BGuthrie Photos: Merge Same Event: DC_Katzen

BGuthrie Photos: Merge Same Event: DC_Katzen_2022C Merge Same Event: DC_Katzen_2022C:

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Copyrights: All pictures were taken by amateur photographer Bruce Guthrie (me!) who retains copyright on them. Free for non-commercial use with attribution. See the [Creative Commons] definition of what this means. "Photos (c) Bruce Guthrie" is fine for attribution. (Commercial use folks including AI scrapers can of course contact me.) Feel free to use in publications and pages with attribution but you don't have permission to sell the photos themselves. A free copy of any printed publication using any photographs is requested. Descriptive text, if any, is from a mixture of sources, quite frequently from signs at the location or from official web sites; copyrights, if any, are retained by their original owners.

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[219] SININF_220911_154.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?) $GHOSTLY IMAGES Shine a light on a metal surface and electrons pop off. Shine a brighter light and more electrons come off but with the same energy. Make the light bluer and they have more energy. Albert Einstein explained this: Light, which everyone knew to be electromagnetic waves, also behaved like particles. What was it - waves or particles or "wavicles"? Albert Einstein got the Nobel Prize in 1921 for his explanation of the photoelectric effect, not for relativity. Later it was found that electrons also behave as waves and particles. Helium atoms and even large molecules can behave as waves - how weird is that? The Hungarian-British physicist Denis Gabor was trying to improve a microscope using electron waves (an electron microscope) with wavelengths much shorter than that of light, hoping to eventually see individual atoms. But electron lenses were not good; the images were hopelessly blurred. In 1947 he had a genius idea! Don't use a lens but record a diffraction pattern between the scattered electrons and a beam of "coherent electron waves." Coherent means the wave peaks and valleys are all in step. Have you seen "the Wave" by fans in a stadium? It was very difficult with electrons, but he tried it with light and it worked, but not very well since he did not have a coherent light beam. Gabor's holography remained a curiosity with no applications. Everything changed with the invention of the laser in 1960. It became easy to make wide coherent light beams, split them in two with a half-silvered mirror, and illuminate an object and a photographic plate together. The plate looks a mess, but when you illuminate it with an identical light beam an image of the object appears, floating in space and transparent like a ghost. Cut the plate in pieces and each piece has the full image, only fuzzier. Many applications followed: high density data storage, imaging miniscule vibrations, security on credit cards, art and entertainment, and many more. Last year 2021 was the 50th anniversary of Gabor's Nobel Prize for his invention. Light is waves. And particles!$	[220] SININF_220911_168.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)
[221] SININF_220911_171.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[222] SININF_220911_178.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?) $GRAVITY WAVES More than a thousand million years ago Before dinosaurs roamed the Earth A ripple in space spread through the universe Traveling at the speed of light It had covered 95 percent of its journey to Earth When the dinosaurs became extinct. Spreading in all directions, getting weaker all the time That ripple arrived at Earth For a fraction of a second it passed through us all We were stretched in one direction and squashed in the other And then the reverse Like wobbling jelly. You did not notice and neither did I But some scientists detected That stretching and squashing which Contracted and expanded four kilometer long laser beams By less than a hundred-millionth The width of an atom. Such a tsunami in space-time Caused by two black holes Spiraling around and crashing into each other The energy emitted momentarily More than that of all the stars In all the galaxies in the Universe. Gravity waves - ripples in space-time From the most cataclysmic events Since the Big Bang appeared from nowhere 13.7 thousand million years ago Still now they travel far past the Earth Going to shake up other planets.$
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[573] SININF_220910_076.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)	[574] SININF_220910_082.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?) $GRAVITY WAVES More than a thousand million years ago Before dinosaurs roamed the Earth A ripple in space spread through the universe Traveling at the speed of light It had covered 95 percent of its journey to Earth When the dinosaurs became extinct. Spreading in all directions, getting weaker all the time That ripple arrived at Earth For a fraction of a second it passed through us all We were stretched in one direction and squashed in the other And then the reverse Like wobbling jelly. You did not notice and neither did I But some scientists detected That stretching and squashing which Contracted and expanded four kilometer long laser beams By less than a hundred-millionth The width of an atom. Such a tsunami in space-time Caused by two black holes Spiraling around and crashing into each other The energy emitted momentarily More than that of all the stars In all the galaxies in the Universe. Gravity waves - ripples in space-time From the most cataclysmic events Since the Big Bang appeared from nowhere 13.7 thousand million years ago Still now they travel far past the Earth Going to shake up other planets.$
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[579] SININF_220910_117.JPG Medium (Email) (Bigger?)

Specific picture descriptions: Photos above with "i" icons next to the bracketed sequence numbers (e.g. "[1] ") are described as follows:
1. ALBROW_220911_001.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2022_DC_KatzenXT_Albrow_220911 DC -- American University -- Katzen Arts Center -- 2022C Gallery Talk: The Dark Side of the Universe (Michael Albrow) (78 photos from 2022)
2. ALBROW_220911_054.JPG: Michael Albrow
3. ALBROW_220911_105.JPG: What The Universe Is Made Of: * 21% Dark Matter * 74% Dark Energy * 4% Normal Matter
4. ALBROW_220911_115.JPG: Looking towards the center of our home galaxy, the Milky Way About 100,000,000,000 stars -- and a similar number of planets!
5. ALBROW_220911_127.JPG: A grain of sand at arm's length Galaxies upon galaxies!
6. ALBROW_220911_145.JPG: Why is the sky dark at night? In between the stars.
7. ALBROW_220911_160.JPG: Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson's giant "ear trumpet" Discovering microwaves from all over the sky: Cosmic Microwave Background
8. ALBROW_220911_199.JPG: The whole history of the universe! Cartoon with space scale compressed
9. ALBROW_220911_213.JPG: The interconnected web of galaxies (as points): sheets, voids, strings, clusters!
10. ALBROW_220911_241.JPG: Gravity bends light rays: or Mass bends space and time
11. ALBROW_220911_247.JPG: Space -- really SpaceTime -- bent by mass
12. ALBROW_220911_263.JPG: Two quasars behind a huge galaxy?
13. ALBROW_220911_288.JPG: Einstein Ring
14. CLAY_220911_009.JPG: Walter McConnell Theory of Everything: Odd Lot Ancestries, 2022
15. CLAY_220911_057.JPG: Kate Roberts Gates to Nowhere, 2022
16. CLAY_220911_079.JPG: David Hicks Poly Panel Triptych, 2022
17. CLAY_220911_098.JPG: Bean Finneran Orange Ring, 2022 (approx. 12,000 curves)
18. CLAY_220911_113.JPG: Kahlil Robert Irving [ STREET & Stars | (Memories <> Matter) fair and FREEDOM ] Black ICE, 2019
19. CLAY_220911_136.JPG: Zimra Beiner Tools with No Purpose -- Gray Alphabet, 2015, revised 2022
20. CLAY_220911_165.JPG: District Clay
21. CLAY_220911_182.JPG: J. J. McCracken Fruit for Geophages (Hunger), 2022
22. KALLOS_220911_001.JPG: Maria Karametou Kallos Curated by Nancy Sausser
23. KALLOS_220911_005.JPG: Introduction Kallos, Greek for "beauty," reflects Maria Karametou's ongoing exploration into identity, an interest initially sparked from the contrast between her own family history and earlier life in Greece, and her immigration to the United States. With this body of work, Karametou now focuses on gender identity and the things people, especially women, have done throughout history to conform to societal pressures, expectations, and conventional standards of physical beauty that ultimately define their sense of self. Hers is a journey involving identity formation, memory, time, and her lifelong endeavor to create work that speaks to these experiences. A mixed media artist from the very beginning, Karametou works both abstractly and figuratively, in two and three dimensions, using whatever materials best work, including bobby pins, hair, wax, paint, digital images, photographs, and found objects. Kallos offers glimpses of Karametou's keen observations and encounters, formed into unique objects and images of thoughtful reflection.
24. KALLOS_220911_010.JPG: Maria Karametou Still, Through Time and Memory III, 2021 Bobby pins, hair
25. KALLOS_220911_015.JPG: Maria Karametou Still, Through Time and Memory II, 2021 Bobby pins, hair
26. KALLOS_220911_017.JPG: Maria Karametou Still, Through Time and Memory I, 2021 Bobby pins, hair
27. KALLOS_220911_022.JPG: Maria Karametou Mirror, Mirror, 2022
28. KALLOS_220911_028.JPG: Maria Karametou Embroidery III, 2022 19,584 bobby pins
29. KALLOS_220911_040.JPG: Maria Karametou Hairloom II, 2022 158 braids of hair and other mixed media
30. KALLOS_220911_051.JPG: Maria Karametou Rapunzel, 2007-2015 Bobby pins, hair
31. KALLOS_220911_064.JPG: Maria Karametou Armor IV, 2021 Bobby pins
32. KALLOS_220911_070.JPG: Maria Karametou Armor III, 2020 Bobby pins
33. KALLOS_220911_080.JPG: Maria Karametou Armor II, 2019 Bobby pins
34. KALLOS_220911_083.JPG: Maria Karametou Kosmimata, 2022 Bobby pins
35. KALLOS_220911_115.JPG: Maria Karametou Magic #2, 2018
36. KALLOS_220911_127.JPG: Maria Karametou Ode to Sierva Maria de Todos Los Angeles (after Gabriel Garcia Marquez's "Love and Other Demons"), 2022
37. KALLOS_220911_139.JPG: Maria Karametou Magic #3, 2018 Bobby pins
38. NMONTG_220911_05.JPG: Following 9/11, Montgomery took a course at the John James Audubon Center, a 200-plus acre sanctuary dedicated to preserving natural habitats for birds of the region. The grounds are crisscrossed by trails, with wilder spaces punctuated by gardens that offer places of spiritual nourishment. In the canvases that followed, she created a distinctly contemporary kind of still-life painting. Single flowers-often a gladiolus, sometimes a lily or bird of paradise-command the canvas. They stand like sentinels, demanding that we reconcile the organic beauty of the flower with the geometric rigor of bifurcated, often monochromatic, backgrounds. In title, image, and palette Fire and Ice speaks to passion, frozen spaces, and the conviction that beauty can flourish, even in challenging circumstances. The whimsical Leaning Toward Red reminds us that indecision precedes choice. The two white calla lilies arcing toward the edge of the canvas literally lean toward red, as did the artist as she chose the painting's format and color. These and the other flowers she created in the early years of the 21st century are reminders that Nature can offer striking analogies to the human condition.
