriously, forming the Spiral group with other artists in 1963, a group whose goal was to actively and continuously contribute to the civil rights movement. As a man who was fascinated by -- and devoted to -- the community that surrounded him, Romare Bearden was open about the responsibility he felt to his society. His activism reflected both his commitment and the unique choices this legendary artist made. His art unapologetically embraced "black image and stories as metaphor."
193. MENOFC_210527_153.JPG: Black Sci-Fi / Afro-Futurism
194. MENOFC_210527_156.JPG: James Baldwin b. August 1924 – December 1987 To create his iconic fire, James Baldwin crossed an ocean. His new vantage point allowed him to see and write about the pain that had made him who he was with a genius that would make him famous. From his debut novel, Go Tell It on the Mountain, to Giovanni's Room, to the essays that brought him fame and eventually secured his place in a pantheon of great writers, Baldwin investigated, critiqued, deconstructed, and laid bare the disturbing realities of his home country. Born in Harlem, Baldwin famously moved to Paris in 1948, where he found the clarity to write purely about his personal pain and that of his people. His essays, plays, and novels journeyed into the nuances of racism, spirituality, homosexuality, interracial love, and humanity. Books like Notes of a Native Son and The Fire Next Time, along with a recent resurgence of interest in his work and televised debates, are potent reminders of the incandescent quality of his work. Not content to simply imagine a better world, James Baldwin forced his readers to face the one we live in and find the courage to right its wrongs.
195. MENOFC_210527_159.JPG: Bayard Rustin b. March 1912 – d. August 1987 Bayard Rustin once wrote, "The only weapon we have is our bodies." Rustin's life was not only a testament to the nonviolent weaponization of his own body, it was a call for the bodily and mental freedom to live as he wished and love whom he desired. As one of the founders of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Rustin worked with Martin Luther King Jr. to bring about the boycott of Montgomery's segregated buses in 1956. He introduced King to Gandhi's philosophy of nonviolent resistance during this time. Rustin's mastery of civil disobedience tactics reached an apex in 1963. That year would see him become a key organizer of the now-famous March on Washington, a moment immortalized by the images of thousands of bodies becoming weapons in the fight for jobs and freedom. But Rustin's struggle for equal rights was not confined to his race; as an openly gay man, he was attacked and shunned by friend and foe alike. His refusal to hide who he was while he continued to fight on the front lines of the civil rights movement revealed the heart of a justice-seeking man -- one who understood that the only true freedom is complete freedom.
196. MENOFC_210527_169.JPG: Catalysts The spark. The catalyst. The alpha. The OG. He who first ignites the fire can bring his light to everyone. MEN OF CHANGE signify originators; they are men who do not wait for permission before challenging the injustice and barriers they face. Sometimes they choose to become catalysts; sometimes tragedy chooses them. So whether we follow their lead or honor their memory, we recognize that these men are the prelude to remarkable change. The revolutions we seek so often begins with the changes they create.
197. MENOFC_210527_185.JPG: "I want the world to see what they did to my boy." -- Mamie Till, mother of Emmett Till, 1955
198. MENOFC_210527_199.JPG: Muhammad Ali & the Cleveland Summit Muhammad Ali: b. January 1942 – d. June 2016 Strip a "Man of Change" to his core and what will you find? His faith. The faith he holds in his God, his people, and himself. In 1967, when some of the world's top black athletes gathered in Cleveland, it was to persuade Muhammad Ali to compromise his faith and accept an olive branch from the government after they'd stripped him of his boxing titles for refusing to be drafted into the military. Ali rejected the compromise. And, in a powerful act, the brotherhood of athletes decided to stand with Ali instead of leaving him to stand alone. Men like NFL great Jim Brown, Lew Alcindor (Kareem Abdul-Jabbar), and Bill Russell failed to convince Ali to drop his anti-war stance, but succeeded in discovering a common need to defend Ali's right of religious freedom -- in essence, to defend his freedom of faith. The Champ would eventually regain his titles in the ring and serve as a model of public activism and black triumph to every athlete who followed him. Following the Cleveland Summit Meeting, Bill Russell wrote in Sports Illustrated: "[Ali] has something very few people I know possess. He has an absolute and sincere faith."
199. MENOFC_210527_210.JPG: Colin Kaepernick
200. MENOFC_210527_216.JPG: Malcolm X Martin Luther King Jr. Barack Obama
201. MENOFC_210527_226.JPG: Trayvon Martin Michael Brown
202. MENOFC_210527_230.JPG: Michael Seibel b. October 1982 The goal of tech CEO Michael Seibel is not to surpass the limits that restrict minorities -- it's to remove them entirely. As CEO of Y Combinator, Seibel directs a firm that invests in tech companies and works to meet a personal goal of increasing the number of companies founded and led by women and people of color. By eschewing the gatekeeping and cliquishness of "the good ol' boys network," Seibel's YC was able to fund over 180 female founders and over 150 black and Hispanic founders in just a few years. Seibel's vision for young tech professionals is grand: he sees many of them not as future employees of technology giants, but as risk takers capable of creating their own firms. Himself a co-founder of Justin.tv (sold to Amazon for $970 million) and Socialcam (sold to Autodesk for $60 million), Seibel knows the value of the black imagination and entrepreneurship in the digital space. By showing others how to remove the obstacles they encounter without the advantages of generational wealth, elite education, and upper-class networking, he is attacking age-old limits and proposing a new era of freedom.
203. MENOFC_210527_232.JPG: Rev. Dr. William J. Barber
204. MENOFC_210527_246.JPG: Bob Moses b. January 1935 There is math in equality, in the numbers of those willing to stand up and be counted and those persecuted because of their bravery. Within that math, there is always one: the activist who calculates risks and takes them -- the one who needs no credit but deserves much of it. In 1959, Bob Moses, a mathematician, joined the burgeoning civil rights movement and went on to become director of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee's campaign to register black voters in some of the country's most racially volatile counties. As co-director of the Council of Federated Organizations, he led the Freedom Summer Project -- an ambitious campaign to end racial disenfranchisement in Mississippi -- and played a key role in the creation of the state's Freedom Democratic Party. The summer of 1964 provided a horrific set of numbers: 30 bombings, 35 church burnings, and 35 shootings. But Moses's Freedom Democratic Party pushed on, offering a crucial political example that others would later follow. Today, Moses continues his fight through the Algebra Project that utilizes math education and community organizing to prepare black students for the Information Age and ensure their inclusion. Although his name may not be the first spoken, those who organized on the defining battlefields of the 1960s know that there were heroes in their midst, and that Bob Moses was one of them.
205. MENOFC_210527_254.JPG: Fathering A father is an opening. His devotion unlocks minds, allowing his children to use his experience and wisdom as a portal to life and as a guide while they journey through it. This crucial direction is provided by fathers, uncles, teachers, and coaches. It's offered up in vast amounts by elders on the corner and by men who have witnessed much and faced even more. It comes from a place of deep love and soaring ambition. The ability to open doors and minds is a striking characteristic of these MEN OF CHANGE, and it has given those they've mentored the protection, inspiration, and knowledge necessary to explore new worlds.
206. MENOFC_210527_265.JPG: Robert F. Smith b. December 1962 Billionaire businessman Robert Smith is the first African American to sign the "Giving Pledge" -- a document signifying his intent to donate half of his net worth to philanthropic causes over the course of his lifetime. By signing, Smith revealed the depth of his commitment and the whole of who he is. He's the kid who watched his parents donate monthly to the United Negro College Fund (UNCF). He's the student who studied black pioneers, determined to transform their pathways into runways. He is the former Goldman Sachs executive who founded one of the world's most successful hedge funds. He is the president of an organization that donated $27 million to breast cancer research; $50 million to the UNCF; $20 million to the National Museum of African American History and Culture; and millions to a host of other public charities. He is the chairman of a human-rights group involved in projects such as offering assistance to detainees unable to afford bail. He believes that in this age of technology, wealth can be built through the power of creativity and shared with our community. Robert Smith has never forgotten the paths that were paved for him. And by giving back, he is propelling a generation forward.
207. MENOFC_210527_278.JPG: Arthur Ashe
208. MENOFC_210527_281.JPG: Art Blakey + Jazz Drummers
209. MENOFC_210527_285.JPG: Andrew Young b. March 1932 The greatest leaders are ambassadors of their own life experiences, representing everything they've learned and delivering the fruits of that wisdom to the next group of trailblazers. The wisdom represented by Andrew Young was first gained at the dawn of the civil rights era -- an era that saw Young become a minister, help kick off a movement, and tear down the walls of a segregated South as a key member of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. A close confidant of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Young helped create the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. After memorable stints as a congressman and U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, Young served two terms as mayor of Atlanta beginning in 1981. Under his leadership the city was transformed -- leaving behind its regional image and taking its place on the international stage. In the tradition of great black mayors like Tom Bradley, Coleman Young, and Maynard Jackson, Andrew Young continues to fight for civil and economic justice. In doing so, he epitomizes the roles of generational ambassador and father figure by imbuing the next era with the passion that fueled his own.
210. MENOFC_210527_308.JPG: Ellis and Wynton Marsalis
211. MENOFC_210527_315.JPG: Booker T. Washington
212. MENOFC_210527_325.JPG: Loving Resistance is done out of love. Perseverance is made possible by love. Revolution, dedication, survival, success are all products of profound love. Our MEN OF CHANGE are in love. They are in love with black people and the black identity in America. From their well of love they draw power. They use it to shoulder the weight of the present and the ambition of the future. They resist, persevere and revolutionize. They prove that the great source of their strength is the strength of their love. "Love is supreme and unconditional; like is nice, but limited." -DUKE ELLINGTON, MUSIC IS MY MISTRESS, 1973
213. MENOFC_210527_372.JPG: Additional local support provided by Smithsonian Women's Committee
214. MENOFC_210527_384.JPG: "God created Black people and Black people created style." -- George C. Wolfe, The Colored Museum, 1986
215. MENOFC_210527_396.JPG: Storytellers We own our stories by telling our stories. The narrative of African American existence has been edited by an oppressive pen. Yet, the men you'll encounter within this exhibit have consistently asserted their own storyline, one that ignores lies and protects the truth by illuminating the strength, genius, and elegance of black life. From Frederick Douglass to Dr. King, and from James Baldwin to James Brown, the power of African American storytelling offers an array of narratives that contain the unwavering truth of black identity.
216. MENOFC_210527_440.JPG: Alvin Ailey b. January 1931 – d. December 1989 Dance is language. Dance is visual conversation, where movement articulates experience and choreography speaks to culture. Alvin Ailey created the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater to elevate the voices of black America within the discourse of dance. From the founding of his company in 1958 to the creation of more than 80 ballets performed for more than 20 million people around the world, Ailey incorporated his own experiences and explorations of black life into both classical and modern dance. His groundbreaking Revelations evoked the blues, spirituals, and gospel songs that informed his youth, suggesting that dance can tell our stories in a way no other medium can. By exploring the multifaceted lives of African Americans, Alvin Ailey expanded the boundaries of an art form and proved that the language of black dance has no limit.
217. MENOFC_210527_446.JPG: Langston Hughes
218. MENOFC_210527_449.JPG: Ralph Ellison
219. MENOFC_210527_452.JPG: Carter Woodson b. December 1875 – d. April 1950 He brought the past to the present because he knew it was the way to the future. Woodson championed black self-knowledge and devoted himself to promoting it. He became the first child of enslaved African Americans to earn a PhD during a time when black intelligence was openly attacked and constantly obstructed. He changed the way the history of black people was viewed, and utilized the powerful legacy of his people to strengthen the foundation of their pride. Carter G. Woodson founded the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History, and was known as the "Father of Black History." He created Negro History Week that became Black History Month, and wrote more than a dozen books and hundreds of essays. Woodson was not content to see the black past marginalized or erased. He created a movement to make sure it would never be forgotten.
220. MENOFC_210527_458.JPG: John H. Johnson b. January 1918 – d. August 2005 Beginning in 1942, John H. Johnson did more than inject color into the ultra-white world of American magazine publishing – he created an empire unlike any the world had ever seen. From Negro Digest to the iconic Ebony and Jet magazines, Johnson changed the landscape of print journalism by offering authentic portraits of both the ordinary and extraordinary aspects of black life. His entrepreneurial reach -- enhanced by his wife, Eunice -- extended to radio and fashion -- eventually making him the first African American to enter the Forbes list of the 400 wealthiest Americans. Johnson Publications documented and helped fuel the Civil Rights Movement: for example Jet's publication of photographs of the murdered black teenager Emmett Till helped spark the movement and give it an international presence. The stories told by John H. Johnson's magazines defeated the notion that the lives of his people did not deserve the attention given to others. His empire was built on the rubble of those fallen beliefs, and still stands as an unparalleled achievement of American storytelling.
221. MENOFC_210527_462.JPG: "I sell the shadow to support the substance." -- Sojourner Truth, 1864
222. MENOFC_210527_464.JPG: Dick Gregory b. October 1932 – d. August 2017 Truth is funnier than fiction. And when truth is so true that it's ridiculously funny, we call that satire. And when the satire is so brilliant that it epitomizes the pain, pleasures, struggles, and triumphs of being black in America -- we call that Dick Gregory. A standup comedian, writer, activist, and renowned lecturer, Gregory was an unwavering force in African American art and social justice. Among his gifts was his ability to distill all the wrongs of the world into a single, unforgettable sentence. In the 1960s, 1970s, and beyond, Gregory performed on talk shows typically prohibited to blacks; took part in protests; supported the NAACP and CORE; went to jail for his activism; befriended everyone from Malcolm X to Michael Jackson; became a health guru; and influenced comic legends such as Richard Pryor and Eddie Murphy. Dick Gregory's unflinching honesty revolutionized comedy. And his unrelenting devotion to activism was his ultimate truth.
223. MENOFC_210527_478.JPG: Schomburg and Locke
224. MENOFC_210527_489.JPG: W.E.B. Du Bois b. February 1868 – d. August 1963 On the day of his death, a 95-year-old W.E.B. Du Bois sent a telegram to activists attending the 1963 March on Washington. His words of support came with an iconic lineage: Du Bois is one of the most significant and influential thinkers of the twentieth century. His legacy defines African American studies and literature. His words stretch from articulating the "double-consciousness" of being black in America to the dawn of Pan-Africanism. His works include two autobiographies, five novels, and sixteen books concerning subjects such as sociology, global history, politics, and race relations in America and abroad. For decades, his words articulated the souls of black folk and championed their intellectual spirits, becoming a call-to-arms that Du Bois presented as a call-to-minds. His prolific writings and nonstop activism were based upon an irrepressible belief in the power and art of the African American journey and the power of black identity. As co-founder of the NAACP and the Niagara Movement, Du Bois wrote and spoke the words upon which movements were built and ideologies were formed. His message to the young protesters in Washington was written on his last day, but the strength it held and the revolution it represented had been in the making for 95 years.
225. MENOFC_210527_492.JPG: AUGUST WILSON b. April 1945 – d. October 2005 By definition, the "future" lies in front of us. But if August Wilson's genius proved anything, it's that honoring what came before us is the most powerful way to get ahead. The world-famous playwright's cycle of 10 generational plays (one for each decade of the 20th century) proved his point, giving us a prolific black narrative that represents the pain, beauty, and passion, not only of American-American history, but of humanity as a whole. In plays like Fences, The Piano Lesson, and Gem of the Ocean, Wilson utilized the everyday poetry of black language and funneled it through stories full of gritty realism, pure spirituality, and universal allegory. By utilizing African-American stories as metaphors for the human journey, Wilson's work asserted that "Black Americans are human" during a time when the world often denied this fact. His writing earned him two Pulitzer Prizes and a Tony Award, but more importantly it revealed a vital truth: the story of the struggles of black people, along with their dignity and triumph over myriad obstacles, is made relatable to the present by examining the past. August Wilson know that the very roots of humanity's future lay within that turbulent, determined history.