39. NMONTG_220911_16.JPG: All that Jazz, 1984
40. NMONTG_220911_34.JPG: Signal, 1985
41. NMONTG_220911_38.JPG: Hanover, 1983
42. NMONTG_220911_74.JPG: Nan Montgomery: Counterpoint, A Retrospective Curated by Virginia Mecklenburg
43. NMONTG_220911_88.JPG: Ares, 1991
44. SININF_220911_002.JPG: Shanthi Chandrasekar Time, 2022
45. SININF_220911_041.JPG: TURBULENCE In 1932 physicist Sir Horace Lamb said: "I am an old man now, and when I die and go to heaven there are two matters on which I hope for enlightenment. One is quantum electrodynamics, and the other is the turbulent motion of fluids. And about the former I am rather optimistic." He died two years later. Thirty years later Richard Feynman, one of the greatest physicists of the 20th Century, said: "Turbulence is the most important unsolved problem of classical physics." By "classical" he meant physics as known to Victorians in the 19th Century before relativity and quantum physics revolutionized our thinking. Feynman received a share of the 1965 Nobel Prize for solving quantum electrodynamics. When a fluid is slow moving, its motion is smooth and regular, called laminar, but above a certain speed it rapidly changes to turbulent, with parts having random motions in space. Whorls within twisted whorls, eddies within eddies. The sudden change is characterized by a "Reynolds number" which depends on sizes and the viscosity or "stickiness" of the fluid. Is it water or honey? Turbulence affects blood flowing through arteries, airplanes at high altitude, and cruise ships through the ocean. Many different and important situations, but turbulence is complicated, chaotic, and seemingly unpredictable. Meanwhile, pay attention to the beauty of the smoke as it rises from a candle flame in still air.
46. SININF_220911_043.JPG: Shanthi Chandrasekar Turbulence -- Eddies, 2020
47. SININF_220911_047.JPG: Shanthi Chandrasekar Inflation -- Infinity, 2020
48. SININF_220911_053.JPG: INFINITE SPACE? INFINITE TIME? Infinity is not just very, very, big - infinity is forever! Does space go on forever - or is it finite? If it is finite, does it have an edge, a boundary? And does time go on forever, or is it finite? If finite, does it have a beginning and an end? Einstein and Minkowski unified space and time in a four- dimensional theater, so what is true for one may be true for the other. The Earth is approximately a sphere in three-dimensional space - forget about mountains, valleys and ocean depths. Its surface is two-dimensional, forget about up & down. It is finite in area, but there is no edge, no boundary. Set off in any direction, travel as straight as you can, and you end up where you started. Can you imagine the whole of three-dimensional space being like that - finite in volume, with no edge? Set off in any direction, travel as straight as you can (like a ray of light), and end up where you started. That is a "closed space." It is mathematically possible and is difficult, but not impossible, to imagine. The whole Universe is expanding now, we believe from a volume much smaller than an atom 13.7 billion years ago, the Big Bang. The expansion seems to be accelerating due to dark energy. Most physicists think the Universe will continue expanding forever. But they cannot be sure, and forever is not just a very, very, long time. But maybe - pure speculation - in the far future it will start collapsing down to end in a tiny "Big Crunch." Perhaps time began and will end with those singular events. Or perhaps time, like space, is finite with no beginning and no end, but is a closed loop. The Big Bang and the Big Crunch would then be the same thing! The Universe could be a fluctuation in some even vaster Totality, with gazillions of other completely disconnected universes: The Multiverse!
49. SININF_220911_056.JPG: Shanthi Chandrasekar Energy, 2022
50. SININF_220911_066.JPG: CNO: THE POWERHOUSE OF THE STARS The sun and stars generate heat and light energy from nuclear reactions the fusion of light atomic nuclei to heavier ones, with lost mass being converted to kinetic energy obeying Einstein's equation E = mc2. In the sun several reactions happen, but basically four protons combine to form one helium nucleus and two positrons that annihilate into gamma-rays. In more massive stars with a higher central temperature a different process dominates called the CNO-cycle, using nuclei of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen as catalysts in a remarkable process first calculated by von Weizs�cker and Bethe in the 1930s. Those nuclei were not present after the Big Bang or in the first stars, which produced them and flung them into space in spectacular supernova explosions, to be condensed into new "second generation" stars. The diagram shows the reactions in which carbon participates, is converted to nitrogen and then to oxygen and back to carbon in the process. The end result is again that four protons are brought together to form a helium nucleus. In the process two positrons are emitted when protons become neutrons, together with neutrinos that leave the star, and gamma rays that heat it up. It can take a million years for the whole cycle, slow because it is very difficult for a proton to find and penetrate a carbon nucleus - which has a high electric charge and so repels the proton. Both very high density and very high temperatures are needed. Appreciate the beautiful symmetries in the diagram - the hexagon, the rectangle of the four H (hydrogen nuclei being protons), the triangle formed by the three nitrogen isotopes* 13N, 14N, and 15N, the inverted triangle of 12C, 13C, and 150, and the pair of radioactive decays on opposite corners emitting positrons and neutrinos. The products are positioned outside the hexagon. Isn't it interesting that carbon, the one element essential for life, is the one element essential for starlight? And carbon naturally forms hexagonal structures - graphite, buckyballs, etc. This diagram inspired Shanthi's piece. *The superscripts are the total number of protons + neutrons in the nucleus, the mass number
51. SININF_220911_069.JPG: Shanthi Chandrasekar Energy, 2022
52. SININF_220911_081.JPG: SUPERNOVA A nova (Latin for "new") appears like a new star, brightening and then fading away in days. About ten are seen in telescopes every year in the Milky Way, some bright enough to be seen without a telescope. A nova results from a white dwarf star sucking gas in from an orbiting companion star and heating it up in bursts or flashes. A supernova is very different. It can be brighter than a whole galaxy of billions of stars and is rare, with about three per century in a typical galaxy, less than one of them in the Milky Way being visible to the naked eye. A supernova is a massive star that collapses under its own gravity and then violently explodes. Nuclear fusion reactions generate enormous energy and create heavy elements that are thrown into space. The carbon, oxygen and heavier elements in our bodies were all formed in supernovae. You are indeed made of stardust. The first recorded supernova happened in A.D. 1054, noted by Chinese astronomers as a "guest star". The cloud of debris can still be seen as the Crab Nebula. The remnant of that supernova is a neutron star, 20 km in diameter, spinning 30 times per second and emitting pulses of electromagnetic radiation, from radio to X-rays. In 1987 a naked eye supernova called SN1987A occurred in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a neighboring irregular galaxy 168,000 light years away. Bursts of neutrinos were detected in three underground tanks containing millions of gallons of ultrapure water, the advent of neutrino astronomy. Most of the energy emitted by a supernova is in neutrinos. One type of supernova is believed to always have about the same intrinsic brightness; measuring its apparent brightness then tells us its distance. Hundreds of these have now been seen in very distant galaxies, and knowing their distance from us and their speed it was concluded that the Universe is expanding faster and faster. Not only is the Universe expanding, but the expansion is accelerating. That is attributed to "dark energy," a name given to something mysterious and not yet understood.
53. SININF_220911_083.JPG: Shanthi Chandrasekar Interactions & Decays, 2022
54. SININF_220911_091.JPG: A CASCADE OF PARTICLE DECAYS Top quarks and their antimatter partners are created in intense concentrations of energy in particle colliders, the most intense sources since the Big Bang. The end of their decay chains is just heat, and neutrinos now pass nearby stars. The heaviest elementary particle discovered so far is called the top quark, one of a family of six with esoteric names: up, down, charm, strange, bottom, and top. Each of these has an antimatter partner with the opposite electric charge. Top quarks are 185 times more massive than protons but are at least 1000 times smaller. They do not exist naturally since they are extremely unstable, decaying to lighter particles in less than 10-24 seconds - a trillionth of a trillionth of a second. They were discovered in 1995 in the Tevatron proton-antiproton collider at Fermilab (USA) and are now studied only at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN (Geneva). A top quark is created with an anti-top partner by concentrating an enormous amount of energy into an unimaginably small volume, equivalent to density of 10 to the 42 tons* per mm3 (the size of a pinhead). They both decay to lighter quarks in cascades shown schematically in the diagram: Top → bottom→ charm → strange→ up. The emitted weak force quantum, called W, changes the type of quark, and is the cause of radioactivity that changes one element into another by transforming an up-quark into a down-quark or vice-versa. The electrically charged W+ and W- bosons are also very unstable and are reconstructed from their decay products. A W+ emitted by a top quark can decay in five different ways shown in the box, randomly "choosing" which way. Quantum physics is inherently unpredictable, but the probabilities can be calculated precisely with the Standard Model of weak and electromagnetic forces. At the end of the cascade of top-antitop quark decays the result is a dozen neutrinos and antineutrinos in equal numbers rushing away at almost the speed of light. Those from the Tevatron are now between 10 and 30 lightyears away from the solar system (it shut down in September 2011), and the first neutrinos from the LHC's top quarks are now 23 lightyears away. The only other stable relics of a top-antitop pair are electrons and positrons, but every positron will have met an electron and annihilated into two gamma-rays, which deposit their energy as heat in surrounding material. 10 to the 12 is 1 with 42 zeros or a million trillion trillion trillion!