226. MENOFC_210527_518.JPG: Community Represent. The streets, blocks, schools, churches, mosques, and neighborhoods that shaped these MEN OF CHANGE helped write their life stories. Their ancestors formed communities to survive, and, centuries later, this collective strength is one of the many reasons these men found a way to thrive. By building community and brotherhood, they continue a tradition that is a hallmark of black culture. And because it is crucial to honor the impact of these neighborhoods and support networks, it's important to remember that these men maintained an unbroken connection to the places that formed them and the people who raised them. This makes their success a shared experience. For a true MAN OF CHANGE represents more than himself -- he represents us all.
227. MENOFC_210527_528.JPG: Chance the Rapper
228. MENOFC_210527_532.JPG: Isaiah Montgomery
229. MENOFC_210527_541.JPG: Greenwood (Tulsa, OK)
230. MENOFC_210527_544.JPG: Harlem (New York City, NY)
231. MENOFC_210527_548.JPG: Bronzeville (Chicago, IL)
232. MENOFC_210527_551.JPG: Black Church / Mosque
233. MENOFC_210527_557.JPG: Black Soldiers
234. MENOFC_210527_561.JPG: LeBron James b. December 1984 Basketball will forever judge LeBron James -- the player -- by the moves he has made on the court, but the man beneath the jersey should be judged by the leaps he has taken beyond it. Since being introduced to the world on the cover of Sports Illustrated as a high-schooler, James has gone on to be considered one of the greatest to ever play the game. His accolades are many and his name is known in every corner of the globe. But NBA championships, record-breaking stats, endorsement deals, and incredible business savvy only define a portion of his accomplishments and offer only a glimpse of his passion. As far back as 2004, James has worked to give back and uplift. After establishing the LeBron James Family Foundation to help children and single-parent families in need, LeBron went on to create programs that combat the high-school dropout epidemic and encourage a life-changing pursuit of education. Over the course of his career he has donated large sums of money to efforts that fit this vision and further the work being done in his hometown. His philanthropic foundation made headlines in 2018 by partnering with the Akron Public Schools system to open the "I PROMISE School", a unique institution designed for at-risk students that supports their families as well. More impressively, James has made his activism a personal statement, one that won't be restricted by his stature or muffled by his critics. He repeatedly spoke out about the murder of Trayvon Martin in 2012. He covered his team uniform with an "I Can't Breathe" t-shirt during pre-game warmups following the police killing of Eric Garner. And he regularly uses social media to protest what needs protesting, and shout what needs shouting out. Once, when a cable news host suggested that James simply "shut up and dribble," LeBron responded with a grace and power that resembled his on-court moves. "I [speak out] because I'm passionate about it," he said. "And I know this is bigger than me."
235. MENOFC_210527_582.JPG: Charles Hamilton Houston b. September 1895 – d. April 1950 Jim Crow's assassin died before him. But Charles Hamilton Houston -- known as "the man who killed Jim Crow" -- spent a lifetime initiating the blow that would ultimately lead to the demise of institutionalized segregation in the United States. A brilliant lawyer, educator, and mentor to future luminaries like Thurgood Marshall, Houston had a hand in nearly every civil rights case put before the Supreme Court from 1930 to the Brown v. Board of Education ruling in 1954. He served as special counsel to the NAACP and led Howard University's law school from 1929-1935, training hosts of black law students to litigate the advancement of their people: he created an army. But it was Houston's decision to focus on the inequalities of public education that would culminate into his posthumous victory over Jim Crow. Four years after Houston's death, the Brown case was argued by Marshall and the decision ended legal segregation and solidified Charles Hamilton Houston's legacy.
236. MENOFC_210527_585.JPG: Dr. Rob Gore b. July 1976 After becoming a physician in his native Brooklyn, Dr. Rob Gore saw that a healing was needed -- one that went beyond the practicalities of medicine and tapped into the power of community. An emergency physician at King's County Hospital Center in Brooklyn, New York, Gore is also the founder of the Kings Against Violence Initiative (KAVI). The nonprofit offers alternatives to the number of at-risk youths who Gore found himself treating in the ER after they'd become victims of the violence that pervaded their neighborhoods. Through KAVI, Gore offers group mentoring, teacher training, therapeutic response to victims, leadership camps, conflict de-escalation training, and more. The trauma that has been inflicted upon his community has inspired Dr. Rob Gore to empower a generation of young adults to take hold of their potential and heal their world.
237. MENOFC_210527_619.JPG: Catalyst H.D. Woodson (1876-1962) Community Architecture
238. MENOFC_210527_625.JPG: Community Ronald King Community Health
239. MENOFC_210527_629.JPG: Loving Irvin Parker (1844-2018) Community History
240. MENOFC_210527_634.JPG: Storyteller Rik Freeman Community Art
241. MENOFC_210527_638.JPG: Myth-breaker Antawan Holmes Community Advocate
242. MENOFC_210527_642.JPG: Imagining Smith Family Community Development
243. MENOFC_210527_649.JPG: Fathering Edward Fisher Community Education
244. MENOFC_210527_652.JPG: Deanwood Men of Change Selections
245. MENOFC_210527_656.JPG: Kings in Our Community Who are the Men of Change in your life? Tell us about their greatness. [all genders welcome] Thing About People Who: help you grow break barriers spark your imagination make you proud to be you speak truth care deeply for others put in the work
246. SIAM_210527_18.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2021_DC_SIAM DC -- Anacostia Community Museum -- Not Covered Elsewhere (3 photos from 2021)
  Temporary Closure Effective March 14, the Smithsonian museums in Washington, DC, including the National Zoo, and in New York City, have temporarily closed to support the effort to contain the spread of COVID-19. The Smithsonian's priority is to protect the safety and health of its staff, volunteers, and visitors. Please visit si.edu for updates on our operating status.
247. WALLS_210527_01.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2021_DC_SIAM_Without_Walls DC -- Anacostia Community Museum -- Exhibit: A Museum Without Walls (17 photos from 2021)
  A Museum Without Walls For more than 50 years, the Anacostia Community Museum has reached beyond its walls to serve its community: you. Inside the museum, you will find engaging exhibits and public programs created by and for members of the community. Outside, you will find a living exhibit, created by Smithsonian Gardens, which connects the museum to the surrounding neighborhoods and environment. Explore this outdoor exhibit to discover more about the people, places, and plants that make this area unique. Convening Conversations The Anacostia Community Museum brings together diverse voices to celebrate our past and discuss important issues facing our community today. The museum seeks to answer critical questions, such as: * Where do we come from? * Who are we as a people? * What is our heritage? * On whose shoulders do we stand? * How can we enrich our community?
248. WALLS_210527_31.JPG: The Anacostia River: People and Places The Anacostia River flows 8.5 miles from the Maryland suburbs to its mouth at the Potomac River near downtown Washington, DC. Its watershed is home to more than 2.4 million people, including some of the city's most economically distressed residents. Despite the important role it has played in the history of our region, the Anacostia has often been neglected and abused, leading it to be dubbed "the forgotten river." Today, local residents are working to reclaim and restore this valuable natural resource. A Life Force Before the first Europeans and Africans arrived at the banks of the Anacostia, the area's native Algonquin peoples -- the Nacotchtank -- viewed the river as a life force full of richness. The depth of the river, then 40 feet, allowed transatlantic ships easy access to the port of Bladensburg, Maryland. New settlers exploited the bounty provided by the river and its streams. Over time, people often took too much from the rivers and depleted natural resources by overharvesting, killing off flora and fauna, and polluting streams with industrial waste. "This place without all question is the most pleasant and healthful place in all this country . . ." -- British explorer Captain Henry Fleet, 1632 Reclaiming the Edge The Anacostia River plays an important role in the cultural, spiritual, and creative lives of Washington, DC's residents. It provides a peaceful place to rest and relax in an otherwise hectic urban environment and serves as a destination for leisure activities, including boating, biking, and fishing. Today, community members are coming together to help restore the Anacostia watershed and fight for their right to a healthy, just, and sustainable future.
249. WALLS_210527_39.JPG: The Anacostia River: Pride and Preservation The Anacostia Community Museum works to highlight the history of the Anacostia watershed and its surrounding neighborhoods through the lenses of faith, race, class, development, politics, and culture. The museum seeks to cultivate deeper engagement between the river and residents to spur preservation and instill pride in communities. It's Our River Throughout the 20th century and into the 21st, residents in neighborhoods along the Anacostia River have continually fought for environmental justice. Communities have rallied against environmental hazards, such as utility generators, landfills, and incinerators, and have prevented their neighborhoods from being destroyed by freeway and bridge construction proposals. Community organizations, including Seafarers Yacht Club, Earth Conservation Corps, and the Anacostia Watershed Society have worked to encourage a sense of civic engagement and stewardship among local residents. It's Up to Us! Our actions can have a positive or negative impact on the Anacostia River. In small ways and big, we can take care of our waterways and repair years of neglect to achieve the swimmable, fishable urban river many desire. "I learned the Anacostia River, even with all its problems, was a source of healing for a people who are often forsaken and ignored in our nation's capital. My hope is the river can become a bridge . . ." -- Brenda Richardson, community leader
250. WALLS_210527_46.JPG: Welcome To The Demonstration Garden Gardens are great! They connect people to their community and environment. They empower people to grow their own food and live healthy, sustainable lives. They provide a space for neighbors to nurture existing relationships, create new ties, and get involved in their local communities. They are also restorative spaces that encourage a connection to and an understanding of the natural world. The Anacostia Community Museum uses this demonstration garden for public programs for visitors of all ages. Visit anacostia.si.edu to find out about future programs. The Benefits of Gardening * Supports healthy lifestyles * Encourages exercise and movement * Helps reduce stress * Promotes dialogue * Cultivates community * Connects you to nature and to the past * Protects the environment "We can love ourselves by loving the earth." -- Wangari Maathai, activist and Nobel Peace Prize Laureate
251. WALLS_210527_72.JPG: Welcoming Wildlife This garden is designed to be welcoming – not only to humans, but also to wildlife. Insects and other critters help our gardens thrive. Pollinators, such as bees and butterflies, pollinate our plants, providing us with flowers and food. Beneficial insects, such as ladybugs, eat harmful pests, including aphids. Other insects break down organic materials, such as leaves, improving the fertility of our soil. Insects are also an essential food source for songbirds and other creatures that bring our gardens to life. Why Native Plants? Native plants and animals coevolved with each other and depend on one another. Growing native plants helps restore native habitats that are threatened by urban development and invasive species. Native plants are also well adapted to the soil, average rainfall, and climate of our region.
252. SIACM5_181121_01.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2018_DC_SIAM_ACM50 DC -- Anacostia Community Museum -- Exhibit: Your Community, Your Story: Celebrating Five Decades of the Anacostia Community Museum, 1967-2017 (34 photos from 2018)
253. SIACM5_181121_04.JPG: A New Kind of Museum
254. SIACM5_181121_09.JPG: Preserving Memory
255. SIACM5_181121_12.JPG: One of the pens used by the President, August 6, 1965, in signing S. 15634, An Act to enforce the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, and for other purposes. (Was used to sign Voting Rights Act of 1965.)
256. SIACM5_181121_17.JPG: BK Adams Walking People
257. SIACM5_181121_25.JPG: Your Community, Your Story Celebrating Five Decades of the Anacostia Community Museum, 1967-2017
258. SIACM5_181121_29.JPG: Tell Us Your Story
259. SIACM5_181121_39.JPG: Moving into the Future
260. SIACM5_181121_41.JPG: Lived Experiences
261. SIACM5_181121_44.JPG: Pioneering Mission
262. SIACM5_181121_46.JPG: Neighborhood Life
263. SIACM5_181121_52.JPG: Rats!
264. SIACM5_181121_56.JPG: Convening Conversations
265. SIACM5_181121_64.JPG: Fostering Creativity
266. SIACM5_181121_67.JPG: Fostering Creativity
267. SIACM5_181121_68.JPG: John N. Robinson Outdoor Art Fair, 1946
268. SIACM5_181121_84.JPG: Chuck Brown's guitar, Gibson Custom Shop Edition 1973
269. SIACM5_181121_89.JPG: Godfather of Go-Go
270. SIAMKY_181121_03.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2018_DC_SIAM_Key DC -- Anacostia Community Museum -- Exhibit: Key to the Community (8 photos from 2018)
271. SIAMKY_181121_07.JPG: What is the key to community?
272. SIAMRC_181121_001.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2018_DC_SIAM_Right DC -- Anacostia Community Museum -- Exhibit: A Right to the City (140 photos from 2018)
  A Right to the City
273. SIAMRC_181121_072.JPG: Adams Morgan The Power of Unity in Diversity
274. SIAMRC_181121_118.JPG: Anacostia Segregation, Desegregation, Resegregation
275. SIAMRC_181121_134.JPG: Anacostia Metro stop groundbreaking shovel and hard hat of William T. Fauntroy, Jr.
276. SIAMRC_181121_162.JPG: Brookland Fight the Freeways
277. SIAMRC_181121_229.JPG: Chinatown Preserving Our Place
278. SIAMRC_181121_257.JPG: Architectural rendering of the Chinatown Friendship Archway, designed by Alfred Liu, 1985
279. SIAMRC_181121_289.JPG: Tea cups from Gung Ho Restaurant, c 1960s
280. SIAMRC_181121_292.JPG: Shaw With the People, By the People, For the People
281. SIAMRC_181121_328.JPG: Southwest Urban Renewal, Urban Removal
282. SIAMRC_181121_344.JPG: A mother leads a white protest against school integration through Anacostia with her children's stroller carrying a sign that reads: "Do we have to go to school with Them?", 1954
283. SIAMRC_181121_379.JPG: Brick from the Waterside Mall, a failed urban renewal development that opened in 1973 and was demolished in 2007.
284. SIAM_181121_01.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2018_DC_SIAM DC -- Anacostia Community Museum -- Not Covered Elsewhere (11 photos from 2018)
  Ancestral Guardian Sculpture by Allen Uzikee Nelson 5-26-04 www.uzikee.com
285. SIAM_181121_06.JPG: Real Justice The Spirit of Thurgood Marshall 7-2-08 to 1-24-93 I still believe firmly that the right will win out. Justice for all people, regardless of race, creed or color... The long-term NAACP lawyer who argued successfully in the U.S. Supreme Court against segregation in schools and other racially restrictive laws. He integrated the Supreme Court as the first African American associate justice, appointed by President Lyndon Johnson 10-2-67. Ancestral Guardian Sculpture by Allen Uzikee Nelson 5-26-04 www.uzikee.com
286. SIAM_181121_15.JPG: Some of the panes have been broken
287. SIARIV_181121_01.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2018_DC_SIAM_River DC -- Anacostia Community Museum -- Exhibit: Capturing the Anacostia River (11 photos from 2018)
  Anacostia Waterfront
288. SIARIV_181121_05.JPG: The Anacostia Waterfront 2003 Anacostia Waterfront Framework Plan
289. SIARIV_181121_07.JPG: Capturing the Anacostia River
290. SIAMGW_170115_003_STITCH.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2017_DC_SIAM_Gateways DC -- Anacostia Community Museum -- Exhibit: Gateways/Portales (95 photos from 2017)
291. SIAMGW_170115_015.JPG: Latinx and Race Federal policy uses "Hispanic" and "Latino/a" to describe people of Latin American origin, heritage, and descent or other Spanish cultures who live in the United States. This exhibition uses the gender-neutral descriptor "Latinx" (pronounced "Latin-ex"). Latinxs can be of any race. Yet approximately two-thirds consider Latinx part of their racial identity. Why? Latinx is not a race, but Latinx people are racialized. The dominant racial framework of the US is Black and White. Latinxs are viewed as distinct from Black Americans and White Americans and therefore treated as a separate group. This irregularity makes it difficult for organizations like the US Census Bureau to keep accurate demographic profiles of Latinx people in the US.