55. SININF_220911_095.JPG: Shanthi Chandrasekar Inflation -- Multiverse, 2020
56. SININF_220911_098.JPG: THE MULTIVERSE Only 100 years ago it was thought that all the stars were in a vast disc-like region, billions forming a glowing band across the night sky called the Milky Way. That was "The Galaxy;" that was our Universe, out to the edge of space. Then it was discovered that some faint cloudy patches called nebulae were other galaxies, many very like our own. The Hubble Space Telescope stared at a tiny patch of sky, a pinhead at arm's length, for a week-long exposure, and showed that our home galaxy is one of some hundred billion others. In the background all over the sky a glow of microwaves from the Big Bang showed that our Universe is about 13.7 billion years old. Is that IT? Is that Totality, everything? Or have we once again completely put ourselves - in this case our Universe - in a dominant position? Could there be other universes, completely disconnected from our own? If one, why not many? If many, why not millions, billions, or trillions? Such a totality is called the "MULTIVERSE." There are many versions of the multiverse idea. Many scientists say that if we can never prove or disprove the existence of other disconnected universes it is not really SCIENCE, which progresses by testing, observing, and falsifying. But if this universe is the only one, is it not extraordinarily unlikely that physics is just such as to allow complex organisms such as our brain to exist? The universe had to expand at just the right rate to allow time for evolution. Carbon is the only one of approximately 100 different elements with an atomic structure that can form complex molecules such as proteins. The abundance of carbon atoms, formed in nuclear reactions in stars, depended on a very specific energy level inside the carbon nucleus. Protons have to be lighter than neutrons. There is a long list of such seeming "miracles" - physics parameters that allow our universe to be just right for life. The "Goldilocks Principle." Many religious people believe that is because our Universe was designed that way. Many scientists believe that every one of the trillions upon trillions of universes in the multiverse has different physics (different particles, forces, dimensions, ...) and that they are nearly all sterile. At least one - perhaps only one - allows the complexity needed for life. But that is a belief would you call it a religion? -
57. SININF_220911_101.JPG: Shanthi Chandrasekar Deep Time, 2021
58. SININF_220911_108.JPG: THE END OF SPACE AND TIME The stars are going out Some with a bang Some with a whimper Planets getting swallowed By bloating red giants Others freezing As brown dwarf stars cool And blacken, spiraling together In a dance of death. Colliding, crunching, Black holes forming Life everywhere slowing, Slowing, dying, extinguished, No more Distant galaxies receding Faster, faster, Fainter and fainter. The end of light Darkness fills the void No space, no time No matter. No matter.
59. SININF_220911_111.JPG: Shanthi Chandrasekar Singularities & Infinities, 2022
60. SININF_220911_117.JPG: THE SINGULARITY Could this possibly be true? A star bigger than the sun Squashed down to pinhead size For a billion years it shone so brilliantly Holding its family of planets in their orbits Keeping them warm and full of life. Until catastrophe Nuclear furnace depleted, burnt out, collapsed Gravity, inexorable, pulled it in, smaller, smaller Atoms crushed - protons, electrons, neutrons squeezed to death A black hole, nothing could escape its pull Swallowed its planets, their mountains and oceans Life was there - but is no more. But inside its event horizon it kept collapsing The giant star squashed down to pinhead size A trillion times smaller even than that A trillion times smaller even than that Repeat ad infinitum ... Zero size, infinite density A singularity!
61. SININF_220911_121.JPG: Shanthi Chandrasekar Fractals, 2019
62. SININF_220911_129.JPG: ULTIMATE SIMPLICITY - ULTIMATE COMPLEXITY The physicist's dream is that we will find a unified theory of all fundamental particles and the forces between them. Einstein unified space and time. We seek to unify relativity and quantum theory. The more than 100 different elements are built from only three different particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. At a deeper level the constituents are still three: up-quarks, down-quarks, and electrons. Unstable matter particles were discovered, together with neutrinos making a 3 x 4 table of 12 particles with different masses. Perhaps at a deeper level these are all different manifestations of a single "uniparticle" with an underlying simplicity, or with a symmetry that is broken, giving rise to that variety. Was the unification of electricity and magnetism a step towards a Grand Unification of the strong, weak, electromagnetic, and gravitational forces? Is the Higgs boson the key to the puzzle? That particle is simplicity itself, just a tiny piece of vacuum - no electric charge, no spin, just mass. It may be a key to the ultimate simplicity physicists seek. If we could quantify complexity - put it on a scale - the brains of humans and other animals are the most complex things we know. Their hundreds of billions of interconnected neurons transmit signals, electrical and ions of different types in complex ever-changing patterns. Somehow - and this is called "the hard problem" - consciousness, self-awareness, feelings, emotions, emerge from this complexity. Somehow those brains arose from a single fertilized egg containing the coded instructions in one huge molecule, the twisted ladder of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid. Can those brains ever really understand themselves?
63. SININF_220911_145.JPG: DARK PHOTONS There is a dark side to the universe. "Dark energy" is a mysterious property of space blowing the universe up. "Dark matter" is probably made of still unknown particles of matter, not the matter we know as protons, neutrons, and electrons which make stars and planets, gas and dust. There is something else. Astronomers discovered dark matter because it has a gravitational field that keeps galaxies and clusters of galaxies together. It has also been found to bend light from very distant galaxies. Small black holes would do that but may not be enough. Physicists believe dark matter is probably made of fundamental particles that we have not yet discovered, having no electric charge and interacting extremely weakly with normal matter. Like neutrinos, but not neutrinos. An intriguing possibility is that there are particles that interact very weakly with both normal matter and dark matter, called "portals" since they act like doorways through which we, made of normal matter, can connect to the dark side. They could be produced in particle collisions at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland and could penetrate many meters of iron absorber and then decay to known particles. One possibility is called a "dark photon," which is like the massless photon, the particle of light, but this would have some mass and interact much less with atoms. Several experiments are underway to see if such heavy partners of photons exist. Heavy neutrinos are another possibility - or is there another Higgs boson waiting to be found? There may be a whole "parallel world" of forms of matter that we may be able to discover - or at least glimpse - through such portals.
64. SININF_220911_147.JPG: Shanthi Chandrasekar Particles & Waves, 2021
65. SININF_220911_154.JPG: GHOSTLY IMAGES Shine a light on a metal surface and electrons pop off. Shine a brighter light and more electrons come off but with the same energy. Make the light bluer and they have more energy. Albert Einstein explained this: Light, which everyone knew to be electromagnetic waves, also behaved like particles. What was it - waves or particles or "wavicles"? Albert Einstein got the Nobel Prize in 1921 for his explanation of the photoelectric effect, not for relativity. Later it was found that electrons also behave as waves and particles. Helium atoms and even large molecules can behave as waves - how weird is that? The Hungarian-British physicist Denis Gabor was trying to improve a microscope using electron waves (an electron microscope) with wavelengths much shorter than that of light, hoping to eventually see individual atoms. But electron lenses were not good; the images were hopelessly blurred. In 1947 he had a genius idea! Don't use a lens but record a diffraction pattern between the scattered electrons and a beam of "coherent electron waves." Coherent means the wave peaks and valleys are all in step. Have you seen "the Wave" by fans in a stadium? It was very difficult with electrons, but he tried it with light and it worked, but not very well since he did not have a coherent light beam. Gabor's holography remained a curiosity with no applications. Everything changed with the invention of the laser in 1960. It became easy to make wide coherent light beams, split them in two with a half-silvered mirror, and illuminate an object and a photographic plate together. The plate looks a mess, but when you illuminate it with an identical light beam an image of the object appears, floating in space and transparent like a ghost. Cut the plate in pieces and each piece has the full image, only fuzzier. Many applications followed: high density data storage, imaging miniscule vibrations, security on credit cards, art and entertainment, and many more. Last year 2021 was the 50th anniversary of Gabor's Nobel Prize for his invention. Light is waves. And particles!
66. SININF_220911_168.JPG: Shanthi Chandrasekar Gravitational Waves, 2022
67. SININF_220911_178.JPG: GRAVITY WAVES More than a thousand million years ago Before dinosaurs roamed the Earth A ripple in space spread through the universe Traveling at the speed of light It had covered 95 percent of its journey to Earth When the dinosaurs became extinct. Spreading in all directions, getting weaker all the time That ripple arrived at Earth For a fraction of a second it passed through us all We were stretched in one direction and squashed in the other And then the reverse Like wobbling jelly. You did not notice and neither did I But some scientists detected That stretching and squashing which Contracted and expanded four kilometer long laser beams By less than a hundred-millionth The width of an atom. Such a tsunami in space-time Caused by two black holes Spiraling around and crashing into each other The energy emitted momentarily More than that of all the stars In all the galaxies in the Universe. Gravity waves - ripples in space-time From the most cataclysmic events Since the Big Bang appeared from nowhere 13.7 thousand million years ago Still now they travel far past the Earth Going to shake up other planets.
68. SININF_220911_181.JPG: Shanthi Chandrasekar Entropy, 2022
69. SININF_220911_188.JPG: ENTROPY Entropy (denoted S) is a measure of the disorder (high entropy) or order (low entropy) of a system. In a snowflake the water molecules H-O-H (H2O) are beautifully ordered; when it melts they become very disorderly, jumbled up molecules wiggling around. Entropy increased! If you refreeze the melted snowflake the probability that it will reform that snowflake is incredibly small. Initially "thermodynamic entropy" was defined as the amount of heat energy added divided by the temperature, multiplied by a constant k. Ludwig Boltzmann realized that it can be calculated by counting the number W of possible ways the molecules can be arranged without changing the total energy. His famous equation S = k log (W)* is engraved on his tombstone. His work was extremely important for understanding steam engines in the industrial revolution. The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the entropy of an isolated system cannot decrease. What about when that snowflake was formed? What about the highly ordered DNA molecule? Difficult questions, but snowflakes and DNA do not form in isolation - the entropy of the total system still increases. One can also count states at the level of subatomic particles. An isolated neutron will decay after some random time, but with a 50% probability of decaying in the next 14.7 seconds. (If it did not decay by then, the statement holds true for the next 14.7 seconds, and the next - that is called exponential decay.) It shoots out a proton, an electron, and an antineutrino, conserving both momentum and energy. There are a vast number of possible final states, so the entropy of the full system suddenly increases. There is no going back, and this defines the direction of "entropy time" at the level of elementary particles. An electron moving through a gas ionizes the atoms, kicking electrons out, as it passes by. At each ionization (an event) the entropy jumps, the process is irreversible. Between those events, the electron is described as a wave; at each event it behaves as a particle - one says that the "wave-function collapses." Perhaps there is a profound relation between mysterious wave- function collapse and entropy? *Think of the log of a number as its length written out after the first, so log(100) = 2, log(1000) = 3 etc. That's in decimal, "log base 10" or log10. Boltzmann's equation uses "natural logarithms" base e which in decimals is 2.71828...going on forever.