292. SIAMGW_170115_022.JPG: We Are America, 2007 Nicholas Shi Washington, DC Many Latinxs express the feeling that they are second-class citizens, despite being an integral part of US society. We, too, are America.
293. SIAMGW_170115_029.JPG: Hispanics, the New Italians, 2015 Rosalia Torres-Weiner Charlotte, NC The Statue of Liberty is an iconic representation -- both hopeful and painful -- of arrival to the US. Currently Latin American immigration contributes to population growth in many gateway cities, creating urban change across the country.
294. SIAMGW_170115_038.JPG: Experimental questions for the upcoming 2020 census combine race and origin.
295. SIAMGW_170115_042.JPG: The 1930 census was the first and only time enumerators asked "Mexican" as a race. Shown here, the 1980 census was the first to ask all respondents about "Spanish/Hispanic/Latino origin or descent.
296. SIAMGW_170115_049.JPG: Think about your origins, race, and ethnicity. In your own words, how do YOU identify?
297. SIAMGW_170115_055.JPG: Social Justice and Civil Rights Social justice issues include fights for equal education and economic access as well as struggles against unjust labor practices and racial profiling. The growth presence of Latinxs, a multi-racial, multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-citizenship group, demands progress beyond a Black-White racial binary. We call ourselves "a nation of immigrants" but often discuss community relations in terms of Black and White citizens only. Does current public discourse promote the rights and justice for people of all races, languages, and citizenships?
298. SIAMGW_170115_075.JPG: This poster calls for more humane and sanitary conditions for farmworkers
299. SIAMGW_170115_095.JPG: To Start Racial Profiling Just Press the Black Button on the Police Siren Below.
300. SIAMGW_170115_099.JPG: Racial Profiling, 2014 Jose Manuel Cruz Raleigh, North Carolina These 24 diverse profile portraits challenge assumptions about who is perceived as dangerous. The center portraits are superimposed over newspaper headlines detailing incidents of racial profiling.
301. SIAMGW_170115_102.JPG: This handmade banner supports farmworkers from the North Carolina organization Triangle Friends of the United Farm Workers.
302. SIAMGW_170115_108.JPG: Realidad Nortena, (Reality of the North), 2016 Cornelio Campos Durham, North Carolina This autobiographical piece depicts Campos' journey from Cheran, Michoacan, Mexico to North Carolina, USA.
303. SIAMGW_170115_116.JPG: Undocumented activist Alma Islas was born in Mexico and raised in North Carolina since the age of 6. After years of unsuccessfully trying to enroll in a 4-year college, Alma graduated from the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill in 2016 thanks to a private scholarship.
304. SIAMGW_170115_132.JPG: Tution [sic] cost School ... In-state tuition and fees per year (2016-2017) ... Out-of-state tuition and fees per year (2016-2017) University of Maryland ... $10,180 ... $32,044 University of Virginia ... Up to $18,554 (depending on the school) ... Up to $48,850 (depending on the school) University of North Carolina ... $8,834 ... $33,916
305. SIAMGW_170115_145.JPG: We are speaking out here ... because we were not invited to speak in there! -- Farm Workers & Farm Worker Advocates
306. SIAMGW_170115_153.JPG: Celia con Rolos M. Tony Peralta, 2015 New York, NY Cuban-born music icon Celia Cruz is depicted with rolos, a staple of Dominican salons.
307. SIAMGW_170115_161.JPG: An Immigrant Connection to a Country of Immigrants, 2016 Nico Amortegui Charlotte, NC This piece represents new beginnings and home for immigrants and their communities. It includes all people that have embraced Latinx people and culture.
308. SIAMGW_170115_168.JPG: Breathing Peace in Patterson Park, Baltimore, symbolizes peace, diversity, and unity. Created by Uruguayan artist Pablo Machioli.
309. SIAMGW_170115_170.JPG: Madre Protectora (Mother Protector), 2015 Rosalia Torres-Weiner Charlotte, NC Marian symbolism is powerful throughout Latin America. This re-imagining of la virgin de Guadeloupe as a millennial with an AK-47 shows that faith can be as strong as the challenges we face.
310. SIAMGW_170115_181.JPG: Between 2010 and 2011 only seven states did not pass any sort of anti-immigration law: Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware, New Hampshire, Ohio, Wisconsin, Wyoming
311. SIAMGW_170115_184.JPG: Discrimination can be hostile. This flyer calls for White action against Latinxs.
312. SIAMGW_170115_187.JPG: This flyer calls for the deportation of Latinx immigrants in North Carolina.
313. SIAMGW_170115_194.JPG: The Other Face of an Immigrant Nicholas Shi, 2010 Washington, DC This self-portrait is a collage of newspaper headlines and articles celebrating the artist's accomplishments. This positive face of immigration exists in contrast to pervasive negative immigrant stereotypes.
314. SIAMGW_170115_210.JPG: "Tecuanes comes from the indigenous Nahatual language and refers to the jaguar. The Dance of the Tecuanes began in the late 1880s in southcentral Mexico. The principal characters are a jaguar and old men with exaggerated European features in charro suits. The two costumes seen here are from a VA-based troupe that has performed at Fiesta DC, Latino Fest, and many other festivals in the area.
315. SIAMGW_170115_269.JPG: Gateways/Portales mural, 2016 Rosalia Torres-Weiner, Charlotte, NC This mural was inspired by and created for the exhibition Gateways.
316. SIAMGW_170115_283.JPG: From the Regenia A. Perry Folk Art Collection The Backyard of Derek Webster's Imagination
317. SIAMC1_150202_001_STITCH.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2015_DC_SIAM_CWChanged DC -- Anacostia Community Museum -- Exhibit: How the Civil War Changed Washington (177 photos from 2015)
318. SIAMC1_150202_006.JPG: How the Civil War Changed Washington
319. SIAMC1_150202_019.JPG: Potential for Promise: Washington Before the Civil War: Despite being specifically planned as the nation's capital, at the start of the Civil War Washington was a small city of a few thousand residents and was virtually deserted during its hot summers. Washington had not yet grown into its prescribed boundaries. Georgetown, to the west, was an independent town separated from Washington by Rock Creek. Most of present-day Washington DC was located in what was then called Washington County and usually did not even appear on the maps of the time. After the war, many of the forts built on the hills surrounding Washington became residential settlements, expanding the city's physical boundaries and creating new homes and neighborhoods for many recently freed African Americans. The war also brought other migrants into the city. Among them were entrepreneurs and civilian workers -- including women, soldiers, and the war wounded. The Civil War changed the status quo, expanding the city and the opportunities within it.
320. SIAMC1_150202_022.JPG: Central Washington from Southeast of the US Capitol, ca 1855
321. SIAMC1_150202_026.JPG: The Arnold Map, 1862 (reproduction) The "Arnold Map," created by 1862 by civil engineer E.G. Arnold, depicts Washington's original 10-mile square that was laid out by Pierre L'Enfant and surveyed by Andrew Ellicott from 1791 to 1792. The map provides interesting details, including a chart listing the "white," "free colored," and "slave" populations of Washington, Georgetown, and Alexandria by decade from 1800 to 1860. The seven wards within Washington were color-coded. The map also showed how much land remained unsettled. The United States military authorities recognized the strategic importance of Arnold's detailed map since it showed all the roads leading into the city and the forts that already had been built to protect it. The three-foot-square folding map was considered a threat to national security. It was believed that if it fell into the hands of the Confederate Army it would help the enemy invade the city. The War Department confiscated not only all located copies of Arnold's map but also the plates from which the map been printed.
322. SIAMC1_150202_033.JPG: How the Civil War Changed Washington: The Civil War had a dramatic social and spatial impact on the nation's capital. There were significant changes in social mores, and in the size and ethnic composition of the city. The population increased tremendously. The 1860 census counted 75,080 people in Washington County; 14,316 of them were African American and of these 3,185 were enslaved. By 1870 the population of the city had increased 75% to 131,800. The African American population had increased to 43,404. This trend continued for a century, and by the late 1960s the city had an African American majority population. Women workers joined the federal work force as the federal government was reimagined and expanded. The military took advantage of surrounding hills, building forts on the hilltops at the outbreak of the Civil War. Many of these forts became new neighborhoods after the war, physically expanding the city. In the 20th century many of these forts became parks and places of leisure. This exhibition explores not only the historical context of these events and others, but also the stories of some of the individuals who came to Washington during the Civil War and contributed to these changes.
323. SIAMC1_150202_037.JPG: Ethnic Enclaves on the Eve of the Civil War: By the onset of the Civil War, ethnic neighborhoods were well established and often anchored by houses of worship, cemeteries, or social clubs. Washington's Irish communities centered around St. Patrick's Church, located on F Street NW, and St. Aloysius Church, located in the densely populated Irish neighborhood called Swampoodle. The Washington Hebrew Congregation, founded in a private home in the Dupont Circle neighborhood in 1852, was the heart of the Jewish community. By the mid-19th century the small Jewish community had grown from about 200 people to 2,000. In addition to businesses, the community also opened schools, a library, and clubs. Many German immigrants came to the defense of their adopted city by joining the 8th Battalion, District of Columbia Infantry. Privates John Ricks and Martin Ohl of Company B were killed in action on July 7, 1861. Two days later they were buried in the German-American Prospect Hill Cemetery at what is now North Capitol Street and Rhode Island Avenue NE.
324. SIAMC1_150202_041.JPG: District of Columbia Population Changes by Race and Ethnicity, 1850-1870
325. SIAMC1_150202_047.JPG: Swampoodle, ca 1895 The Irish Swampoodle neighborhood grew in the years preceding the Civil War. The construction of Union Station in northeast Washington leveled most of it.
326. SIAMC1_150202_054.JPG: Washington Hebrew Congregation: The Washington Hebrew Congregation purchased this former Methodist Church at 8th and I Streets NW in 1863, in response to the needs of a growing community.
327. SIAMC1_150202_057.JPG: Interior of St. Aloysius Gonzaga Catholic Church, ca 1865: At its opening in October 1859, St. Aloysius Gonzaga Church was one of the largest non-government structures in the city; from the beginning it drew large crowds of worshipers. Today St. Aloysius has merged with Holy Redeemer Church, and the original building now houses the Father McKenna Center, serving the homeless and needy of Washington.
328. SIAMC1_150202_061.JPG: St. Patrick's Catholic Church, ca 1853: St. Patrick's Parish was established in 1794, primarily to meet the needs of Irish immigrant workers who built the White House and the Capital building. By the time of the Civil War the Irish were the largest immigrant population in the capital city.
329. SIAMC1_150202_068.JPG: [German] Group Picnic at Schuetzen Park, 1873: The German American community often held outings throughout the city.
330. SIAMC1_150202_087.JPG: Where Slavery and Freedom Lived Side by Side: Slave housing was sprinkled throughout urban Washington. Most slaves lived in their masters' homes -- in attics, back rooms of the main house, and over carriage houses and stables. If separate housing was built, it was usually at the back of the lot, by an adjacent alley, and used for both work and housing. The close quarters provided easy access to the enslaved staff. It also provided a means of control over slaves who were "hiring their own time," and had to give a portion of their wages back to their masters. Giesborough Plantation (sometimes spelled Giesboro) stood across the Anacostia River in Washington County. George W. Young, a scion of an important and very rich Washington family, owned the plantation and its dozens of slaves. By 1862 all of Young's slaves were freed by the Washington DC Emancipation Act. Young's family eventually sold the property and moved away from Washington. "The Ridge," a free African American community, was only about a mile away from this sizable plantation. Tobias Henson, a former slave, purchased the land in 1826. Henson's descendants continued to inhabit "The Ridge" until the last house owned by a member of the family was sold in 1980.
331. SIAMC1_150202_093.JPG: George Washington Young, Slave Owner
332. SIAMC1_150202_097.JPG: Transfer of Slaves, 1825: Some of George Washington Young's slaves came to him from his father, Nicholas Young, who presented him with 19 enslaved people, including an infant, in 1825. Nicholas Young died on November 4, 1826, at his plantation "Nonesuch," also located in Washington a few miles from Giesborough.
333. SIAMC1_150202_101.JPG: George Washington Young, Slave Owner: George Washington Young was the biggest slave owner in the city during the decade before the Civil War. His family had lived in the Washington area even before the creation of the nation's capital. In 1833 he acquired Giesborough (Giesboro) Plantation, which sat on land now occupied by Joint Base Anacostia-Bolling along the Anacostia River. Young steadily increased Giesborough's agricultural output and its slave holdings. By 1850 he had 91 slaves and 700 acres of land. Giesborough was said to have valued at $50,000, or about $1,400,000 in today's dollars.
334. SIAMC1_150202_110.JPG: Broadside, 1858: Sophia Gordon, one of George Washington Young's female slaves, was often hired out in the city. She took advantage of this opportunity and ran away on October 11, 1858. About a month later, Young printed this broadside offering a $100 reward for her return. It is not known if she was ever captured.
335. SIAMC1_150202_118.JPG: Negro Life at the South, 1859 Eastman Johnson (1824-1906) Eastman Johnson's Negro Life at the South depicts an urban slave scene in a backyard near the corner of F and 13th Streets NW. This slave housing was within a house yard and surrounded by high walls. The first floor of the structure was work space, and the upper floor held the sleeping quarters. The open yard could be used by the residents whenever they had a little leisure time. At the time he painted this work, Johnson lived next door and enjoyed a good view of scenes taking place in the neighbor's yard.
336. SIAMC1_150202_129.JPG: Havens from Hardship: Military Forts: The military forts surrounding the city were a place of refuge during the war. These forts initially served as a temporary home for white families who had to "follow the drum" and accompany their husbands and fathers into the war zone. As the federal army waded into Virginia, enslaved African Americans fled plantations and headed into Washington. Many of these refugees and freedom seekers first found a haven in the military forts.
337. SIAMC1_150202_135.JPG: Three "Contrabands" and Officers of the 2nd Rhode Island Volunteers at Camp Brightwood, Washington, DC, ca 1862: Having a "contraband" servant was an inexpensive proposition for Union officers. In a letter dated January 15, 1862, Lt. Charles Harvey Brewster of the 10th Massachusetts Volunteers wrote: "I Have got a 'Contraband.' " The young man had fled his owner in Montgomery County, Maryland, and walked 13 miles to Camp Brightwood, where Brewster's regiment was encamped. Brewster explained that as an officer he received an extra $15.50 a month if he retained a servant; it cost half of that to maintain his "contraband."
338. SIAMC1_150202_142.JPG: Bridge Across the Eastern Branch, April 1865: The 11th Street Bridge, also known as the Navy Yard Bridge, gave access to newcomers entering from eastern Maryland. Built in 1820 as a privately owned toll bridge, it became a "free" bridge in 1848 after it was purchased by the federal government. John Wilkes Booth, President Lincoln's assassin, fled Washington across the Navy Yard Bridge.
339. SIAMC1_150202_149.JPG: The 6th Street Wharf: The 6th Street Wharf on the Southwest Waterfront was an important point of entry for Civil War refugees and wounded Union soldiers coming to Washington for treatment.
340. SIAMC1_150202_154.JPG: Marching Towards a Better Future The Long Bridge, May 1865: The first bridge at the site of the Long Bridge (now the 14th Street Bridge) was a wooden toll bridge that opened in 1809. Of strategic importance as a connection with Virginia, the bridge was rebuilt several times after it was washed away by ice blocks floating down the Potomac River. With the outbreak of the Civil War, the bridge became militarily important. Union troops occupied it on May 24, 1861.
341. SIAMC1_150202_162.JPG: Marching Towards a Better Future: The Civil War made Washington a destination for an ever-increasing flood of newcomers. The war brought soldiers, government workers, and war contractors. Newly emancipated persons and African American refugees raced towards the freedom the city offered. Profiteers and criminals arrived as well, as they always do, to take advantage of new opportunities. Most people came into the city across the bridges over the Potomac River and the Eastern Branch. Others landed at the 6th Street Wharf, where both new arrivals and casualties of the war entered the city seeking a place to build new lives.
342. SIAMC1_150202_165.JPG: John Washington: From Refugee to Respected Washingtonian: "I... arrived safe at the 6th Street Wharf in Washington DC on the night of September 1st 1862 in the hard rain... slept on 14th St that night and next morning walked to Georgetown..." With these words from his 1872 memoir, John Washington described how he arrived in Washington DC, as a refugee. Washington's journey began five months prior, when he crossed the Rappahannock River to joint he Union troops besieging Fredericksburg, Virginia. Later he earned $18 a month as a cook for the Army, the first payment the former slave had ever received for his work. Washington settled in the District's Foggy Bottom neighborhood. He made a living as a painter. He and his wife, Anne Elizabeth, raised two sons and became respected and successful members of the African American community. In 1913 the couple moved to the small resort town of Cohasset, Massachusetts, to live with their son James and his family.
343. SIAMC1_150202_195.JPG: "Dear Mother, I've Come Home to Die" (1863)
344. SIAMC1_150202_199.JPG: "Grafted into the Army" (1862)
345. SIAMC1_150202_203.JPG: Music as a Morale Booster: Band at Camp Stoneman, Giesborough Cavalry Depot, Washington DC: At the beginning of the Civil War, every regiment was authorized to have a full brass band, which in some cases numbered 50 musicians. By 1862, out of an estimated 28,428 enlisted men, more than half -- 14,832 -- were musicians. In order to bolster the number of combat troops needed to stave off the imminent Confederate invasion of the North, the Union cut the number of musicians in the army. On July 29, 1862, the General Orders No. 91 from the War Department Adjutant General's Office reduced the number of band members in each volunteer brigade to only 16 musicians. Despite this setback, bands continued to be an important part of the military experience and no doubt a morale booster for the troops. [The Federal army was considerably more than 28,428 men by 1862. I'm thinking they probably mean "Before the Civil War" instead of "By 1862".]
346. SIAMC1_150202_205.JPG: Band at Camp Stoneman, Giesborough Cavalry Depot, Washington DC
347. SIAMC1_150202_208.JPG: Hardtack and Coffee: Hardtack (also sometimes called "army bread") was the name given to a thick cracker made of flour and water and sometimes salt that, when stored property, could last for years. Cheap to prepare and durable, hardtack was considered the most convenient ration for Civil War soldiers. Each soldier would be given nine or ten at a time. Unfortunately, if the hardtack was not stored properly, insect infestation would occur. Soldiers would break the hardtack, drop it into the morning coffee, and let the insects float to the top so they could be removed. They could also heat hardtack in a fire, to drive insects out. Those who were impatient or too hungry to wait would eat it in the dark to avoid seeing what they were consuming.
348. SIAMC1_150202_215.JPG: City Point, Virginia An African-American cook prepares a meal for the Union Army.
349. SIAMC1_150202_220.JPG: Tent Life of the 31st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Queen's Farm, Vicinity of Fort Slocum: A soldier of the 31st Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment poses with is family and pet in front of his tent in Fort Slocum, now part of Washington's Brightwood neighborhood. All of the family possessions were taken out of the tent and displayed for the unidentified photographer. This regiment, which later became the 82nd Pennsylvania Infantry, was organized in Philadelphia in August 1861 and saw duty in the defense of Washington between October 1861 and March 1862.
350. SIAMC1_150202_232.JPG: Soldiers' Settlements: Camp Life in the Civil War: Only a small fraction of a Civil War soldier's time was spent in combat. During good weather, a soldier could usually expect to be engaged in battle one day out of thirty. Army camps became temporary towns, a refuge from war and yet a constant reminder of it. Time in camp was mostly spent drilling, although music and gambling provided some entertainment. Much time was spent dealing with poor shelter, bad food, and lack of basic hygiene in these makeshift communities. Rations consisted of allotments of hardtack, salted pork or fresh meat, and coffee, sugar, and salt. The lack of fresh fruits and vegetables contributed to vitamin deficiencies and diseases such as scurvy. Another constant was dysentery, colloquially called "quickstep." After four long years of war under such circumstances, it is not surprising that for every soldier killed in combat, two died of disease.
351. SIAMC1_150202_235.JPG: "Washington is just now lively beyond all precedents... richly dressed pedestrians throng the sidewalks at all hours..." -- Chicago Times, October 23, 1862
352. SIAMC1_150202_240.JPG: "House of prostitution are reported to be fearfully on the increase..." -- Evening Star, September 26, 1863 Sin in the City: At the beginning of the Civil War, there were an estimated 500 "ladies of the night" in Washington. By war's end 5,000 women (not including those residing in Georgetown) were plying their trade in the city. During the war the area now called Federal Triangle hosted numerous saloons and houses of ill repute. The idea was nicknamed "Hooker's Division" after General Joseph Hooker's Army of the Potomac. These soldiers visited the area frequently enough to inspire the term "hooker" still in use today. One of the most important and elegant houses of prostitution in Washington during this time belonged to Mary Ann Hall. It was conveniently located at the foot of Capitol Hill, where the National Museum of the American Indian stands today. Hall's business was so lucrative that, when she died in 1886 at age 71, her estate was valued at $100,000 or $1.9 million in today's money.
353. SIAMC1_150202_249.JPG: Within Sight of the White House: Section of Washington DC Known as "Hooker's Division," Which Contains 50 Saloons and 109 Bawdy-Houses -- List of 61 Places where Liquor is Sold With Government But Without City Licenses. "Hooker's Division," ca 1890: Hooker's Division was still in full bloom many years after the end of the Civil War. This hand-drawn map was produced in 1890 to show the many houses of ill repute still occupying the area. The map maker made a point of highlighting that the "houses" surrounded respectable establishments such as the headquarters of Washington's main newspapers and the then-new post office, now called the Old Post Office Pavilion.
354. SIAMC1_150202_255.JPG: Sin in the City: At the beginning of the Civil War, there were an estimated 500 "ladies of the night" in Washington. By war's end 5,000 women (not including those residing in Georgetown) were plying their trade in the city. During the war the area now called Federal Triangle hosted numerous saloons and houses of ill repute. The idea was nicknamed "Hooker's Division" after General Joseph Hooker's Army of the Potomac. These soldiers visited the area frequently enough to inspire the term "hooker" still in use today. One of the most important and elegant houses of prostitution in Washington during this time belonged to Mary Ann Hall. It was conveniently located at the foot of Capitol Hill, where the National Museum of the American Indian stands today. Hall's business was so lucrative that, when she died in 1886 at age 71, her estate was valued at $100,000 or $1.9 million in today's money.
355. SIAMC1_150202_258.JPG: Reminders of a House of Ill Repute: Oyster shells and champagne bottle corks excavated at the former site of Mary Hall's house of prostitution. Only the best food and drink were served to Miss Hall's clients.
356. SIAMC1_150202_267.JPG: Law In the City: The Civil War brought a wave of new people into Washington, and, unfortunately, an increase in crime and lawlessness as well. As a result Congress created the Metropolitan Police Department on August 6, 1861. At first the newly appointed officers had to provide their own equipment, uniforms, and firearms. The new police force covered Georgetown, Washington proper, and the County of Washington. The area was divided into precincts with each one supervised by a sergeant.
357. SIAMC1_150202_269.JPG: Fireman's Trumpet Signaling Horn: Trumpets were used to call out instructions for the firefighters. The instruments were the precursors of modern-day bullhorns.
358. SIAMC1_150202_277.JPG: Safety in the City: Between 1804 and the end of the Civil War, the city boasted several independent fire companies. These companies sometimes proved to be more of a problem than a solution to the fires that burned in Washington on an almost daily basis. Often their equipment was not appropriate. Sometimes rival companies fought over which unit would respond to a fire, or went to far as to sabotage each other. On May 19, 1864, the city decided to establish a paid Fire Department, which was organized on July 1, 1864. Only four companies were paid at first, with a chief engineer and five commissioners appointed for the new organization dubbed the Washington City Fire Department. This was effectively the beginning of professional fire fighting in Washington DC.
359. SIAMC1_150202_282.JPG: Streetcar Stop in Front of the Navy Department, ca 1867: The streetcar lines connected strategic points in Washington, DC. This stop was in front of the Navy Department building on 17th Street near Pennsylvania Avenue, NW.
360. SIAMC1_150202_297.JPG: Streetcar Map of Washington, DC 1888: By the 1880s, Washington was well served by a network of streetcar lines. In the 1960s the city destroyed its extensive streetcar network, although today streetcar lines are making a comeback.
361. SIAMC1_150202_309.JPG: Connecting Washington: On the eve of the Civil War, public transportation consisted of horse-drawn wagons called "omnibuses" -- dusty, dangerous, and inconvenient contraptions ill-suited to the growing capital city. On May 17, 1862, Congress granted the Washington and Georgetown Railroad Company a charter to operate the first horse-drawn streetcar line. Rails were laid down Pennsylvania Avenue and service between the State Department and the Capital started in July. By October a streetcar line was running from Georgetown to the Navy Yard. Its route started at M Street and Wisconsin Avenue, along M Street to Pennsylvania Avenue, up to the Capitol, and then south along 8th Street to the Navy Yard. By 1864, the company reported a healthy profit and an estimated 7.5 million passengers transported that year. Washingtonians could now travel throughout their city with ease, connecting far-flung neighborhoods with government offices and businesses.
362. SIAMC1_150202_313.JPG: "I started toward the capitol, but there being no sidewalk, I sank ankle deep in mud and snow at every step." -- Mark Twain, February 17, 1854
363. SIAMC1_150202_314.JPG: Civil War Surgeon's Pocket Case, 1860s: An Army surgeon would carry a pocket case like this one to perform minor surgery in the field. Although incomplete, this Civil War-era case contains scalpels, probing needles, and a bullet extractor.
364. SIAMC1_150202_320.JPG: Mount Pleasant General Hospital, 1862: This hospital was located on Meridian Hill, on the east side of what was then known as the 14th Street Road.
365. SIAMC1_150202_326.JPG: Patients on Ward K, Armory Square General Hospital, August 1865: Armory Square Hospital was built in August 1862. Designed as a modern facility, the hospital boasted wards with 14-foot ceilings, a window between each bed to help fresh air circulate, and floors that were raised off the ground to avoid humidity. Each ward of 60 to 63 beds occupied separate buildings linked by covered walkways. Because it was close to the 6th St. Wharf, the main entry for steamboats carrying wounded soldiers, this hospital also received many of the bodies of those who died in transit.
366. SIAMC1_150202_333.JPG: Healthcare in the City: Washington was a major center for the care of Union soldiers. During the war, the city's hospitals created tens of thousands of soldiers. At the beginning of the Civil War, Washington had one civilian hospital. By the end of the war, 24 military hospitals were located inside Washington, and field and post hospitals served the soldiers occupying the military installations surrounding the city. The army also established general hospitals to care for sick and wounded soldiers who were either left behind or brought to Washington from surrounding battlefields. Only five installations were specifically built at hospitals. The rest were converted churches, schools, homes, hotels, warehouses, and abandoned military barracks. After the war, hospitals closed rapidly. Requisitioned buildings were either returned to their original uses or demolished. In the end, hospitals, which had been a constant reminder of the human cost of the war, were one of the most fleeting features of the Civil War in Washington.
367. SIAMC1_150202_342.JPG: Maria Oliver, Civil War Nurse: "I was born in Williamsburg, Va., and was sold into King William County, Va., and run off from my master about 1862... and I came here to Washington DC." With this straightforward statement, made some 35 years after the events, Maria Toliver told the tale of how she became a "contraband" at Camp Barker. She was one of the many residents of the camp who contracted smallpox and was confined to the hospital. While there she must have demonstrated special skills, because soon after her recovery, the surgeon in charge of the "Contraband Hospital" hired her as head nurse for the women. Her future husband, Henry Bear, who had also been a patient, was hired as head nurse for the men. The work at the "Contraband Hospital" was the beginning of a long-standing career as hospital workers for both Maria Toliver and her husband.
368. SIAMC1_150202_349.JPG: African American Nurses and Hospital Workers, Washington DC, 1865: African American nurses and orderlies often worked with the US Christian Commission to provide supplies and healthcare services to Union soldiers.
369. SIAMC1_150202_356.JPG: Campbell Military Hospital, Later Known As Freedmen's Hospital, ca 1864: Freedmen's Hospital served the black community in Washington DC for more than a century. The first hospital of its kind to provide medical treatment for former slaves, it later became the major hospital for the area's African American community.
370. SIAMC1_150202_375.JPG: From Forts to Neighborhoods: Of the many fortifications that surrounded the city during the Civil War, only one saw action. Fort Stevens saw battle on July 11-12, 1864, when Confederate Lt. General Jubal A. Early moved from Rockville, Maryland, towards Washington, in what was ultimately an unsuccessful attempt to occupy the city. Int he 20th century many of these forts became parks and are now administered by the National Park Service. These forts that protected the city, and yet never saw battle, are now an integral part of many Washington neighborhoods.
371. SIAMC1_150202_381.JPG: R.B. Boyson First Camp of the 117th New York State Volunteers, Tenleytown, DC: The 117th New York State Volunteers regiment was recruited in Oneida County, New York, in August 1862. Shortly thereafter the regiment was sent to Washington DC, and was stationed at Fort Reno until April 1863. This painting shows the area occupied by the fort covered with soldiers, tents, camp fires, and armaments.
372. SIAMC1_150202_391.JPG: The "Home Place," the Bangerter Family House, Date Unknown: (From left to right) Seated on the steps are Edward Bangerter (son); unknown person; Frederick Bangerter (father) and Lillian Bangerter (daughter). Standing in the yard are Christiana Wilhelmenia (wife); Frederick W. Bangerter (son); and an unknown person. This photograph was taken sometime before 1894, the year in which both Frederick and his son Edward died of typhoid fever. This was the second house that Frederick Bangerter owned in Reno, and it stood on Lot B, plots 30 and 31. It was known by the family as the "Home Place."
373. SIAMC1_150202_402.JPG: Business card for "Swiss Dairy"
374. SIAMC1_150202_404.JPG: Frederick Bangerter, Dairyman: Frederick (Frederic) Bangerter emigrated from his native Switzerland in February 1864 and made his way to Washington. In November 1868, Bangerter married a German immigrant named Christiana Wilhelmenia Krueger. Five years after arriving in Washington, Bangerter bought a house and two lots in Reno City. Developer Onion and BUtts posted an ad in the National Republican that the location was most desirable and that "everything requisite for... a suburban residence" was available. Bangerter's descendants believe he bought the Quartermaster's house, still standing after the abandonment of Fort Reno. Bangerter built the successful "Swiss Dairy," named as a nod to his motherland. The Bangerter family had a presence in Reno until well into the 20th century. Eventually they fell victim to the evictions that plagued the residents while the federal government acquired the land to create Reno Park.
375. SIAMC1_150202_408.JPG: "... they were like a blue cloud risin [sic] ..." -- Uncle George, a contemporary African American observer, describing the number of Union soldiers occupying Fort Reno
376. SIAMC1_150202_412.JPG: Baist Map, Reno Subdivision, 1909: The properties of the Bangerter and the Dover families, both located in Lot B of the development, are highlighted on this map. According to a Bangerter descendant, the family's main house occupied parcels 30 and 31 of lot B. In her will Ariana Dover left her heirs parcels 4 and 5 of lot B, where the family house was built.