70. SININF_220911_194.JPG: Shanthi Chandrasekar Black Hole, 2020
71. SININF_220911_197.JPG: BLACK HOLES One hundred years ago the astronomer Arthur Eddington went to an island off the coast of Africa to photograph a total eclipse of the sun. Eddington and his assistant had no time to glance at the "marvelous spectacle" - they were too busy taking photographs of some stars behind the eclipsed sun. (In daylight the sky is too bright to see the stars.) Eddington was testing a prediction made in 1916 by Albert Einstein that all masses distort space-time, and that distortion actually is gravity. A star field behind the sun would be magnified as if the sun were a lens - a gravitational lens. Eddington confirmed that prediction, and Einstein became world-famous. If you could squeeze the sun until its radius is 3 kilometers, each cubic millimeter a pinhead - would have a mass of 18 billion tons. Passing light rays would not just be bent, but sucked in. The gravitational field at its surface would be so strong that nothing inside could possibly get out. Not even light. It would be a black hole. We cannot squeeze the sun, but more massive stars can collapse under their own weight, and then they suck in material, even swallowing whole stars and planets, and grow. Our Milky Way galaxy has a black hole in its center with a mass of about four million suns. The galaxy called M87 has a much more massive black hole, 6.5 billion suns, a monster the size of our solar system. In 2019 the Event Horizon Telescope published an exciting image of the M87 black hole, and this year one of that in the center of our Milky Way. If no light can escape, how can they be seen? They cannot, not really. But those amazing images were made by cleverly combining signals from several microwave telescopes spread over Earth, all recording signals at the same time for many hours. Combining them, the resolution was a thousand times better than that of the largest single telescope. The microwaves emitted by hot plasma surrounding those black holes were converted to visible images with a blurry black "shadow" in the middle making it look like a donut - the size of a donut on the moon! Those black holes are sucking in matter, never to escape. Pairs of black holes spiraling together can merge into one, emitting waves of distorted spacetime, now observed by incredibly precise gravity wave detectors, a new window on the universe.
72. SININF_220911_199.JPG: Shanthi Chandrasekar Dimensions, 2019
73. SININF_220911_203.JPG: DARK ENERGY AND TACHYONS When it was discovered that the Universe is not only expanding but that the expansion rate is increasing faster and faster, a new mystery arose to challenge our understanding of the Cosmos. It is as if space exerts a repulsive force on itself. If that continues forever the galaxies will eventually disappear from our view and space will become empty in a trillion years! Since no one knows what dark energy is, we can speculate. We know about electromagnetic and gravitational fields; they have direction and strength differing everywhere throughout space. Suppose that dark energy is another very weak field, but with no direction, only a value which is the same everywhere through space, absolutely uniform. Astronomers are trying to see if there are variations in space or in time. One strange idea about dark energy is that it is made of particles or "quanta" that are "tachyons." Caveat: this is not a widely accepted idea - yet. Einstein showed that light, which is a wave of electromagnetic fields, has such quanta, particles called photons when scattered or emitted or absorbed by atoms. Measurements of the speed of photons in empty space always give the same value, no matter the motion of the source or detector. The speed of light is about 300,000 km/sec - the basis of Einstein's Theory of Relativity. According to that theory no particles that have mass, and so can be at rest, can travel faster than the speed of light. But physicists have wondered whether there can be particles that can never be at rest, and that always travel faster than light. Such hypothetical particles are called tachyons (tachy = fast in Greek). They cannot feel electromagnetic, weak or strong nuclear forces or we would have detected them. If tachyons have zero energy they would have infinite speed, zipping between galaxies instantaneously. Give them more energy and they slow down, approaching the speed of light from above, but never quite getting down there. Could tachyons be particles of dark energy? Probably it would be as difficult to detect them as it is to detect gravitons, the quanta of the gravitational field. Untestable hypotheses are usually not considered good science, but Pauli thought neutrinos could never be detected when he hesitantly suggested them in 1932. But 25 years later they were detected coming from a nuclear reactor, and then from the sun. Now we study neutrinos in beams from our accelerators.
74. SININF_220911_207.JPG: Shanthi Chandrasekar Flow, 2019
75. SININF_220911_211.JPG: Shanthi Chandrasekar Radiation, 2019
76. SININF_220911_216.JPG: DARK ENERGY Dark energy - the most abundant and the most mysterious stuff in the Universe. Is it even "stuff"? Perhaps it is a strange property of empty space or rather space as empty as it can possibly be. When Albert Einstein developed his theory that gravity is curved spacetime, General Relativity, he applied it to the whole Universe - as he knew it. His equations told him that the Universe should be expanding or contracting. However, he thought it to be neither. Then he made what he later called his "greatest blunder." He added a term to his equation called the "cosmological constant" to keep it static. Is it just a term in an equation or a fundamental property of the vacuum? Later we discovered that the Milky Way is only one of many galaxies. Hubble discovered that they are rushing away - the whole Universe is expanding! Einstein could have predicted that to add to his many revolutionary discoveries. Cosmologists debated: Will the expansion never stop, just slowing down by the gravitational attraction between the galaxies, time being eternal? Perhaps gravity will win, taking over, the Universe collapsing to end in a Big Crunch, the end of time. Then in 1998, the shocking discovery was made that the expansion was happening faster and faster. Accelerating! Was this due to Einstein's cosmological constant after all? If that happens forever, will the Universe become emptier and emptier until there is not one atom in a cubic light year? Today about 2/3 of the total energy content of the Universe is dark energy. Does it have the same tiny value everywhere throughout the Universe, not changing even as the Universe expands while the matter density decreases? Astronomers are studying the most distant galaxies to try to answer these questions. The future of the Universe depends on it!
77. SININF_220911_220.JPG: Shanthi Chandrasekar Self Similarity, 2020
78. SININF_220911_228.JPG: SELF SIMILARITY - THREES and SIXES Shanthi's drawing Self-Similarity, so full of 3's and 6's, hexagons and zooming in, showing patterns repeated on multiple scales, has fascinating parallels in the physical world. The smallest known particles of matter are the 6 different quarks, with 3 families of 2 each (up+down, charm+strange, top+bottom). When only the first 2 families were known theorists predicted that there had to be a third family to allow matter and antimatter to behave differently (that's called CP-violation) and hence for the universe to be dominated by matter. These 6 quarks have electric charges that are 1/3 or 2/3 that of electrons or protons, so one can say that electrons have 3 times the smallest possible electric charge. Quarks also have a strong charge which can take 3 values, whimsically called red, yellow, and blue - and the corresponding force is called the color force, or "chromodynamics." This has nothing to do with the colors of light, except by analogy - put the 3 together and you get white, or colorless. Likewise, 3 quarks, one of each "color," combine to make a proton or neutron. The latter stick together with a strong force, but that is a pale remnant of the much stronger force between the quarks. That quark-quark force is so strong one can never pull a quark out of a proton - the force gets stronger with distance, the opposite of electromagnetic forces. Paralleling the 6 quarks there are 6 "leptons" - 3 types of neutrinos with no electric charge and 3 charged particles - electron, muon and tau. When neutrinos interact, they do so in one of those 3 types (or "flavors"), but when they travel between emission and absorption they have one of 3 different (but tiny) masses. Strange behavior! Space has 3 dimensions - could it be otherwise? Only 2, flatland, would be very restrictive, but what about 4? Some theories involve several more dimensions of space, perhaps 10, with only 3 being big, the rest are curled up so tightly that we cannot detect them. Zoom out to the larger scale of atomic nuclei, and then atoms, the number 6 again is special. Carbon has 6 protons and 6 neutrons bound together, and that atom is the only one of more than 100 elements able to make the most complex molecules necessary for life. Carbon atoms form many different structures or allotropes, including opaque black graphite, highly transparent colorless diamond, fullerenes (buckyballs) and black amorphous coal. No other element is so diverse. The number 6 seems to be magic, both for particles and for atoms!
79. SININF_220911_233.JPG: Shanthi Chandrasekar Energy, 2022
80. SININF_220911_237.JPG: CNO: THE POWERHOUSE OF THE STARS The sun and stars generate heat and light energy from nuclear reactions - the fusion of light atomic nuclei to heavier ones, with lost mass being converted to kinetic energy obeying Einstein's equation E = mc2. In the sun several reactions happen, but basically four protons combine to form one helium nucleus and two positrons that annihilate into gamma-rays. In more massive stars with a higher central temperature a different process dominates called the CNO-cycle, using nuclei of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen as catalysts in a remarkable process first calculated by von Weizs�cker and Bethe in the 1930s. Those nuclei were not present after the Big Bang or in the first stars, which produced them and flung them into space in spectacular supernova explosions, to be condensed into new "second generation" stars. The diagram shows the reactions in which carbon participates, is converted to nitrogen and then to oxygen and back to carbon in the process. The end result is again that four protons are brought together to form a helium nucleus. In the process two positrons are emitted when protons become neutrons, together with neutrinos that leave the star, and gamma rays that heat it up. It can take a million years for the whole cycle, slow because it is very difficult for a proton to find and penetrate a carbon nucleus - which has a high electric charge and so repels the proton. Both very high density and very high temperatures are needed. Appreciate the beautiful symmetries in the diagram - the hexagon, the rectangle of the four H (hydrogen nuclei being protons), the triangle formed by the three nitrogen isotopes* 13N, 14N, and 15N, the inverted triangle of 12C, 13C, and 150, and the pair of radioactive decays on opposite corners emitting positrons and neutrinos. The products are positioned outside the hexagon. Isn't it interesting that carbon, the one element essential for life, is the one element essential for starlight? And carbon naturally forms hexagonal structures - graphite, buckyballs, etc. This diagram inspired Shanthi's piece. *The superscripts are the total number of protons + neutrons in the nucleus, the mass number
81. SININF_220911_242.JPG: Shanthi Chandrasekar Supernova, 2022
82. SININF_220911_249.JPG: SUPERNOVA A nova (Latin for "new") appears like a new star, brightening and then fading away in days. About ten are seen in telescopes every year in the Milky Way, some bright enough to be seen without a telescope. A nova results from a white dwarf star sucking gas in from an orbiting companion star and heating it up in bursts or flashes. A supernova is very different. It can be brighter than a whole galaxy of billions of stars and is rare, with about three per century in a typical galaxy, less than one of them in the Milky Way being visible to the naked eye. A supernova is a massive star that collapses under its own gravity and then violently explodes. Nuclear fusion reactions generate enormous energy and create heavy elements that are thrown into space. The carbon, oxygen and heavier elements in our bodies were all formed in supernovae. You are indeed made of stardust. The first recorded supernova happened in A.D. 1054, noted by Chinese astronomers as a "guest star". The cloud of debris can still be seen as the Crab Nebula. The remnant of that supernova is a neutron star, 20 km in diameter, spinning 30 times per second and emitting pulses of electromagnetic radiation, from radio to X-rays. In 1987 a naked eye supernova called SN1987A occurred in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a neighboring irregular galaxy 168,000 light years away. Bursts of neutrinos were detected in three underground tanks containing millions of gallons of ultrapure water, the advent of neutrino astronomy. Most of the energy emitted by a supernova is in neutrinos. One type of supernova is believed to always have about the same intrinsic brightness; measuring its apparent brightness then tells us its distance. Hundreds of these have now been seen in very distant galaxies, and knowing their distance from us and their speed it was concluded that the Universe is expanding faster and faster. Not only is the Universe expanding, but the expansion is accelerating. That is attributed to "dark energy," a name given to something mysterious and not yet understood.