377. SIAMC1_150202_423.JPG: Fort Reno: Fort Reno was built at the highest point of the city. Its construction started in August 1861, and eventually it would contain 3,000 troops, making it the largest of the forts surrounding Washington. After the war, real estate developer Onion and Butts divided Fort Reno into lots. The developer sold plots to both whites and African Americans, many of whom may have been "contrabands" who had settled around the fort. Despite living in close proximity, in the early 20th century the white and African American communities seemed to have little interaction. Both groups maintained separate social and religious organizations and sent their children to segregated schools. At first, Reno City was a densely developed urban area surrounded by large tracts of rural properties. As time passed, the rural properties became high-priced homes. The more densely populated, primarily African American area attracted negative attention. In the 1920s, the construction of a water reservoir and water tower, two schools, and the ill will of nearby neighbors displaced Reno City. Most of the site is now a park run by the National Park Service. It is a green oasis within the very affluent Tenleytown neighborhood of upper Northwest Washington.
378. SIAMC1_150202_427.JPG: George and Ariana Dover, Reno Residents: George Henry Dover and his wife, Ariana, were the heads of a very large family. Dover had been enslaved by the Peirce family, the owners of Peirce Mill, now a favorite tourist attraction in Rock Creek Park. Ariana and her five older children belonged to Lewis Kengla, a rich Georgetown merchant. Right after the Civil War, George and Ariana Dover acquired at least three parcels in Lot B within the grounds of Fort Reno. Their lots faced Kearney Street (later called Dennison Place). The family built two dwellings on their property.
379. SIAMC1_150202_430.JPG: "Anyone who sees the prosperity of this community... witnesses the new hopefulness with which most of its members seem to be inspired." -- Freedmen's Bureau Report, 1868
380. SIAMC1_150202_437.JPG: Samuel E. Pomeroy, Senator from Kansas, ca 1865: Selling land to former slaves in the vicinity of Washington was met with great resistance from the white population. General Howard had to use intermediaries to effect the purchase. Both Senator Pomeroy and John Elvans were part fo the committee that that set up the Barry Farm development. They would be memorialized in the names of streets in the new development. Notice of the Sale of Barry Farm, Evening Star, April 26, 1867: John R. Elvans, a prosperous Washington businessman, acquired the tract (held in trust for the Freedmen's Bureau) where the new development for freedmen would be built. This is probably the first time the name Barry Farm was used in the context of the new development. Notice that the proceeds of the sale were to be used to build colleges for freedmen. Some of the money was used to build Howard University in Washington DC. General O.O. [Oliver Otis] Howard, ca 1860: General Howard issued Special Order 61 on April 23, 1867, to "relieve the immediate housing needs of Freedmen" in Washington DC; this special order created Barry Farm.
381. SIAMC1_150202_440.JPG: Peirce Family Bible, entry for Birth of George Dover, March 2, 1812
382. SIAMC1_150202_445.JPG: Lots for Sale to Freedmen: The Hope and Promise of Barry Farm, 1867: The establishment of Barry Farm across the Eastern Branch in 1867 was for many newly freed African Americans a promise and first step for the future. Barry Farm was a "new town" created from agricultural land and divided into lots. The lots were sold through a monthly payment plan similar to a modern mortgage. New homeowners could buy building materials at a reasonable cost. Additionally, training and technical assistance were all part of the enterprise. The new settlers worked for a living during the day and built their new houses at night. The hills and valleys of Barry Farm "were dotted with lights, and the sound of hoe, pick, rake, shovel, saw and hammer rang through the late hours of the night," according to one of the first settlers. At times Barry Farm was known as Potomac City, Howard Town, and Hillsdale. In 1883, Solomon Brown, one of the most distinguished residents, wrote "A History of Hillsdale" in which he stated: "Too much praise cannot be given them [Hillsdale residents] to the peaceful disposition toward each other. With very few exceptions we rarely hear of any noticeable neighbors bralls [sic]..." Barry Farm then was a place of hope and development.
383. SIAMC1_150202_452.JPG: Housing Available to Freedmen in Washington, post-Civil War: Immediately after the Civil War, many freedmen built houses with recycled materials on vacant land. Sometimes the materials were pulled from abandoned military forts. The chance to build a house with new materials on a large plot of land, raise small livestock, and plant a truck garden must have been considered a rare opportunity by those who moved to Barry Farm.
384. SIAMC1_150202_461.JPG: Historical Map of Barry Farm, 1867: This map of Barry Farm includes the names of many of the first homeowners. These residents stepped into freedom by buying the land and building their houses with their own hands.
385. SIAMC1_150202_467.JPG: "A Dead End with a Million-Dollar View": Elvans Avenue: Elvans Avenue (later Elvans Road) is located on the east side of the Barry Farm development. It started on Stanton Avenue and did not quite reach Sheridan Avenue on the other side. It dead-ended a few yards away, perhaps because the terrain was so steep. Of the 34 plots that fronted Elvans, 23 were sold soon after they became available, possibly because two springs, one on each side of the street, provided water. It was decades before the neighborhood would enjoy piped water. Soon a church and a cemetery were built, and a school was located a few blocks away. The new residents had "a million-dollar view," as a modern student of the history of Elvans Road dubbed it. While the area has fallen on hard times, in 1867 it was a hopeful place for people who had just obtained their freedom.
386. SIAMC1_150202_471.JPG: View of Elvans Road, Date Unknown: This early view of Elvans Road shows a street still unpaved but already outfitted with electricity, water, and sanitation. Today most of the houses on the right side of the street have been demolished and the lots remain vacant. On the left side of the street many of the houses have been replaced by apartment buildings.
387. SIAMC1_150202_477.JPG: Solomon G. Brown, Renaissance Man: Solomon G. Brown was born free in Washington DC, around 1829. For a time, Brown worked at the post office with Samuel Morse, the developer of the Morse code. Brown carried the first telegraph service was inaugurated in Washington, DC. He started working at the Smithsonian Institution in 1852 and stayed for 54 years, retiring on February 14, 1906. A true "Renaissance Man," Brown was also a poet, scientific lecturer, and a public servant, serving as a member of the House of Delegates of the District of Columbia for three consecutive terms. Brown and his wife, Lucinda, were an important presence in the Barry Farm community and on Elvans Avenue in particular. They built a comfortable home on Lot 31 and planted an orchard that residents dubbed "Brown's Park."
388. SIAMC1_150202_483.JPG: Model of an A-Frame House, Barry Farm, Late 1860s: The $10 monthly payment provided Barry Farm settlers with enough material to build a 14-by-24-foot two-room house. But many Barry Farm residents later added additional rooms. Those with means bought more than one lot and constructed large homes. Others with money to invest purchased several lots and constructed homes for rental or sale. By the 1900s, the neighborhood had become a sought-after location for up-and-coming African Americans in Washington, DC.
389. SIAMC1_150202_495.JPG: "Memorial Verse by Solomon G. Brown in Honor of the Late Mr. Isaac Brown of Hillsdale, DC," April 1894: Solomon Brown wrote a poem on the passing of Isaac Brown, a close friend who was only 37 years old.
390. SIAMC1_150202_501.JPG: Native Washingtonians and Long Time Residents: As the government expanded, Washington remained a beacon of opportunity. Today the District is often thought of as a "transient" city filled with politicians, interns, and appointees who stay for only a few months or years before moving back to their hometowns. That population is certainly a significant one within the District, but, for many residents, Washington is a permanent home. The Association of the Oldest Inhabitants of Washington, DC, was founded in 1865 and is still active today, although membership requirements have changed. Today the organization represents the interests of District residents and preservation of Washington history.
391. SIAMC1_150202_504.JPG: Oldest Inhabitants of the District of Columbia, 1879: "Disgruntled old residents" founded the Oldest Inhabitants Association in 1865 to distinguish themselves from the new politicians and the post-war new rich pouring into the nation's capital. Originally they represented the white prewar population. Today the organization is integrated by race, ethnicity, and gender.
392. SIAMC1_150202_507.JPG: Continued Growth: The Civil War forced Washington to grow into its boundaries. Throughout the war, defenses ringed the city with heavy artillery and temporary camps. As these forts transformed into neighborhoods after the war, the edges of Washington County became the boundary of a new modern Washington, DC. In 1871, Washington, Washington County, and Georgetown were consolidated into one entity. Within the expanded city, neighborhoods grew and changed. Former downtrodden shantytowns evolved into fashionable communities, and some previously thriving areas fell into decline. Places like Swampoodle completely disappeared. Others were renamed. New neighborhoods, such as NoMa (north of Massachusetts Avenue, NW), continued to develop. In time, streetcars gave way to the Metro rail system, which today connects the far flung neighborhoods of Virginia and Maryland to a modern Washington -- mirroring the pattern seen 150 years ago.
393. SIAMC1_150202_510.JPG: General George Henry Thomas, Thomas Circle: Thomas Circle, at the intersection of Massachusetts and Vermont Avenues and 14th and M Streets NW, honors Major General George Henry Thomas, one of the principal commanders of the Western Theater of the Civil War. General John A. Logan, Logan Circle: Logan Circle, located at the crossroads of Rhode Island Avenue and 14th and P Streets NW, honors General John A. Logan, commander of the Army of the Tennessee. General Philip Sheridan, Sheridan Circle: Sheridan Circle, located on the intersection of Massachusetts Avenue, R and 22nd Streets NW, honors General Philip Sheridan, commander of the Union troops in Virginia's Shenandoah Valley. General Winfield Scott, Scott Circle: Scott Circle, at the confluence of Massachusetts and Rhode Island Avenue NW, honors General Winfield Scott, who created the Anaconda Plan which helped defeat the Confederate Army.
394. SIAMC1_150202_518.JPG: Generals Still Ride in Washington: Traffic circles are perhaps one of the most conspicuous legacies of the Civil War in the city. Many of them sport gallant statues of Civil War Union generals astride their horses. Washington's street layout consists of numbered streets along the north-south axis and lettered and named streets (of single and multiple syllables in alphabetical order) along the east-west axis. Avenues crisscross the grid diagonally, and where the avenues intersect there is a traffic circle. These circles bearing generals' names challenge modern drivers, but were a quaint addition to Washington's landscape in the 19th century.
395. SIAMC1_150202_528.JPG: Founding Congregations: Civil War Legacy: As Washington's population grew, so did the many church congregations. In some instances, new houses of worship were built to accommodate the larger gatherings. In other situations, new groups coming into town longed to create their own religious spaces. The congregations featured here are integral to their communities. They have flourished for 150 years and witnessed the changes and progress that the city has experienced since the Civil War.
396. SIAMC1_150202_531.JPG: James Howard, Church Founder: James Howard had been enslaved in Caroline County, Virginia, before coming to Washington DC. He worked for the Freedmen's Bureau, helped to build Barry Farm, and acquired lot number 20 on Elvans Avenue, later 2536 Elvans Road. In 1866 James Howard was one of the founders of the Macedonia Baptist Church, which was located steps away from this house, facing Sheridan Avenue (later Sheridan Road).
397. SIAMC1_150202_534.JPG: Adas Israel, Washington, DC, 1903: Adas Israel ("the community of Israel") was founded in the late 1860s by 35 immigrant families from Europe who wanted to maintain traditional Jewish observances within the modern American community. They left the Washington Hebrew Congregation when it became a Reform Synagogue and liberalized its services. Constructed in 1876 on 5th Street NW, Adas Israel was the first Jewish congregation in Washington to build its own synagogue. Today the Lillian and Albert Small Museum occupies the first building that houses Adas Israel.
398. SIAMC1_150202_545.JPG: Shiloh Baptist Church, 1950: Shiloh Baptist Church's foundation came out of the stress and dislocation caused by the Civil War. In 1862 several African American members of Shiloh Baptist Church in Fredericksburg, Virginia, fled to Washington. Among them was John Washington, whose personal history is told earlier in this exhibit. In September 1863 a handful of these new Washingtonians organized a church with the same name as the church they abandoned in their search for freedom. This church still thrives today in its location at 9th and P Streets in the historic Shaw neighborhood.
399. SIAMC1_150202_553.JPG: Immaculate Conception Catholic Church, 1940: As Washington's Catholic population increased, St. Patrick's Catholic Church, the first Catholic congregation to be founded in Washington, became overburdened. Consequently several new churches were built to serve the city's Catholics. Immaculate Conception Catholic Church was the first church of the northern limits of St. Patrick's parish, on 8th and N Streets NW. The cornerstone was laid on Sunday, October 30, 1864, and the building was completed in 1865. This was the first structure to be built in this area of the city. The present church building was dedicated in 1874. At this time the congregation is preparing to celebrate its sesquicentennial.
400. SIAMC1_150202_561.JPG: James Thomas Howard and Wife, Jane, Macedonia Baptist Church, ca 1880: James Howard's son, James Thomas Howard, and his wife, Jane, appear in front of the original building of Macedonia Baptist Church. James Thomas was a student at the Mt. Zion (Howard) School and a pupil of Miss Frances Hall, a white missionary teacher who lived in the neighborhood.
401. SIAMC1_150202_573.JPG: Henson's Legacy on the Ridge
402. SIAMC1_150202_577.JPG: Henson's Legacy on the Ridge: Tobias Henson's descendants lived at "The Ridge" until almost the very end of the 20th century. This series of photographs tells the story of how this neighborhood developed since Tobias Henson purchased the land in 1829. A vibrant community grew up around these family sites over more than a century.
403. SIAMC1_150202_580.JPG: Georgiana Logan, Granddaughter of Tobias Henson: Georgiana Logan was born in 1855. She was the first generation of the family to go to school and learn how to read and write.
404. SIAMC1_150202_584.JPG: The Last House on "The Ridge": This was the last house to belong to a Henson descendant on "The Ridge." Always mentioned as the "home place," it was located at 1501 Alabama Avenue SE. It was sold in the early 1980s to the District of Columbia and razed in the early 2000s.
405. SIAMC1_150202_590.JPG: Henson Ridge, Alabama Avenue SE, 2014: Henson Ridge, a development of townhouses named after Tobias Henson and located on Alabama Avenue, markets itself as offering a "suburban feel in a convenient urban location." Located a few blocks from the site of Tobias Henson's property, Henson Ridge was built on the site of the old Frederick Douglass Dwellings, which had been built during World War II as temporary housing but had been later converted into public housing. Construction of the new development started in 2008.
406. SIAMC1_150202_596.JPG: Fort Lincoln: Fort Lincoln was built in the summer of 1861 along the District line adjacent to Prince George's County in northeast Washington DC. Situated directly along the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, the fort served as an outer defense of Washington. It is now part of Fort Lincoln Cemetery. Today Fort Lincoln is a neighborhood bounded by Bladensburg Road, Eastern Avenue, New York Avenue NE, and South Dakota Avenue NE. It is home to the "New Town" development built in the 1960s and 1970s. President Lyndon B. Johnson conceived "New Town" as a planned, racially and economically integrated community to showcase his "Great Society" programs. Fort Lincoln New Town Corp, a private company, built the New Town apartment buildings and condominiums. The National Park Service built a playground and cultural park area, which interprets the history of the former fort, and the District built an elementary school. Today the residents enjoy a cultural center, an elementary school, a recreation area, and one of the city's few big-box retailers.
407. SIAMC1_150202_609.JPG: From Fort, To Neighborhood, to Park: Reno's existence as a neighborhood was threatened from the beginning of the 20th century. The land was considered prime property, and both the white and black citizens were forced out over time. For the Bangerter family the final two blows came in 1923 and 1942. In 1923, the family had to give up property for improvements to the water reservoirs. In 1942 Lillian Barthel sold the family's last Reno property for $6,000, a sum considered extremely small by the lawyer who represented her in the negotiations. By the Second World War, most of the early residents had left. Most of the houses were razed by the end of the war, with some of the remaining houses used by the military. Today, Fort Reno Park is a pleasant oasis, and there are two schools on the grounds of the Reno community: Alice Deal Junior High and Wilson High School.