83. SININF_220911_256.JPG: Singularities & Infinities Shanthi Chandrasekar & Michael Albrow Artists' Statement Michael Albrow met Shanthi Chandrasekar when she exhibited her multimedia artwork at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) in Batavia, IL, and gave a colloquium on how science inspires her work. At dinner that evening, Albrow encouraged Chandrasekar to publish a book of her images and offered to write short pieces on the science inspiring her work - the Big Bang, black holes, particle physics and so on. This conversation resulted in the show, Singularities & Infinities. While artists and scientists view the universe through different disciplinary lenses, there is much in common a sense of wonder and beauty, a fascination with the unknown, the boundaries of our knowledge, the perfect symmetries and broken symmetries. Art and science are parallel cultures, both dealing in observations and both important to our civilization. The key distinction is that science deals with measurements, needs mathematics, and seeks the truth about the world. If a beautiful idea is shown to be wrong, it must be discarded; the truth is likely to be even more beautiful. The arts deal with instinct, expression, and emotions; art should convey and evoke feelings and be thought-provoking. Unlike science, art cannot be wrong, but can be uninteresting. As a scientist, Albrow found Chandrasekar's art to be not only beautiful but extremely interesting; the more closely one looks, the more one sees. That is literally true also in physics. Through his writings, Albrow tries to make abstract scientific concepts more accessible to everyone. Chandrasekar's drawings and Albrow's prose and poetry are intertwined to explore and express concepts of the cosmos, from the very smallest particles to the whole universe.
84. CLAY_220910_001.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2022_DC_KatzenX_2022C_More_Clay DC -- American University -- Katzen Arts Center -- 2022C Fall Exhibit: More Clay: The Power of Repetition (94 photos from 2022)
85. CLAY_220910_024.JPG: KATE ROBERTS Gates to Nowhere, 2022 Unfired porcelain, fiber, fishing line Courtesy of the artist Robert's monumental gates, suspended from above and built drip by drip from delicate, thread-like units of unfired clay, look like an exalted spiritual entryway. But is it a passage beckoning into a secret garden? Or is it a barrier, a gated community? The ephemeral nature of Roberts' raw clay underscores ever-shifting lines of exclusion, the fleeting nature of our own lives, and the built environments we create. Like a mandala, the gates will be destroyed after the exhibition.
86. CLAY_220910_029.JPG: Kate Roberts Gates to Nowhere, 2022
87. CLAY_220910_047.JPG: Vanessa Ryerse Rend and ReMember, 2022
88. CLAY_220910_072.JPG: VANESSA RYERSE Rend and ReMember, 2022 Porcelain mosaic relief on wood panels Courtesy of the artist Fifteen feet of shattered blue and white "Willow Ware" style adds up to thousands of discarded and repurposed plates and vessels in Vanessa Ryerse's mosaics. Her sea of shards taps into the extraordinary success of the global Chinese export-ware industry and the five centuries of duplicates and adaptations from Meissen, to Wedgewood infiltrating society's dinner tables across the world. So ubiquitous are the imitations that even in the 21st century, in the deep Midwest, there is an abundance available in the flea markets where the artist sources her material. It is hard to think of a more profound aesthetic conquest of the world. The artist talks about the "brokenness and healing" of the shattered states souvenir plates united in her relief, a togetherness not shared in the rest of the United States.
89. CLAY_220910_097.JPG: Kahlil Robert Irving [ STREET & Stars | (Memories <> Matter) fair and FREEDOM ] Black ICE, 2019
90. CLAY_220910_098.JPG: KAHLIL ROBERT IRVING [ STREET & Stars | (Memories <> Matter) fair and FREEDOM] Black ICE, 2019 Glazed and unglazed stoneware and white clay, grog, decals, luster, gilded pyrometric cones Courtesy of the artist and the Ferring Collection Irving's stoneware tile piece, echoing asphalt, hovers off the ground like a floating street that mirrors the night sky of the artist's dreams. Irving uses collage, decals, digitally printed material and actual detritus embedded in the multiple clay panels to recreate the experience of the cityscape from a bird's-eye view. His pioneering work with clay assemblage beautifully and uncomfortably recreates an everyday landscape of littered sidewalks with torn bits of newspapers announcing the latest violence against African Americans amongst the cigarette packages and social media fragments. The repetition of eighty oversized tiles creates the bold scale and magnifies its black power.
91. CLAY_220910_109.JPG: J.J. McCracken Fruit for Geophages (Hunger), 2022
92. CLAY_220910_115.JPG: J.J. MCCRACKEN Fruit for Geophages (Hunger), 2022 Slip-cast locally dug clay, vitrine "Hunger," remastered 2022, with Ornette Hawkins video, soundscape Courtesy of the artist and Connersmith, Washington, DC McCracken's work confronts the inequality in America's food system, where food is produced in great abundance and yet so many still go hungry. The film of McCracken's 2010 performance, shows her clay-drenched women eating multiple clay casts of fruits and vegetables to expressively demonstrate this disturbing contradiction. The artist plumbs the depths of hunger, of malnutrition, using geophagy (earth eating) to build an experiential work where consumption abounds but the "food" is devoid of nutritional value. The fragile clay artifacts that remain are presented here in a museum vitrine to elevate them as sacred objects, imbuing them with historical meaning and refocusing our attention on the issue of food scarcity.
93. CLAY_220910_121.JPG: More Clay! The Power of Repetition Curated by Rebecca Cross
94. CLAY_220910_128.JPG: Transcending the structural limitations of clay and abandoning the material's traditional association with function, these eight artists build powerful ceramic sculptures through accumulation, repetition, and innovative feats of construction. This exhibition demonstrates the power of assembling multiples as a compelling vehicle for the artists to express their chosen subject matter as they transform this humble, sustainable material...dirt! into something monumental in form, scale and content. Thank you to Susan and Dixon Butler for their generous support of this exhibition. Special thanks to the following who made MORE CLAY! and the accompanying catalog possible: Tracey Weisler Wendy & William Garner Lee Arrowood-Fleisher Arrowood of Compass Skanby+Gould Foundation Diane Silber in memory of Igal Silber James Renwick Alliance for Craft Larry Hawk Arlen Dominek and A.J. Young Margo Reid and Greg Simon Mindy Solomon Gallery Diane Rosenstein Gallery Susan & Steven Bralove Anne, Burt & Sascha Fishman Giorgio Furioso Ken Schaner John and Susan B. Magee Marsha Gold Mara Gladstone Gail Severn Gallery
95. KALLOS_220910_01.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2022_DC_KatzenX_2022C_Kallos DC -- American University -- Katzen Arts Center -- 2022C Fall Exhibit: Kallos: Maria Karametou (54 photos from 2022)
  Maria Karametou Princess for a Night, 2021
96. KALLOS_220910_08.JPG: Maria Karametou
97. KALLOS_220910_34.JPG: Maria Karametou Armor III, 2020 Bobby pins
98. KALLOS_220910_37.JPG: Maria Karametou Armor IV, 2021 Bobby pins
99. KALLOS_220910_40.JPG: Maria Karametou Rapunzel, 2007-2015 Bobby pins, hair
100. KALLOS_220910_52.JPG: Maria Karametou Hairloom II, 2022 158 braids of hair and other mixed media
101. KALLOS_220910_56.JPG: Introduction Kallos, Greek for "beauty," reflects Maria Karametou's ongoing exploration into identity, an interest initially sparked from the contrast between her own family history and earlier life in Greece, and her immigration to the United States. With this body of work, Karametou now focuses on gender identity and the things people, especially women, have done throughout history to conform to societal pressures, expectations, and conventional standards of physical beauty that ultimately define their sense of self. Hers is a journey involving identity formation, memory, time, and her lifelong endeavor to create work that speaks to these experiences. A mixed media artist from the very beginning, Karametou works both abstractly and figuratively, in two and three dimensions, using whatever materials best work, including bobby pins, hair, wax, paint, digital images, photographs, and found objects. Kallos offers glimpses of Karametou's keen observations and encounters, formed into unique objects and images of thoughtful reflection.
102. KALLOS_220910_59.JPG: Maria Karametou Mirror, Mirror, 2022
103. KALLOS_220910_65.JPG: Maria Karametou Kallos Curated by Nancy Sausser
104. KATBEL_220910_001.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2022_DC_KatzenX_2022C_Believe DC -- American University -- Katzen Arts Center -- 2022C Fall Exhibit: Make-Believe: Georgia Saxelby and Devan Shimoyama (24 photos from 2022)
  Make-Believe Georgia Saxelby + Devan Shimoyama
105. KATBEL_220910_007.JPG: Make-Believe presents the fantastical world-building of artists Georgia Saxelby and Devan Shimoyama. The exhibition considers the artists' shared use of decoration and artifice as tools to mediate between the real and the imaginary in a post- pandemic world where fantasies play increasingly vital roles. The artists draw on the aesthetic histories of fashion, drag, theatre, animation, costume jewelry and interior design, to engage with the contributions of queer, Black, and women practitioners whose histories often sit outside the fine art canon. Georgia Saxelby's sculptures invent a speculative language of sumptuous architectural adornment in ceramic and glass drawn from the play and artifice of costume jewelry. Her work treats architecture as a body whose adornments should change over time, as a building's symbolic functions evolve with shifting values. Here, decoration is put forward as a strategy of subversion and reclamation, and the activities of dress up and play-pretend are seen as crucial forms of calling new worlds into being.
106. KATBEL_220910_009.JPG: ia ce S e of e ng S Saxelby's glittering ornaments resist Western architecture's problematic ideals of naturalness, purity and authenticity. Instead, the artist combines color- shifting iridescent pigments, ceramic lustres, glass powders, and larger-than- life diamonds and pearls to create her own dazzling technicolor architectural fantasy. Devan Shimoyama's paintings reimagine narratives of transformation, metamorphosis and shape shifting in tarot, pop music, anime and comics. Through surfaces of glitter, flowers, and jewels, Shimoyama constructs fictitious narratives and new identities in this series of self-portraits. Three large works in the exhibition reimagine tarot card illustration compositions. Tarot, for Shimoyama, relates to how divination, mysticisms and fantasy can assist in adapting to difficult personal trials in life. Additionally, four works showcase renderings of his own face while donning various hairstyles of influential femme icons who embody ideas around drag and alter egos. In all of these new works, Shimoyama celebrates fiction, mimicry, faux finish, magic and transmutation.
107. KATBEL_220910_014.JPG: Devan Shimoyama Le Mat, 2022
108. KATBEL_220910_020.JPG: Devan Shimoyama Winning Love by Daylight, 2022
109. KATBEL_220910_035.JPG: Georgia Saxelby Architectural Ornament (Ursula), 2022
110. KATBEL_220910_039.JPG: Georgia Saxelby Architectural Ornament (Black with Red Heart), 2022
111. KATBEL_220910_045.JPG: Georgia Saxelby Architectural Ornament (Lilac), 2022
112. KATBEL_220910_058.JPG: Georgia Saxelby Architectural Ornament (Magenta with Iridescent Glass), 2022
113. KATBEL_220910_067.JPG: Devan Shimoyama Le Soleil, 2022
114. KATBEL_220910_069.JPG: Georgia Saxelby Architectural Ornament (Pink/Green with Gold), 2022
115. KATBEL_220910_074.JPG: Devan Shimoyama Self Portrait as Mystique, 2022
116. KATBEL_220910_080.JPG: Georgia Saxelby Architectural Ornament (Blue), 2022
117. KATBEL_220910_087.JPG: Devan Shimoyama Self-Portrait as Catrina, 2022
118. KATBEL_220910_092.JPG: Devan Shimoyama Self-Portrait as Aaliyah, 2022
119. KATBEL_220910_100.JPG: Devan Shimoyama Self Portrait as Ronnie, 2022
120. KATBEL_220910_111.JPG: Devan Shimoyama Le Bateleur, 2022
121. KATBEL_220910_120.JPG: Georgia Saxelby Architectural Ornament (Crimson), 2022
122. KATBEL_220910_129.JPG: Georgia Saxelby Architectural Ornament (Lilac with Red Gems), 2022
123. KATBEL_220910_135.JPG: Georgia Saxelby Architectural Ornament (Gold), 2022
124. KATZEO_220910_005.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2022_DC_KatzenO_220910 DC -- American University -- Katzen Arts Center -- 2022C Fall Opening Reception (Public) (65 photos from 2022)
125. KATZEO_220910_029.JPG: Yumi Hogan, Maryland's governor's wife
126. KATZEO_220910_065.JPG: ???, Glenn Marcus
127. KATZEO_220910_081.JPG: Mina Cheon
128. KATZEO_220910_123.JPG: Melvin Hardy, Juanita Boyd Hardy, ???, ???
129. KATZEO_220910_151.JPG: Janet Fries (right)
130. KATZEO_220910_164.JPG: Jack Rasmussen (left)
131. KATZEO_220910_194.JPG: Dalya Luttwak (center)
132. KATZEO_220910_237.JPG: Michael Albrow (right)
133. KATZEO_220910_242.JPG: Chawky Frenn (right)
134. KATZEO_220910_280.JPG: ???, Chawky Frenn, Michael Albrow, ???
135. KOREAS_220910_027.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2022_DC_KatzenX_2022C_Koreas DC -- American University -- Katzen Arts Center -- 2022C Fall Exhibit: (Alper) Haunted Koreas: Mina Cheon with Kim Il Soon (13 photos from 2022)
  Umma Rises: Toward Global Peace, 2017
136. KOREAS_220910_044.JPG: Dreaming Unification: Oori -- Protest for Peace, Diptych, 2019-2020
137. KOREAS_220910_068.JPG: Dreaming Unification #14
138. KOREAS_220910_076.JPG: Dreaming Unification: Protest Peace, 2019-2020
139. KOREAS_220910_082.JPG: Dreaming Unification #15, 2019-2020
140. KOREAS_220910_088.JPG: Anonymous North Korean painter The Last Supper, 2019
141. KOREAS_220910_099.JPG: Missiles Good Bye, 2017
142. KOREAS_220910_102.JPG: Anonymous North Korean painter The Juche Tower and Visitors, 2019
143. KOREAS_220910_113.JPG: Anonymous North Korean painter, North-South Declaration of Partnership: Standing before the Unification Flag, 2019. Oil on canvas, 23 x 33 in. Image courtesy of Mina Cheon Studio. Translation: “We, people(s) must stand in our confirmed stance with respect and sincerity towards declaring partnership.”
144. MCLAYT_220910_001.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2022_DC_KatzenXT_MoreClay_220910 DC -- American University -- Katzen Arts Center -- 2022C Gallery Talk: More Clay w/Rebecca Cross (63 photos from 2022)
145. MCLAYT_220910_006.JPG: (left to right) Bean Finneran, Vanessa Ryerse, ???, Rebecca Cross, Walter McConnell, J.J. McCracken, David Hicks
146. MCLAYT_220910_010.JPG: Rebecca Cross
147. MCLAYT_220910_016.JPG: Jack Rasmussen, Rebecca Cross, Walter McConnell
148. MCLAYT_220910_020.JPG: ???, Jack Rasmussen, Rebecca Cross
149. MCLAYT_220910_039.JPG: Jack Rasmussen, Rebecca Cross, Walter McConnell
150. MCLAYT_220910_045.JPG: Vanessa Ryerse, Bean Finneran
151. MCLAYT_220910_047.JPG: Rebecca Cross
152. MCLAYT_220910_059.JPG: ???
153. MCLAYT_220910_066.JPG: J.J. McCracken
154. MCLAYT_220910_094.JPG: David Hicks
155. MCLAYT_220910_139.JPG: Bean Finneran, Jack Rasmussen
156. MCLAYT_220910_191.JPG: David Hicks
157. MCLAYT_220910_201.JPG: ???
158. MCLAYT_220910_231.JPG: J.J. McCracken
159. MCLAYT_220910_302.JPG: Robert Herzog
160. MCLAYT_220910_309.JPG: Vanessa Ryerse
161. MCLAYT_220910_335.JPG: Vanessa Ryerse
162. NMONTG_220910_001.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2022_DC_KatzenX_2022C_Montgomery DC -- American University -- Katzen Arts Center -- 2022C Fall Exhibit: Nan Montgomery: Counterpoint (37 photos from 2022)
  Trajectory, 2005
163. NMONTG_220910_009.JPG: Nan Montgomery: Counterpoint, A Retrospective Curated by Virginia Mecklenburg
164. NMONTG_220910_012.JPG: Introduction Nan Montgomery has painted geometries for more than fifty years. In towering rectangles that resemble ancient skyscrapers, angular intersections that read like crossroads, or the jazzy X's and O's of a child's tic-tac-toe game, she explores both observable phenomena and unseen forces that are as real as they are invisible. Often joyous, sometimes witty, Montgomery's paintings are always profound in the depth of their understanding-and translation-of physical relationships and metaphorical associations. Montgomery arrived in Washington, DC in 1960, armed with an understanding of structure and color she learned from Josef Albers at Yale. But in the 1980s, she shifted from experimental color and form to images prompted by memories and personal associations. In Hanover, the DC area where her first studio was located, and Tregaron, a 13th century town in Wales she visited with her family in the 1970s, she identified forms with specific locations. Voyager was prompted by looking at an airport runway at night while she waited alone for her son to come home from college. Montgomery is fundamentally a conceptual artist whose compositions address the human response to the world. She is concerned with the contemporary moment, but also with values, ideas, and subliminal associations that echo across time.
165. NMONTG_220910_015.JPG: Ares, 1991
166. NMONTG_220910_021.JPG: Areole, 1993
167. NMONTG_220910_029.JPG: North Toward Home, 1996
168. NMONTG_220910_035.JPG: Trilogy II, 2019
169. NMONTG_220910_041.JPG: Roundelle, 2007
170. NMONTG_220910_047.JPG: Fire and Ice, 2007
171. NMONTG_220910_057.JPG: Leaning Toward Red, 2004
172. NMONTG_220910_062.JPG: Grace, 2012
173. NMONTG_220910_069.JPG: Lumenesce, 2012
174. NMONTG_220910_077.JPG: Counterpoint, 2010
175. NMONTG_220910_082.JPG: Following 9/11, Montgomery took a course at the John James Audubon Center, a 200-plus acre sanctuary dedicated to preserving natural habitats for birds of the region. The grounds are crisscrossed by trails, with wilder spaces punctuated by gardens that offer places of spiritual nourishment. In the canvases that followed, she created a distinctly contemporary kind of still-life painting. Single flowers-often a gladiolus, sometimes a lily or bird of paradise-command the canvas. They stand like sentinels, demanding that we reconcile the organic beauty of the flower with the geometric rigor of bifurcated, often monochromatic, backgrounds. In title, image, and palette Fire and Ice speaks to passion, frozen spaces, and the conviction that beauty can flourish, even in challenging circumstances. The whimsical Leaning Toward Red reminds us that indecision precedes choice. The two white calla lilies arcing toward the edge of the canvas literally lean toward red, as did the artist as she chose the painting's format and color. These and the other flowers she created in the early years of the 21st century are reminders that Nature can offer striking analogies to the human condition.