408. SIAMC1_150202_612.JPG: Building on the Past: Enduring Legacies: Two of the most enduring legacies of the war were the preservation of the Union and the emancipation of African Americans. For Washington DC, the most enduring legacies of the Civil War were the influx of women into the federal workforce, the growth of the African American community, and the physical expansion of the city. In 2010 a federal government study reported that women made up over 44% of the federal work force. More than half of those female workers were in clerical positions. These employees are the result of the government clerks who opened new doors during the Civil War. The thousands of refugees who entered the city during the Civil War took the first steps into making Washington an African American majority city one hundred years later. Today, fast-paced gentrification, which has brought into the city a number of young, affluent residents of many ethnicities, has reversed the trend. The Civil War created new opportunities within a new city. By the end of the war, Washington began to grow into its promise of an urban, monumental city.
409. SIAMC1_150202_615.JPG: Lansburgh and Brother, A Family-Owned Business: Lansburgh and Brother, a famous old name in Washington commerce, opened its first store on October 30, 1860, at 322 C Street. The founders were German immigrants Gustav and James Lansburgh, who had come from Baltimore to open their store in the fast-developing capital. In 1865, the company provided the black crepe used for the funeral of President Abraham Lincoln. By then they had moved the store to the growing 7th Street commercial corridor. It remained family-owned until 1951 and went out of business in June 1973.
410. SIAMC1_150202_620.JPG: Gustav Lansburgh, date unknown James Lansburgh, date unknown
411. SIAMC1_150202_633.JPG: A Growing Business District: By the time of the Civil War, 7th Street had become a center of commerce in Washington, anchored by the bustling Center Market on Pennsylvania Avenue. Heading north towards Maryland, the street was home to a variety of businesses serving the needs of an ever-increasing wartime population.
412. SIAMC1_150202_636.JPG: "A woman can use scissors better than a man, and she will do it cheaper. I want to employ women to cut the Treasury notes." -- General Francis Elias Spinner, treasurer of the United States, 1862
413. SIAMC1_150202_638.JPG: Clarina Howard Nichols, Feminist and Copyist at the Quartermaster Department: Clarina Nichols and her daughter, Birsha Davis, could be viewed as the prototypes of the federal government's first female clerks. They were white, well-educated, from a genteel family, and in financial distress because of the Civil War. In 1854, Nichols and her family moved from Vermont to Kansas as part of a group of anti-slavery immigrants. During the Civil War, she and her daughter sought employment in Washington. Birsha, who had been a teacher in Kansas, took a job as a copyist in the Internal Revenue Office of the Treasury Department in 1862. In 1863, Nichols followed her daughter to Washington for a position as copyist in the Quartermaster's Department. In February 1865, Nichols left her job at the Quartermaster Department to be matron at the Home for Destitute Colored Women and Children in Georgetown. When Clarina Nichols arrived, she found the orphans in a deplorable situation. Under her management, conditions at the home improved considerably.
414. SIAMC1_150202_643.JPG: Cup and Saucer, 1770s: Clarina Nichols was a friend of Mrs. Mary Todd Lincoln. Family lore states that she served Mrs. Lincoln tea in this cup and saucer while Mrs. Lincoln visited the Nichols' Washington residence. The cup and saucer had been in her family for generations.
415. SIAMC1_150202_647.JPG: The Government Clerks: When the Treasury Department hired women for clerical positions in 1862, it caused a social stir in Washington. Until then these positions were held exclusively by men. In 1864, a congressman declared on the floor of the House of Representatives that the Treasury Department was "a house of orgies and bacchanals." The investigation by the House cleared all accused, but one can only imagine the climate in which these women worked -- and for merely $600 a year, half the salary of a male clerk. These women helped open the doors of office employment for women in the federal government and the private sphere as well.
416. SIAMC1_150202_650.JPG: Women Employees Leaving the Treasury Building, Harper's Weekly, February 18, 1865: This engraving appeared shortly before the end of the Civil War. Hand-colored copies were sold as souvenirs.
417. SIAMC1_150202_669.JPG: Washington Growing Into Its Potential: The Civil War brought unparalleled prosperity to Washington. For the first time hotels were full even when Congress was not in session> The volume of business exceeded all previous records, and so did the level of employment. In 1860, the number of government employees was 1,500; by 1865 it had increased to 7,000. Government contractors, who came to town with large capital to invest, soon became rich from the war. Every house was occupied, and the price of room and board increased 150% between 1860 and 1866, creating wealth for landlords. Construction boomed. New warehouses and stables sprang from many vacant lots in the city to cater to the needs of the war effort. Despite the extensive suffering of the many wounded who where [sic] brought into the city for treatment and the plight of the African American refugees who lived in appalling conditions, Washington and many of its new residents benefited economically from the Civil War.
418. SIAMC1_150202_677.JPG: New Roles and Opportunities for Women: The Civil War accelerated the trend, which had started with the industrialization process, of hiring women for the labor force. The war economy demanded more production, which meant more workers. Furthermore, women were called on to fill the ranks of a labor force vacated by men going to war. Many women also felt compelled to take jobs to provide for their families if the head of the household was lost to war or disease. Nevertheless, women were invariably paid less than their male counterparts and often worked under difficult and dangerous circumstances. Female government clerks, who broke the social mores of the time -- and could be said to be forerunners of the Women's Liberation movement -- sadly faced low pay and openly hostile working conditions as a consequence of their daring acts.
419. SIAMC1_150202_680.JPG: Teachers from the North: More than 11,000 teachers, both African American and white, male and female, taught freed African Americans in the South between 1861 and 1876. This unprecedented educational endeavor created an economic opportunity for teachers willing to move south. In Washington, DC, the first 16 teachers arrived to teach in the 1861-62 school year. Washington received the highest number of teachers for any city in the South during the period of the Civil War and Reconstruction, a total of 489 by 1876. Washington's long tradition of education for free people of color in the city, the high number of African American refugees, and the fact that every freedmen's benevolent society wanted to have a presence in the nation's capital undoubtedly influenced these positive numbers. John W. Alvord, superintendent of education for the Freedmen's Bureau, declared in awe in January 1866, "What other people on earth have ever shown, while in their ignorance, such a passion for education?"
420. SIAMC1_150202_687.JPG: Georgiana Rose Simpson, Star Pupil: Georgiana Rose Simpson was one of the most successful students to come out of Frances Hall's classroom. Her parents had come from Virginia and settled in Barry Farm. Georgiana attended Hall's class at the Howard (Mt. Zion) School and later on went to Hillsdale School. At one point Hall told her she had a first-class mind and motivated her to continue her studies in earnest. After completing 8th grade she transferred to the M Street High School. From there she trained at Washington's Normal School to be a teacher and was appointed to the segregated Washington, DC, school system. By 1921 she had received a bachelor's degree and a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago. She was the second African American woman to receive a doctorate. She was then hired by Howard University as aprofessor of German language and literature.
421. SIAMC1_150202_689.JPG: Frances E. Hall, Devoted Teacher
422. SIAMC1_150202_693.JPG: Frances E. Hall, Devoted Teacher: On April 20, 1868, Miss Frances E. (Fanny) Hall, a white graduate from Antioch College and teacher from Auburn, New York, took charge of one of the classrooms of the freedmen's school in Barry Farm. Before moving into her own home on Elvans Road, Hall stayed as a guest at the house of Solomon and Lucinda Brown. Hall's class started with 40 students, but by the time the school year ended she had 60. According to an 1871 report on the schools for African Americans in Washington DC, Hall was "interested in the school and the ... scheme of Barry farm [sic]." Her students and their parents, according to the same report, showed "a deep interest" in the privilege of attending her class.
423. SIAMC1_150202_696.JPG: Keith Sutherland, Entrepreneur
424. SIAMC1_150202_698.JPG: Keith Sutherland, Entrepreneur: Sandy and Rachel Sutherland fled from slavery in Maryland into Washington DC, around 1863. They brought with them three children: Keith, Webster, and Josephine. After the Civil War, the Sutherland family went into business, selling coal at the corner of Vermont Avenue and R Street NW, an area then called Hell's Bottom. As a young boy, Keith shined shoes near the Treasury Building. After the war, he joined his family's coal distribution business, before opening a saloon nearby. By the 1880s he was selling liquor and food from his pool hall. As Hell's Bottom became more affluent, the area gentrified and Keith's saloon closed. Eventually he opened a food vending service, "Fairview Hotel," at Florida Avenue and 1st Street NW. Finally, even this venue was closed by the authorities, and by the 1920s Keith was working as a government employee.
425. SIAMC1_150202_701.JPG: Building Modern Washington: The throngs of people moving into Civil War Washington sparked the need for new city services. New public transportation and police and fire departments served the ever-growing city. Hospitals were built to accommodate the soldiers wounded in the battles fought in the surrounding areas. The war also brought sin to the city. With the increased number of unattached men, especially soldiers, there was a demand for the services of so-called "ladies of the night," and a new red-light district quickly developed. Washington rapidly transformed during the Civil War from a little dormant southern city into a bustling urban area.
426. SIAMC1_150202_704.JPG: Contraband Quarters, Mason's Island, 1864: Analostan Island or Mason's Island, now Roosevelt Island, was the country residence of General John Mason, a merchant and federal government official. In 1863 it was used as a training camp for African American detachments from Washington and then as a "contraband" camp in 1864. The island's proximity to Washington allowed it to be used as an employment depot for the refugees. Others were paid to plant corn and potatoes on the island. The "contraband" camp was disbanded in July 1865.
427. SIAMC1_150202_710.JPG: Early Residents of Freedmen's Village, 1860s: In 1863, the US Army established Freedmen's Village on General Robert E. Lee's former Arlington estate, across the Potomac River from Washington. Originally it was envisioned as a temporary settlement to help former slaves assimilate into post-slavery society. Instead it became a permanent home for hundreds of African Americans who rented accommodations and land from the federal government. By 1870, the army owned the land, and the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (Freedmen's Bureau) no longer administered Freedmen's Village. The army rented housing to African American families until 1887, when the War Department ordered the residents to vacate within 90 days. The residents fought to remain in the place where many had started their free lives; however, they eventually lost the fight, and in March 1900 all residents had to leave.
428. SIAMC1_150202_717.JPG: Plan of Contraband Camp [Camp Barker], 1863: Camp Barker had previously served as a cemetery, brickyard, and finally as temporary barracks for a detachment of dragoons from Chicago led by Major Charles W. Barker, after whom the camp was named. It was located near 13th Street between R and S Streets, which was then beyond the city limits. A deep excavation on the 13th Street side had filled with water and become a swamp. As William O. Stoddard described it in 1890, "a tight barrier of six-foot pin boards" fenced in the camp, probably as much to keep out intruders as well as to keep in the inmates. The only fresh water in the camp came from a contaminated well which caused diarrhea. Today on the site where Camp Barker stood, just two blocks from the fashionable neighborhood of Logan Circle, there are no remnants of the suffering and sickness that prevailed there at the time of the Civil War.
429. SIAMC1_150202_723.JPG: "Contraband" Camps: The government tried to place the influx of "contrabands" in a number of locations where they supposedly could receive assistance and at the same time be controlled, or "corralled." Unfortunately, some efforts subjected the refugee population to much suffering. Refugees often lived in squalor, and disease frequently ravaged the camps and temporary housing. When smallpox broke out in Duff Green's Row, many feared it would spread throughout the city. As a precaution refugees were moved to Camp Barker. There smallpox remained rampant, and mortality was extremely high. From June 1862 to April 1864 about one in seven residents died. According to Camp Barker's last superintendent, James J. Ferree, the residents included "many... chronic invalids... a mass of old folks -- men, women and children." Healthy refugees left the camp to find work in the city. In 1864, the authorities moved the camp's remaining inhabitants to a site in Virginia.
430. SIAMC1_150202_727.JPG: Secrets of the Prison-House -- The Black Hole of Washington, DC, 1861: At first, Washington's marshal jailed the fugitive slaves in the "Old Capitol Prison," under miserable circumstances. Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, one of the premier publications of the time, sent an illustrator to depict the conditions of what it called "The Black Hole" of Washington. Today the Supreme Court building stands at that site.
431. SIAMC1_150202_735.JPG: Duff Green's Row, May 1862: The Union Army, now in charge of dealing with the "contrabands," moved them to Duff Green's Row, a row of townhouses on the east side of the 100 block of 1st Street on Capitol Hill. Decades earlier the houses catered to boarders. Indeed, Abraham Lincoln, as a freshman congressman from Illinois, lived there in 1847. By May 1862, there were at least 600 "contrabands" housed there. Today the Jefferson Building of the Library of Congress stands at this location.
432. SIAMC1_150202_742.JPG: Elizabeth Keckley, Civic Activist
433. SIAMC1_150202_745.JPG: Elizabeth Keckley, Civic Activist: Elizabeth Keckley was born a slave in Virginia around 1820. Through sheer determination and hard work she was able to buy her freedom and eventually make her way to Washington, DC, in 1860. There she established her own dressmaking business. First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln hired Keckley as her personal dressmaker. In time she also became Mrs. Lincoln's confidante. Mrs. Keckley was appalled by the conditions the city's "contrabands" lived in and Washington's seeming indifference to their plight. In fall of 1862, she founded the Contraband Relief Association. Early contributors to the cause were Frederick Douglass and Mary Todd Lincoln. On November 3, 1862, Mrs. Lincoln wrote a letter to her husband, urging him to approve a $200 donation to the Contraband Relief Association from a $1,000 relief fund for Union soldiers. Mrs. Lincoln insisted that "the cause of humanity requires it." President Lincoln approved the donation -- the single largest donation made to the association during its first year.
434. SIAMC1_150202_748.JPG: Group of Contrabands at Allen's Farm House Near Williamsburg Road, Yorktown, Virginia, 1862: Whole groups of "contrabands" fled to the Union lines in Virginia. The women often worked as laundresses, and the men did general work, as shown in this photograph.
435. SIAMC1_150202_758.JPG: Building New Lives: From "Contrabands" to Freedmen: The upheaval of the Civil War produced an opportunity for runaway slaves, often called "contrabands," to seek protection behind Union lines. The term "contraband" originated in 1861 from Major General Benjamin Butler's decision to not return three fugitive slaves who had come to Fort Monroe, Hampton Roads, Virginia. Rather than sending them back to their owner -- where they had been building a confederate artillery position -- Butler opted to hold them as contraband war loot. Ironically, this legal loophole allowed Union soldiers an opportunity to grant escaped slaves a type of freedom by continuing to treat them as property. Although Butler did not coin the term "contrabands," the term came into usage later that year. "Contrabands" tended to settle around military installations. The forts offered security, shelter, food, and work. Others were housed by the government in "contraband" camps. By 1864, an estimated 50,000 African American refugees had moved to Washington. Whatever their situation, these men, women, and children had decided that anything was better than remaining in slavery.
436. SIAMC1_150202_766.JPG: Unidentified Civil War "Contraband," ca 1862-1865: This unidentified "contraband" posed for carte de visite, a kind of Civil War postcard that was a very popular collectible item. He does not seem to be intimidated by the circumstances. Note his elevated chin and the obviously relaxed posture of his hands. He was not afraid or subservient. Nevertheless, his clothing demonstrates the state of poverty in which he was living.
437. SIAMC1_150202_774.JPG: "So many [contrabands] drifted into Washington City and its vicinity... that it was necessary to corral them, and what is termed the "Contraband Camp" grew to its present proportions upon some vacant land northward, just beyond the corporation limits." -- William O. Stoddard, from Inside the White House in War Times, 1890
438. SIAMC1_150202_776.JPG: Freedom Comes to DC: In 1862, under the euphemistic title of "An Act for the Release of Certain Persons Held to Service or Labor in the District of Columbia," the 37th Congress of the United States passed a law freeing enslaved people in Washington, DC. President Lincoln signed the bill into law on April 16, 1862, eight and a half months before he signed the Emancipation Proclamation. The act provided that slave owners would receive compensation for their slaves.