176. NMONTG_220910_096.JPG: Cat tail 2, 2004
177. NMONTG_220910_100.JPG: Gladiola, 2003
178. NMONTG_220910_104.JPG: Intersection V, 2017
179. NMONTG_220910_112.JPG: Drop, 2003
180. NMONTG_220910_115.JPG: Throughout her work Montgomery has recognized the significance of choice and that the decisions she makes-about color, shape and directionality-as she creates each work represent stand-ins for ideas. In Dialogues she aligned identical forms painted different colors to hint at the infinite array of options and, coincidentally, set up a conversation among them. The cross-shaped paintings she variously titled Intersection pose the idea of crossroads, which in life implies that a decision to take one path, as poet Robert Frost recognized more than one hundred years ago, precludes taking another. Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth; Then took the other, as just as fair, And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear; Though as for that the passing there Had worn them really about the same, And both that morning equally lay In leaves no step had trodden black. Oh, I kept the first for another day! Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever come back. I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I- I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference. Robert Frost, "The Road Not Taken," 1915
181. NMONTG_220910_119.JPG: Intersection IV, 2017
182. NMONTG_220910_137.JPG: Dialogues, 2015
183. NMONTG_220910_143.JPG: Sola, 1993 Oracle, 1993
184. PRETTY_220910_001.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2022_DC_KatzenX_2022C_Pretty DC -- American University -- Katzen Arts Center -- 2022C Fall Exhibit: Sitting Pretty: 200 Years of American Portrait Painting (63 photos from 2022)
  Sitting Pretty: 200 Years of American Portrait Painting
185. PRETTY_220910_006.JPG: Louis Betts Yvonne, 1918-1921
186. PRETTY_220910_015.JPG: George Peter Alexander Healy (1813-1894) In 1834, George Peter Alexander Healy, the talented but largely self-taught Boston-born artist, left his moderately successful New England portrait practice to study abroad. While in Paris, he caught the eye of Louis Philippe (1773-1850), King of France, who, before he was deposed in 1848, commissioned portraits of notable Americans and Europeans from Healy. Among the eighteen likenesses of Americans were those of six presidents. For these paintings, Healy returned to America to paint copies of well-known images of George Washington, John Adams, James Madison and James Monroe and to secure life sittings from John Tyler and Andrew Jackson. In 1855 the peripatetic Healy, who crisscrossed the Atlantic as if the Concorde were available to him, established his studio in Chicago. There he began a series of portraits of distinguished Americans, many of which were replicas of his earlier portraits of the presidents. Chicago businessman and philanthropist Thomas B. Bryan (1828-1906) acquired most of these for display in the Bryan Music Hall. Bryan also commissioned the portrait of Abraham Lincoln, who, as president-elect, sat for Healy in November 1860. In 1879, when Bryan's collection of portraits became available, William Wilson Corcoran purchased fourteen paintings of presidents for the Corcoran Gallery of Art to add to the museum's ever- growing collection of distinguished individuals. Corcoran and the museum's trustees clearly envisioned the Corcoran Gallery of Art as an appropriate venue for a national portrait gallery. As curator William MacLeod noted at the time of the initial acquisition, "This interesting and valuable series of portraits of our presidents shows the determination of Mr. Corcoran and the trustees to make national portraiture a strong point in the gallery." In 1884, the museum trustees commissioned Healy to paint the portrait of then president Chester A. Arthur for the gallery's collection. Today these fifteen presidential portraits reside in three Washington museums. The portraits of Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln are at the National Gallery of Art. The National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution acquired the portraits of Chester Arthur, James Buchanan, Millard Fillmore, Franklin Pierce, Andrew Jackson, James Knox Polk, Zachary Taylor, John Tyler, and Martin Van Buren. The American University Museum at the Katzen Arts Center received the portraits of John Adams, James Madison, James Monroe, and John Quincy Adams. Ever restless, Healy remained in his Midwest home until 1869, when he returned to Europe, living first in Rome, but settling in Paris in late 1873. In 1892 Chicago became his final home. Early in his career, Louis Philippe's patronage cemented Healy's reputation as an able artist. During his lifetime the talented Healy would paint more than 1,000 portraits, not only of presidents but also those of the wealthy and the socially well-connected who relished his celebrity.
187. PRETTY_220910_022.JPG: Edmund Charles Tarbell Charles Carroll Glover, 1918
188. PRETTY_220910_027.JPG: John Christen Johansen Cuthbert Powell Minnigerode, 1942
189. PRETTY_220910_034.JPG: Eugen Weisz Self-Portrait, c 1940s
190. PRETTY_220910_045.JPG: Richard Lahey Carlotta, 1943
191. PRETTY_220910_055.JPG: Richard Sumner Meryman Ruth Weitkamp Glenn, 1930
192. PRETTY_220910_060.JPG: Louis Schanker Marchal E. Landgren, c 1935/1939
193. PRETTY_220910_065.JPG: Moses Soyer Seated Dancer, c 1957
194. PRETTY_220910_079.JPG: Alexander Robertson James Alice Caroline Stanley Acheson (Mrs. Dean Acheson), 1937
195. PRETTY_220910_087.JPG: Nicholas Ivanovitch Vasilleff Portrait of Mrs. V, 1956
196. PRETTY_220910_092.JPG: Frances (Fannie) Susan Eanes Portrait of a Young Boy, c 1930s
197. PRETTY_220910_099.JPG: Edgar Nye Self Portrait, c 1930s-1943
198. PRETTY_220910_110.JPG: Charles Arthur Ray Dunn Caricature of Edgar Nye, 1929
199. PRETTY_220910_124.JPG: Eugene Edward Speicher Sara Rivers, 1924
200. PRETTY_220910_129.JPG: George Biddle Terae Hara, 1922
201. PRETTY_220910_134.JPG: Alfred Henry Maurer Girl with Red Hair, not dated
202. PRETTY_220910_140.JPG: Julian Alden Weir Miss de L., 1914
203. PRETTY_220910_147.JPG: Irving Ramsey Wiles The Artist's Mother and Father, 1889
204. PRETTY_220910_156.JPG: Frank Duveneck Dillard Hazelrigg Clark, 1877
205. PRETTY_220910_164.JPG: John Kendrick Fisher Portrait of a Child with a Spray of Flowers, c 1840s
206. PRETTY_220910_175.JPG: Unidentified Artist The Three Huidekoer Children, c 1853
207. PRETTY_220910_178.JPG: John Neagle George Rundle, 1850
208. PRETTY_220910_188.JPG: Thomas Sully Frances (Fanny) Rundle, 1828
209. PRETTY_220910_194.JPG: Manuel Joachim de Franca Portrait of a Woman, c 1835
210. PRETTY_220910_204.JPG: Unidentified artist An Officer of the United States Navy, c 1830
211. PRETTY_220910_212.JPG: Henry Inman Grace Anne O'Brien, c 1830
212. PRETTY_220910_219.JPG: John Trumbull Amelia Maria Phelps Wainwright, 1822
213. PRETTY_220910_225.JPG: Matthew Harris Jouett Isaac Thom, c 1820-1825
214. PRETTY_220910_232.JPG: James Frothingham John Pedrick III, c 1812
215. PRETTY_220910_236.JPG: James Frothingham Elizabeth Fettyplace Pedrick, c 1812
216. PRETTY_220910_244.JPG: Rembrandt Peale Charles-Philbert de Lasteyrie du Suillant, c 1810
217. PRETTY_220910_250.JPG: Unidentified Charles Carroll Glover, c 1810
218. PRETTY_220910_254.JPG: Charles Peale Polk Margaret Baker Briscoe, 1799
219. PRETTY_220910_264.JPG: Edward Savage John Hancock and Dorothy Quincy Hancock, 1775/1789
220. PRETTY_220910_271.JPG: Edward Greene Malbone Self-Portrait, c 1798
221. PRETTY_220910_277.JPG: Jeremiah Theus Gentleman of the Jones Family, 1750s
222. PRETTY_220910_284.JPG: John Hesselius Samuel Hanson, Jr. , 1765
223. PRETTY_220910_288.JPG: John Hesselius Anne (Nancy) Hawkins Hanson, 1765
224. PRETTY_220910_293.JPG: John Wollaston Colonel Abraham Barnes, 1753/54
225. PRETTY_220910_300.JPG: John Wollaston Elizabeth Penkethman Breese, c 1750
226. PRETTY_220910_307.JPG: Joseph Badger Grace Spear Foster, c 1764
227. PRETTY_220910_317.JPG: Constantino Brumidi Samuel F. B. Morse, c 1860/1875
228. PRETTY_220910_328.JPG: Samuel Lovett Waldo George Washington Parke Custis, c 1840s
229. PRETTY_220910_334.JPG: Louis Mathieu Didier Guillaume Matthew Fontaine Maury, 1882
230. PRETTY_220910_345.JPG: George Peter Alexander Healy Justin Smith Morrill ,1884
231. PRETTY_220910_352.JPG: George Peter Alexander Healy Emily Clarissa King Barlow Volk and her daughter, Honora, 1862
232. PRETTY_220910_358.JPG: George Peter Alexander Healy Mary Martin Anderson Clark, c 1873
233. PRETTY_220910_364.JPG: George Peter Alexander Healy John Quincy Adams, 1858
234. PRETTY_220910_370.JPG: George Peter Alexander Healy James Madison, 1848/1879
235. PRETTY_220910_380.JPG: George Peter Alexander Healy John Adams, 1860
236. PRETTY_220910_388.JPG: Unidentified Rebecca Chambers Russell, c 1720
237. SININF_220910_002.JPG: The following pictures are from the page 2022_DC_KatzenX_2022C_SinInf DC -- American University -- Katzen Arts Center -- 2022C Fall Exhibit: Singularities and Infinities (88 photos from 2022)
238. SININF_220910_004.JPG: Shanthi Chandrasekar Scalar Field -- Emergence of Particles, 2021
239. SININF_220910_009.JPG: MR HIGGS'S BOSON Atoms have much tinier and lighter particles - electrons - surrounding their nuclei. Electrons flow along wires and in computer chips and make electronics work. All isolated electrons, when at rest, have exactly the same mass, whether in your little finger or in a distant galaxy. Electrons can be created by gamma-rays and in radioactive decays. How do they know what mass to have? Or rather, since presumably electrons do not know anything, what gives electrons and other fundamental particles their masses? In 1964 some physicists had the idea that a new field might fill the universe. Unlike gravity, electric and magnetic fields that have different directions and values everywhere, this field would have no direction, just a value, and would be the same everywhere throughout the universe. If that field were not there, electrons would have no mass and always travel at the speed of light. Atoms (and people) would be impossible. Professor Peter Higgs pointed out that if this field were real, there should exist a particle that goes with it, like the photon which is a particle of light, the electromagnetic field. This "Higgs boson" is heavier than an atom of silver but a billion (?) times smaller. Nearly fifty years after his prediction Higgs bosons were observed coming from very high energy proton-proton collisions at CERN's Large Hadron Collider. They disintegrate into other particles almost as soon as they are created, so cannot be seen, but can be reconstructed from their decay products. Is the Higgs boson useful? Well, it demonstrates that the Higgs field exists, filling space with a value that gives electrons and other particles their masses. Masses that are just right for atoms to be the way they are, and for life - and you - to exist. Do you think that's useful?