439. SIAMC1_150202_779.JPG: Straddling Social Boundaries: The Urban Free African American Community: Free African Americans lived in a twilight zone -- not enslaved but not really free. They were required to always carry a copy of their "certificate of freedom." Without proof of status, they could be jailed and, even after proving their freedom, required to pay for the cost of their stay in jail. If they failed to prove free status in sufficient time, they could be sold into slavery. Despite this constant threat, the community grew on solid ground. Among southern cities with large free black populations, the opportunities in Washington were second only to those in New Orleans. In Washington, the occupations held by free African Americans included domestic workers, drivers, cooks, seamstresses, and laborers. Neighborhoods developed and thrived. African American churches were their backbone, and private schools catered to about 1,000 African American children who were legally barred from public schools.
440. SIAMC1_150202_785.JPG: Map of Washington with Location of Property Owned by Free African Americans, 1861: This map shows that in 1861, free African American property owners were spread throughout most of the urban area of Washington, including around the White House.
441. SIAMC1_150202_793.JPG: Tobias Henson, From Property to Property Owner: Ownership of land and freedom for oneself and one's family were goals that might have seemed unattainable to many African Americans in the first half of the 19th century. Tobias Henson, who lived in Washington's rural area across from the Eastern Branch, reached these goals, one by one, over a period of seven years making sacrifices that one can hardly imagine. He was born around 1767. The first time he appeared in the official record was in an 1817 slave list in the estate appraisal of his owner, Philip Evans. Even then he was listed only as "Toby about 50 years of age" and given the value of $350. Also among the estate slaves were 22-year-old Matilda and 12-year-old Mary Ann, daughters of Tobias and his wife Bessie Barton. Bessie, according to the family lore, was a red-headed Irish woman. But Tobias was only chattel, "an item of tangible movable or immovable property."
442. SIAMC1_150202_797.JPG: Tobias Henson, from Property to Property Owner
443. SIAMC1_150202_800.JPG: Estate Appraisal for Philip Evans, May 17, 1817: Tobias Henson ("Toby") is listed on the first line.
444. SIAMC1_150202_805.JPG: Promissory Note, 1833: Besides being a hard worker, Henson was also very shrewd. He did not free his children immediately. By owning them he could protect them from the hardships imposed on freed African Americans. It also gave him some economic leverage. In 1832, he bought the freedom of Matilda and her child Mary Jane from Henry Evans, the younger son of Philip Evans. One year later, he bought the freedom of his other daughter Mary Ann from James Middleton for $300. Evidently short of cash at the time of the transaction, Tobias Henson obtained a loan from Henry Evans. He signed a promissory note for $150 in which he promised the services of Mary Ann to Evans for four days a week. Very soon he repaid the loan, freeing his daughter from the obligation.
445. SIAMC1_150202_812.JPG: Freedom Day for Henson Descendants on the Eve of the Civil War, Henson Family Freedom Papers: On Tuesday, October 25, 1859, several of Tobias Henson's descendants went to downtown Washington for their free papers. They might have donned their best clothes, piled into a cart or ridden smart-looking horses to go downtown. Registering at the US District Court, they declared that they had been born free because decades earlier Tobias Henson had achieved his goal of obtaining freedom for himself and his family. Tobias Henson's descendants lived at "The Ridge" for several generations as free people.
446. SIAMC1_150202_820.JPG: Permit to Reside in the District of Columbia, October 9, 1843: According to the "Act concerning free negroes, mulattoes, and slaves" (1827), free African Americans had to obtain a certificate that attested to their freedom and also gave them permission to live in the city for one year. This certificate was issued to Jane Taverns, who had come from New Castle, Delaware, with her 6-year-old son Francis.
447. SIAMC2_150202_08.JPG: The Explosion at the Washington Arsenal: The higher echelons of the Washington elite would not have considered the arsenal's female workers as "ladies." They were mostly members of the working class but they were also breaking the boundaries of what was considered at the time respectable work for women. They had been hired because of prevailing beliefs about female dexterity (demonstrated by women's sewing ability) and natural inclination for obedience (demonstrated by their submission to husbands and fathers). Most of them lived in the "Island." The center of the neighborhood was 4-1/2 Street (today 4th Street SW) which ran all the way to the Washington Arsenal, located on Greenleaf Point (today occupied by Fort McNair). Packed around 4-1/2 Street living in mostly rundown housing was a mixture of poor whites, both new immigrants and native-born, and newly arrived freed African Americans. Most of the women workers at the arsenal were Irish or Irish American. This section of the exhibit honors the memory of those women who were killed in the explosion on June 17, 1864.
448. SIAMC2_150202_11.JPG: Ruins of the Washington Arsenal Building after June 17, 1864: The explosion almost completely destroyed the building where the women worked.
449. SIAMC2_150202_23.JPG: Women Workers at the Washington Arsenal, Undated: Most, if not all, of the women depicted in this photograph died in the explosion of June 17, 1864.
450. SIAMC2_150202_30.JPG: Statue atop the Arsenal Monument, Congressional Cemetery, Washington DC: A privately financed monument was raised at Congressional Cemetery atop the mass grave where many of the women were buried. The funeral was paid by the government and attended by President Abraham Lincoln and Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton who had led the funeral cortege.
451. SIAMC2_150202_34.JPG: The Women of the Arsenal: The war economy demanded more and more production to arm the men who were leaving the workforce to fight. Women answered the call and filled their vacant positions. On Friday, June 17, 1864, 29 women were working in the "choking" room of the Washington Arsenal, inserting bullets into cartridges and tying the cases closed. At exactly 11:50am, a pan of fireworks, which had been irresponsibly placed to dry behind the choking room, exploded. The resulting "fiery serpent" flew into the room through a window or door, left open against Washington's oppressive summer heat. The explosion set off the gunpowder in the choking room, igniting an inferno. Of the 29 women working that day, only eight survived. Eighteen died instantaneously, the intensity of the fire rendering many of them unidentifiable. Three women survived the fire only to die later from grievous burns. At the time, this was the biggest accident with mass casualties to occur in Washington.
452. SIAMC2_150202_38.JPG: 52/100 Calibre Cartridges for Sharp's Improved Rifle, Washington Arsenal, 1864: Women workers at the Washington Arsenal filled cartridges with bullets and closed the cases, after male workers had filled them with measured gunpowder.
453. SIAMC2_150202_47.JPG: A Monumental City in the Making: At the beginning of the Civil War Washington was far from the monumental city it is today. The streets were unpaved. A fetid canal ran through what is now the National Mall. The Washington Monument was unfinished, as was the Capitol building's imposing dome. The transient population of politicians and government functionaries rarely stayed in town all year, leaving most of the area designated for the city unoccupied. Yet by the end of the war, Washington DC was bustling with a growing population and well on its way to becoming a grand world capital. Photographer Jason Powell's series "Looking into the Past" is deceptively simple. As he describes it "I take an old photograph that I find interest in some way, visit where it was taken, and hold it up in front of my camera and shoot it in the modern-day context." Sometimes the original photo was taken in the middle of what is now a busy street. Powell states, however, that "so far I have managed to avoid any mishaps, fortunately." Powell grew up in Leesburg, Virginia, and was always interested in history. When he came up with the idea for "Looking Into the Past," he realized that the Washington area was rich in possibilities.
454. SIAMC2_150202_50.JPG: Jason Powell Looking into the Past (series)
455. SIAMER_071103_002.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2007_DC_SIAM_East_River DC -- Anacostia Community Museum -- Exhibit: East of the River: Continuity and Change (35 photos from 2007)
456. SIAMER_071103_009.JPG: Barry Farm: Charged with assisting the ex-slaves in Washington after the end of the Civil War, General Oliver Otis Howard, the head of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (the Freedman's Bureau), purchased 375 acres from the Barry family, long-time land owners in Far Southeast. General Howard divided the land into one-acre plots and made them available to black families in 1867 for prices ranging from $125 to $300 an acre. Each purchaser was also provided with $76 worth of lumber and was obligated to construct a house on the property. Payments averaged $10 a month, and most of the homes constructed were modest A-frames. Free black families also purchased lots. Those with means bought additional lots and extra lumber and built larger homes. The Freedmen's Bureau opened schools in Far Southeast to serve the growing black population. The Bureau opened a school in Good Hope in 1865 and Howard School in Barry Farm in 1867. In 1871, Hillsdale School opened, the first public school for African Americans across the Eastern Branch. By the 1890s Barry Farm was a thriving community of black homeowners, attracting skilled craftsmen, truck farmers, businessmen, and professional. Just as in Uniontown, an active community association, the Hillsdale Civic Association, quickly formed and began to put pressure on city officials to improve conditions in the new community.
457. SIAMER_071103_013.JPG: Emancipation: On April 16, 1862, President Lincoln signed into law a bill outlawing slavery in the District of Columbia. The bill also provided funds to compensate slave-owners for the loss of their slaves. Slave-owners who were unhappy with the amount of compensation could appear before a local commission to appeal. Henry Naylor, George Washington Talbert, James L. Addison, J. Fenwick Young, and Thomas Blagden were among slave-owners in Far Southeast who petitioned this commission. Because a large number of southern black immigrants to the city were former slaves with few or no resources at all, many of them remained impoverished and lived in squalid, unsafe conditions in alley tenements. Some Washington homeowners constructed cheap frame housing on their own lots accessible only by back alleys and rented these to poor families to take advantage of the severe housing shortage. The Freedmen's Bureau housed some of these families in District buildings which formerly served as barracks. From there, the able-bodied sough work, but jobs were scarce for the freedmen, as native Washingtonians exhibited some bias and no little resentment towards the newcomers. Some African Americans, with better means to earn their livelihoods and with pre-existing networks of friends and family in the area, settled in the Good Hope area. They preferred the fresh air and open spaces of rural Good Hope, rather than the crowded, dangerous alley dwellings. Allen Chapel remained at the center of this rapidly expanding black community. In 1865, the Freedman's Bureau opened Good Hope School to serve this population.
458. SIAMER_071103_018.JPG: Civil War: The outbreak of the war in 1861, and the mobilization of troops and material brought tremendous changes to the nation's capital. It also brought great opportunities for many of those held in bondage nearby. By the summer of 1861, there were over 50,000 troops camped out around the city, including in Uniontown. They provided a ready market for vendors of prepared food, fresh vegetables and fruit, sea food and fish, laundry, and other domestic services. Union soldiers also often provided assistance to escaping slaves. By 1865, there were 68 forts surrounding the capital, 11 of them along the Eastern Branch and in the southeast quadrant of the city. The forts attracted many escaping slaves from Virginia, Maryland, and other nearby states. Forts also employed a large number of free blacks and escaped slaves. There were three large forts constructed in Far Southeast: Fort Stanton, Fort Greble, and Fort Carroll. There was also a cavalry depot in Giesborough. Almost 15,000 horses and mules were stabled there. The clearing of forests along the Eastern Branch and the impact of the vast number of horses and mules pastured at Giesborough greatly degraded the land along the Eastern Branch and caused further silting of the river.
459. SIAMER_071103_025.JPG: Civil War Era: The decades before the Civil War saw important developments in far southeast Washington. In addition to the new suburban development of Uniontown, the mid-1800s saw the establishment of the Government Hospital for the Insane, a federally funded institution for the mentally ill. Partly as a result of activist Dorothea Dix's lobbying for improved treatment of mental patients, Congress provided funds for the purchase of 320 acres of the original St. Elizabeth tract in 1852. Dr. Charles Henry Nichols supervised the construction, staffing, and oversight of the facility. During the Civil War, the hospital expanded to care for soldiers injured in battle. In the last half of the century, the hospital added many new structures and developed the campus further. St. Elizabeths, as the hospital came to be called, quickly became one of the area's biggest employers and one of its most important cultural assets thanks to its commanding vistas of the city and the beautiful landscaping of the expansive grounds. The Civil War also brought significant changes to the area as soldiers, ex-slaves, and others involved in the war effort migrated to Washington in the wake of the Union Army. The military constructed forts along the Eastern Branch to protect the Navy Yard and the approaches to the city. Three of them -- Fort Carroll, Fort Greble, and Fort Stanton -- guarded Far Southeast, along with another major military establishment, the Giesborough Cavalry Depot. After 1865, the area became a popular location for middle class summer cottages and large family homes for working class whites. The new residential community of Barry Farm was developed specifically for African Americans, many of them ex-slaves or ex-soldiers. Many slaves born in Far Southeast had been allowed to lease their own time and live in the central part of the city. But there were still many slaves working on the small farms and large plantations near the Eastern Branch. Some of these ex-slaves were the first African Americans to buy land in the area after war's end.
460. SIAMER_071103_032.JPG: The Village of Good Hope The first major settlement in Far Southeast developed at Good Hope Hill sometime in the 1820s. The village grew around Good Hope Tavern, a small establishment at the ridge of steep hill, at the conjunction of Good Hope and Naylor Roads. Were it not for the buildings and trees obscuring the view, one could still enjoy a breathtaking vista of the city from that vantage point. Because this arduous road was one of the well-traveled entryways into the city from southern Maryland, a tavern sprang up there. It was one of the first and longest-lasting businesses, offering sustenance to early travelers for over a century. Shortly thereafter, across the road from the tavern, came a blacksmith shop for repairing wagons, carriages, and carts, and a stable to care for injured horses and to secure fresh horses. It is not known when the first tavern was built there. Maps show a tavern there as early as 1839, and early accounts indicate that it was already old by that date. The tavern, first known as Good Hope Tavern, also did business as Spaulding's Tavern, Smoot's Tavern, Jenkins' Tavern, Vermillion's Tavern, and also Duvall's Tavern. In the 1920s, in a nod to the advent of the automobile, a filling station was added alongside the tavern. By the 1930s, the tavern had disappeared entirely. Other early landmarks were Tom Anderson's blacksmith shop and the Good Hope Post Office, established in 1847. Good Hope resident Judson Richardson was the community's first postmaster. He or his son served as postmaster until the post office was closed in 1886.
461. SIAMER_071103_042.JPG: Anacostia: In the early 1850s, as the central portions of Washington City began to fill in, the land across the Eastern Branch once again became the subject of interest by investors and speculators, Some farmers sold their property in small lots (less than 50 acres) to wealthy families to build summer homes in the area. Other landowners, some of whom worked at the Navy Yard, sold portions of all of their property to developers. They realized that the land was more valuable for housing and residential development than for raising crops. Also, by this time it was clear that the Eastern Branch could not sustain heavy sea-going vessels, and thus could not serve as a major shipping route. In 1854, Enoch Tucker, who worked at the Navy Yard and had earlier leased his land to sharecroppers, sold 100 acres of his 240-acre property, part of the old Chichester land tract, to the Union Land Association. Controlled by John Van Hook, John Fox, and John Dobler, the association divided Chichester into a grid with 700 rectangular lots 24 feet wide and 130 feet deep. Early advertisement for the newly created Uniontown promoted easy access to downtown Washington and quotes and payment plans affordable to blue collar workers. The association sold lots to white families for as low as $3 per month. White Good Hope and other locations in the area were hilly, Uniontown's flat, even terrain allowed for the maximum amount of development. H.A. Griswold, an Anacostia resident, organized the Anacostia and Potomac River Street Railroad Company, which began operations in 1875. Initial stockholders included John Van Hook and Lewis Douglass, Frederick Douglass's son. The company began with two one-horse cars providing service from the Navy Yard gate to Uniontown. By the outbreak of the Civil War, however, Uniontown had experience little growth, due to reduced hiring by the Navy Yard and other nearby employers and the sale of low cost properties in Washington City. By the late 1870s, the Union Land Association (by then the Union Land Company) had failed; and the Anacostia and Potomac River Street Railroad Company struggled to survive. John Van Hook was forced to sell his grand home, Cedar Hill, to satisfy his debtors. In 1877, Frederick Douglass bought the Cedar Hill estate and brought his family to live there.
462. SIAMER_071103_047.JPG: Frederick Douglass house
463. SIAMER_071103_049.JPG: Early Settlers: Many of the earliest Europeans who held title to land east of the Anacostia River owned large tracts which they held for investment purposes. Seventeenth century maps and records show the names of prominent owners of Far Southeast tracts, including John Charman, Thomas Dent, Luke Green, Dr. John Meekes, William Middleton, James Pencott, George Thompson, and Thomas Wentworth. When advantageous, these investors bought more land, sold entire tracts, or divided them up or sold smaller parcels in an effort to maximize their profit. For example, Thomas Dent originally owned Giesborough (or Giesboro), which he later sold to George Thompson . By 1662, Thompson held two tracts, including Blue Plains (Blew Playne). In 1663, John Charman acquired and immediately sold the Saint Elizabeth tract to John Meekes, who then sold it to Thompson (who also kept Blue Plains). Thriving communities later developed on all these large tracts. Plantations and even small farms in the area initially raised tobacco; later the land produced fruits and vegetables for local and regional markets. African slavery provided the labor for the plantations found along the Eastern Branch. By the mid-1800s, a significant population of free black families could also be found here. In 1790, Congress passed the Residence Bill, which authorized establishment of the national capital in this region. After George Washington announced the location for the new location for the new District of Columbia, many people expected that the southeastern quadrant of the city would quickly expand and develop to take full advantage of both the Potomac and Eastern Branch rivers. The construction of the Navy Yard in 1798 on the Eastern Branch and the need to house its growing number of workers also seemed to indicate that the city might grow in this direction. People eager to make a profitable investment bought land along the Eastern Branch expected it to increase greatly in value over a short period of time. Investors included James Barry -- for whom the Barry Farm neighborhood is named -- and William Marbury, principal in an early landmark Supreme Court case.
464. SIAMER_071103_056.JPG: Encounters with Adventurers: When the first Europeans arrived in this area, they found ongoing competition and armed warfare between the different Native American towns, villages, and confederations. Early European settlers often took advantage of the conflict to strengthen their own positions. Captain John Smith was the first to explore the region. Between 1607 and 1609 he led a party of soldiers, adventurers, and settlers who established a settlement at Jamestown, Virginia. Captain Henry Fleet, another adventurer, arrived in the area around 1621. He intended to make his fortune through trade with a local population of Native Americans. The Nacotchtank captured Fleet during a raid in 1623 and held him for five years. After he left them, he used the knowledge he gained of local languages and cultures to begin a successful trading enterprise of exporting beaver pelts to Europe. At that time in Europe, the beaver hat was a high-fashion accessory in great demand, but the European beaver had been largely killed off. By the early 1800s, the population of American beaver had also been decimated by the export to Europe of beaver pelts. By the end of the 1600s, the Nacotchtank and other members of the Piscataway Confederation had lost most of their land. Warfare (with European settlers and with other Native Americans, particularly the Susquehannock) and diseases brought over from Europe destroyed Piscataway villages and forts in the area. The European system of private land ownership also helped push the Piscataway from their traditional lands.
465. SIAMER_071103_061.JPG: Modernization: Bridges connecting the area to the central city have always been important to residents in Far Southeast. Also of importance to residents was the extension of paved streets, which provided access to major roads and relief from the muddy, often hilly terrain. In 1890, the rebuilding of the Eastern Branch (Pennsylvania Avenue) Bridge brought a new wave of development and land sales in Far Southeast. As the central and southwestern parts of the city developed in the 1880s, another land boom began. Increasing land values prompted several landowners to subdivide their farmland into suburban lots and sell them to would-be homeowners. Anacostian H.A. Griswold sold over 200 subdivided lots right next to Uniontown. His success prompted other landowners in the area to do the same. New communities sprang up east of the river. One of the most successful investors in the 1890s was the Bliss-Havemeyer syndicate, which purchased land along the Eastern Branch. The land was a tract known as Danforth's Farm, originally purchased in 1807 from Anthony Addison by William Marbury and still owned by Marbury's family. Randle Highlands, adjacent to Pennsylvania Avenue and developed by Colonel Arthur Randle, was another new residential development. Dr. Arthur Christie, owner of Fairlawn, a 120-acre plantation near Anacostia, installed bear pits, wandering peacock, and dog kennels, and made the place a showcase in the region. Later Fairlawn was divided into building lots of developed in 1911. In 1898, Colonel Randle's electric trolley company installed tracks across the Navy Yard Bridge for trolley cars. The route went from the Navy Yard all the way down Nichols Avenue and south up Asylum Hill past St. Elizabeths Hospital through the rural countryside. The access provided by this trolley line allowed Randle to develop the old Giesborough tract into the residential community of Congress Heights. Businesses flourished in Far Southeast, especially in the communities of Good Hope, Uniontown, and Barry Farm. Business establishments settled primarily along Good Hope Road and Nichols Avenue, and these two thoroughfares became the main business corridors of Far Southeast by the turn of the 20th century.
466. SIAMER_071103_064.JPG: Camp Marks on the Anacostia Flats, along the Eastern Branch, where the Bonus Army camped.
467. SIAMER_071103_069.JPG: Bonus Army: In 1924, each World War I veteran received a "compensation certificate" from the federal government entitling him to a future payment averaging around $1,000. After the onset of the Depression and the economic suffering that it brought, veterans demanded their "bonus" check immediately. In May 1932, about 15,000 unemployed veterans formed a "Bonus Expeditionary Force" (BEF) led by Walter Walters and marched on Washington, D.C. They camped out in tents and makeshift shanties on the Anacostia Flats. A few months later, U.S. army troops wielding nightsticks and batons broke up the camp.
468. SIAMER_071103_072.JPG: East of the River Transformed: World War II brought thousands of new residents to Washington to work in war-related industries. Many chose to live in Far Southeast, where the population double during the 1940s. In response to this new local housing crisis, the federal and District governments created vast war-housing projects around the city, including those of Barry Farms and Naylor Gardens in Far Southeast. After the war ended, these projects were razed, converted into public housing, or sold to private owners. Situated across the Anacostia River away from the central city, and blessed with cheap available land, Far Southeast was designated as the area to receive most of the city's low-income apartment projects. By the end of the 1940s, multi-family apartment projects converted the earlier, almost rural, village-like atmosphere into a modern urban landscape. Although the majority of residents had public water and sewage services by the mid-1940s, as did homes in Barry Farm, many Far Southeast citizens still lacked basic city services. In the early 1950s, the excesses of the city's slum clearance programs destroyed neighborhoods and displaced hundreds of black families in southwest Washington. Many families found new housing in low-income apartments in Far Southeast, soon transformed from an area comprised primarily of homeowners to a place dominated by tenants. Some resident and neighborhood organizations sought to stop construction of public housing projects'; others focused on lobbying city officials to provide improved infrastructure and increased neighborhood facilities for the expanding population. The construction of Suitland Parkway in 1943 also created a barrier within the Barry Farm community, displacing over 100 families and dividing the neighborhood in half. The Parkway was built to provide access between the various military establishments in the area, including Camp Springs (later Andrews Field) and Bolling Air Force Base, and federal and military offices downtown.
469. SIAMER_071103_079.JPG: Integration: In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation in public schools was a violation of the Constitution. Part of the Court's decision was based upon legal petitions filed by District of Columbia residents in Far Southeast. Represented by attorneys James M. Nabrit and George E.C. Hayes in what became a companion case to Brown v Brown of Education, Spottswood T. Bolling, a student denied entrance at Sousa Junior High School, was one of the plaintiffs arguing for integration of the schools in the District. The Supreme Court had already outlawed the enforcement of racially restrictive housing covenants in Shelley v. Kraemer in 1948, effectively allowing the full integration of previously white communities such as Uniontown and Congress Heights. The area's many public housing projects were not integrated until 1953. Partly as a result of integration, many white families in the District of Columbia removed their children in large numbers from public schools. In 1946, for example, more than 55% of public school students were white; by 1966, just over 9% were white. The overall percentage of white families living in Far Southeast declined from approximately 82% in 1950 to nearly 68% in 1960 to 14% in 1970. Through the early 1960s, Far Southeast remained a racially diverse area, with black neighborhoods and white neighborhoods often divided only by strips of parkland or hilly terrain. After initial demonstrations against integration of recreational facilities and swimming pools, there was little organized resistance. Despite anti-integration demonstrations at Anacostia High School, students quickly adjusted after a flurry of media attention. Resident and neighborhood associated were also racially divided for the most part. Associations in white communities called themselves "citizens' associations," while associations of black residents preferred the term "civic associations."
470. SIAMER_071103_084.JPG: Decline of Neighborhoods: By the late 1960s, Far Southeast suffered from a concentration of high-density residential apartment projects, many of them two- and three-story garden apartments. Much of the new construction was financed through the Federal Housing Administration's (FHA) 608 program, which guaranteed loans to developers covering 90% of the project's costs. Growth and new construction in the area was haphazard and uncontrolled. Far Southeast also had long absorbed many new families pushed out of the central city by urban renewal initiatives. Despite the expanding population and increasing pressure on social and recreational services, local officials offered few new public facilities or infrastructure development. Schools, employment centers, police services, garbage trash removal, shopping centers, public libraries, recreational facilities, health care centers, child care facilities, and transportation did not keep pace with the demands of residents. Unemployment, drugs, and crime plagued many of the neighborhoods. By 1970, city zoning laws designated almost 75% of the land area in Far Southeast for apartment buildings. Such zoning served to promote the interests of private investors and to encourage land speculation at the expense of community and public interests. One of the most harmful results of poor zoning in Far Southeast was to discourage home ownership in the area. High-rise and garden apartments crowded out single-family houses. Because of deteriorating conditions, neighborhood workers, employed by Southeast Neighborhood House with funding by the United Planning Organization, helped area residents organize protests directed at city officials. Organizers focused their efforts on families living in Barry Farm Dwellings. They helped a number of groups to successfully challenge housing and welfare officials to improve some of the worst conditions. Youth groups demanded paved streets, new streetlights, and more recreational facilities. Civic, professional, and business groups in other east of the river neighborhoods also sought to improve conditions.
471. SIAMER_071103_092.JPG: Today and Tomorrow: Today, neighborhoods in Far Southeast are once again experiencing growth and rapid change. Current zoning regulations reflect a more balanced view of development in the area, and new townhouses, row houses, and detached single homes are an important part of the new construction. Developers and investors also propose to build new shopping centers, homes, recreational facilities, and a soccer stadium on Poplar Point. The federal government is pursuing plans to develop the west campus of St. Elizabeths Hospital into offices for the Department of Homeland Security. (Today, the majority of land here is still publicly owned, with the federal government holding almost 23%.) At the turn of the 21st century, there was more vacant land in Far Southeast than in any other quadrant of the city. This fact, combined with the high cost of housing in the central city and the wider metropolitan area, fueled interest in buying property in Far Southeast. Would-be homeowners, who might not have earlier considered living east of the river, are now purchasing homes in the area. Neighborhoods are attracting many new residents, creating more cultural and racial diversity in the area. The rapid growth and development have spurred fears of displacement in some residents, however. The high costs of homeownership cause many family to fear that they may be unable to purchase homes in the area. Some African American residents have complained that black families are being priced out of the city and are being forced to move to Prince Georges County. Today the role of the community activists is more important than ever. Lobbying developers and city officials to address residents' concerns; reviewing the design and appropriateness of proposed developments, and fighting to protect community assets are all critical in ensuring that growth is well balanced and responsive to community needs.
472. SIAMER_071103_109.JPG: The First Anacostians: People settled on the shores of the Potomac River's Eastern Branch (or Anacostia River) as early as 9500-1200 BCE. Native Americans established several large villages and fortified towns or "forts" south of the Eastern Branch, with the river providing a convenient means of food and transportation for goods and people. By the 1600s, at the time of their first encounters with Europeans, there were three major political groups vying for power in the region: the Susquehannock in Pennsylvania; the Piscataway Confederation in southern Maryland; and the Powhatan Confederation in Virginia and areas farther south. Most of these tribes spoke some variant of the Algonquian language. Localized wars were frequent, and major towns were heavily fortified and protected by sturdy wooden palisades. The Nacotchtank (from whom Anacostia got its name) were generally part of the Piscataway Confederation. Their settlements stretched along the river from Giesborough Point (now Congress Heights, southeast Washington DC) almost to the town of Bladensburg, Maryland, at the mouth of the river. Their largest town, also called Nacotchtank, was located near the neighborhood of Good Hope. This fort was the home of the most important werowance, or leader, of the Nacotchtank, and the site of a good storage facility, an ossuary (burial ground), and other important buildings. The Nacotchtank were expert traders, often introducing goods to tribes throughout the region. Nacotchtank raised crops on the land surrounding their towns. Where warfare was intense, palisades also enclosed the fields. Families burned or cut down trees in the forests to form fields, and then they cultivated the land by hand with wooden and stone implements. Towns and villages controlled large areas of land, not only for farming, but also for forage and hunting. Large and small animals made up a major part of the diet; hunters often ranged far from their village in search of game.
473. SIAMER_071103_112.JPG: East of the River: Continuity and Change: Thirty-one years ago, the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum decided to explore the history of Far Southeast. Historian Louise D. Hutchingson developed a powerful exhibition and publication, The Anacostia Story 1608-1930, and educator Zora Martin [Felton] created complementary programming that focused on the history of individuals, families, and neighborhoods in Far Southeast -- that part of the District of Columbia that lies south of Pennsylvania Avenue and east of the Anacostia River. On the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the founding of what is now called the Anacostia Community Museum, we example Far Southeast once again to try to answer several crucial questions. What has been the history of this place? How did it get like this? What kind of people lived here? Who lives here now? What has become of the community since 1930 (the end of The Anacostia Story) and the opening of the museum of 1967? The overwhelming impression is one of change, sometimes steady and constant, and at other times cyclical, disruptive -- even violent. Change is the underlying theme in the history of Far Southeast. It begins with the appearance of the first Europeans and the resulting change in the lives of the Native American people residing here. It continues with the development of new communities such as Uniontown and Barry Farm. The growth of modern infrastructure transforms land use in the area, in later years, the concentration of dense housing complexes here after World War II alters the nature and make-up for Far Southeast. And yes, continuity of local traditions also characterizes the neighborhoods of Far Southeast -- traditions of citizen activism, strong families, and men and women determined to achieve despite the odds. There also remains an abiding underpinning of civic activism, leadership, and community -- a network of individuals, families, religious institutions, and organizations that connects the dynamic history of Far Southeast through all of the changes. Now is a good time in which to look back at this history and at the residents and people attached to Far Southeast to see where we have been and what we have done, to recognize what we have endured and overcome, and to understand what we share in common, in order to build a future that embodies the goals and objectives we share.
474. SIAMER_071103_123.JPG: The South and Southeast: Born out of the mix of funk and hip-hop, go-go music is unique to the District of Columbia and its surrounding areas. It is rarely heard live farther south than Richmond or north of Baltimore. In Western Europe, hardcore fans and radio stations cannot seem to get enough of the go-go beat. The music combines the call-and-response of the African American church with percussion instruments playing multiple rhythms. Musicians modify rhythms through syncopation (accenting the weak beat of a musical bar). Go-go is popular throughout the Washington Metropolitan area but is particularly important to the residents of Southeast DC, whose life experiences helped shape and define the music from its beginnings to the present. Katio Hammond states, "It's the way we think. The way we talk. What we war. It's the decisions we make. Maurice Shorter, lifelong resident of Far Southeast, former manager of the Junkyard Band, and current president of the Go-Go Coalition, adds, "Go-go is an entire culture... it's a feeling. It's a way of life. I love it and I'm gonna live it!"
475. SIAM_071103_01.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2007_DC_SIAM DC -- Anacostia Community Museum -- Not Covered Elsewhere (7 photos from 2007)
476. SIAM_040801_02.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2004_DC_SIAM DC -- Anacostia Community Museum -- Not Covered Elsewhere (4 photos from 2004)
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