240. SININF_220910_016.JPG: THE MIRACLE OF CARBON Carbon is necessary for all life. Among a hundred different chemical elements, only carbon with 6 protons has the atomic structure, with 4 loose electrons able to assemble the very complex molecules surely needed for life. Silicon with 14 protons comes close but is not quite right. If the element carbon did not exist, our universe would probably be sterile, with no life anywhere. And carbon can only exist in abundance because of a delicate property of its atom's nucleus. In the first seconds after the Big Bang, 13.7 billion years ago, protons and neutrons came into being, but the universe was expanding so fast that only three elements were formed: hydrogen, helium and lithium - no carbon yet. Clouds of hydrogen and helium gas condensed into the first stars, collapsing by gravity under their own weight. They became so hot that pairs of helium nuclei (2 protons) stuck together to make beryllium (4 protons). Carbon has 6 protons, so another helium nucleus had to attach itself to that beryllium. But that beryllium isotope (4 protons stuck to 4 neutrons) is so unstable that it decays back to two helium nuclei in about one 10,000th of a trillionth of a second (10-16 seconds)! The third helium nucleus had to attach itself to that beryllium isotope immediately to make carbon! In 1953 the British astronomer Fred Hoyle said that carbon nuclei must have an internally excited, short-lived state with an energy near 7.68 MeV* to boost the chance that a helium nucleus could stick to the beryllium before it decayed. Hoyle told a colleague in California to look for the state in his laboratory, and it was found at 7.65 MeV! Amazingly, if the strength of the strong nuclear force between protons and neutrons was different by only 1%, carbon would be extremely rare, and the universe would probably be devoid of life. But here we are! *1 MeV means a million electron volts, the kinetic energy an electron would have if pulled across a one million volt electric field, about 250,000 times that of a cell phone battery - which uses lithium which was mostly made with hydrogen and helium in the Big Bang!
241. SININF_220910_021.JPG: CNO: THE POWERHOUSE OF THE STARS The sun and stars generate heat and light energy from nuclear reactions - the fusion of light atomic nuclei to heavier ones, with lost mass being converted to kinetic energy obeying Einstein's equation E mc2. In the sun several reactions happen, but basically four protons combine to form one helium nucleus and two positrons that annihilate into gamma-rays. In more massive stars with a higher central temperature a different process dominates called the CNO-cycle, using nuclei of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen as catalysts in a remarkable process first calculated by von Weizs�cker and Bethe in the 1930s. Those nuclei were not present after the Big Bang or in the first stars, which produced them and flung them into space in spectacular supernova explosions, to be condensed into new "second generation" stars. The diagram shows the reactions in which carbon participates, is converted to nitrogen and then to oxygen and back to carbon in the process. The end result is again that four protons are brought together to form a helium nucleus. In the process two positrons are emitted when protons become neutrons, together with neutrinos that leave the star, and gamma rays that heat it up. It can take a million years for the whole cycle, slow because it is very difficult for a proton to find and penetrate a carbon nucleus - which has a high electric charge and so repels the proton. Both very high density and very high temperatures are needed. Appreciate the beautiful symmetries in the diagram - the hexagon, the rectangle of the four H (hydrogen nuclei being protons), the triangle formed by the three nitrogen isotopes* 13N, 14N, and 15N, the inverted triangle of 12C, 13C, and 150, and the pair of radioactive decays on opposite corners emitting positrons and neutrinos. The products are positioned outside the hexagon. Isn't it interesting that carbon, the one element essential for life, is the one element essential for starlight? And carbon naturally forms hexagonal structures - graphite, buckyballs, etc. This diagram inspired Shanthi's piece. *The superscripts are the total number of protons + neutrons in the nucleus, the mass number
242. SININF_220910_025.JPG: SUPERNOVA A nova (Latin for "new") appears like a new star, brightening and then fading away in days. About ten are seen in telescopes every year in the Milky Way, some bright enough to be seen without a telescope. A nova results from a white dwarf star sucking gas in from an orbiting companion star and heating it up in bursts or flashes. A supernova is very different. It can be brighter than a whole galaxy of billions of stars and is rare, with about three per century in a typical galaxy, less than one of them in the Milky Way being visible to the naked eye. A supernova is a massive star that collapses under its own gravity and then violently explodes. Nuclear fusion reactions generate enormous energy and create heavy elements that are thrown into space. The carbon, oxygen and heavier elements in our bodies were all formed in supernovae. You are indeed made of stardust. The first recorded supernova happened in A.D. 1054, noted by Chinese astronomers as a "guest star". The cloud of debris can still be seen as the Crab Nebula. The remnant of that supernova is a neutron star, 20 km in diameter, spinning 30 times per second and emitting pulses of electromagnetic radiation, from radio to X-rays. In 1987 a naked eye supernova called SN1987A occurred in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a neighboring irregular galaxy 168,000 light years away. Bursts of neutrinos were detected in three underground tanks containing millions of gallons of ultrapure water, the advent of neutrino astronomy. Most of the energy emitted by a supernova is in neutrinos. One type of supernova is believed to always have about the same intrinsic brightness; measuring its apparent brightness then tells us its distance. Hundreds of these have now been seen in very distant galaxies, and knowing their distance from us and their speed it was concluded that the Universe is expanding faster and faster. Not only is the Universe expanding, but the expansion is accelerating. That is attributed to "dark energy," a name given to something mysterious and not yet understood.
243. SININF_220910_031.JPG: A CASCADE OF PARTICLE DECAYS Top quarks and their antimatter partners are created in intense concentrations of energy in particle colliders, the most intense sources since the Big Bang. The end of their decay chains is just heat, and neutrinos now pass nearby stars. The heaviest elementary particle discovered so far is called the top quark, one of a family of six with esoteric names: up, down, charm, strange, bottom, and top. Each of these has an antimatter partner with the opposite electric charge. Top quarks are 185 times more massive than protons but are at least 1000 times smaller. They do not exist naturally since they are extremely unstable, decaying to lighter particles in less than 10-24 seconds - a trillionth of a trillionth of a second. They were discovered in 1995 in the Tevatron proton-antiproton collider at Fermilab (USA) and are now studied only at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN (Geneva). A top quark is created with an anti-top partner by concentrating an enormous amount of energy into an unimaginably small volume, equivalent to density of 10 tons per mm3 (the size of a pinhead). They both decay to lighter quarks in cascades shown schematically in the diagram: Top → bottom→ charm → strange→ up. The emitted weak force quantum, called W, changes the type of quark, and is the cause of radioactivity that changes one element into another by transforming an up-quark into a down-quark or vice-versa. The electrically charged W+ and W- bosons are also very unstable and are reconstructed from their decay products. A W+ emitted by a top quark can decay in five different ways shown in the box, randomly "choosing" which way. Quantum physics is inherently unpredictable, but the probabilities can be calculated precisely with the Standard Model of weak and electromagnetic forces. At the end of the cascade of top-antitop quark decays the result is a dozen neutrinos and antineutrinos in equal numbers rushing away at almost the speed of light. Those from the Tevatron are now between 10 and 30 lightyears away from the solar system (it shut down in September 2011), and the first neutrinos from the LHC's top quarks are now 23 lightyears away. The only other stable relics of a top-antitop pair are electrons and positrons, but every positron will have met an electron and annihilated into two gamma-rays, which deposit their energy as heat in surrounding material. * 10 is 1 with 42 zeros or a million trillion trillion trillion!
244. SININF_220910_034.JPG: Shanthi Chandrasekar Oscillations, 2021
245. SININF_220910_036.JPG: OSCILLATING NEUTRINOS "Neutrino" means "little neutral one," the name given by the great Enrico Fermi to what was in the 1930s a purely hypothetical particle. Wolfgang Pauli had suggested that if such a particle existed it could explain how some radioactive decays seemed to violate the fundamental principle that energy is conserved. But he thought that such a particle would interact so weakly that it could never be observed. He was wrong about that, but it was more than twenty years before they were discovered coming out of a nuclear reactor, and later coming from the sun. Then it was found that they can be made from particle beams at accelerators, and that there are two distinct types. One is rather like an electron except that it has no electric charge, and its mass is about a million times less. The other is like a muon (a heavier partner to the electron) with no electric charge, also almost massless. Neutrinos travel at almost, but not quite, the speed of light. It was predicted that the nuclear reactions that make the energy in the sun should emit electron-type neutrinos. Even those made in the center of the sun can get out, and trillions should be going through your little finger every second. These were eventually detected by converting chlorine atoms to argon in a huge underground tank of cleaning fluid. But there was a problem, the flux was only about 1/3 of what was expected. Now we know why: there are really three types of neutrino (three "flavors") and they mysteriously change from one type to another. An electron-type is emitted, but on its way to Earth it mixes with, or oscillates between, the other two types. Understanding this strange behavior is a very active field of research, which may hold the key to the composition of the Universe. For example, if the Big Bang made equal amounts of matter and antimatter, what happened to the antimatter?
246. SININF_220910_044.JPG: Artists' Statement Michael Albrow met Shanthi Chandrasekar when she exhibited her multimedia artwork at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) in Batavia, IL, and gave a colloquium on how science inspires her work. At dinner that evening, Albrow encouraged Chandrasekar to publish a book of her images and offered to write short pieces on the science inspiring her work - the Big Bang, black holes, particle physics and so on. This conversation resulted in the show, Singularities & Infinities. While artists and scientists view the universe through different disciplinary lenses, there is much in common - a sense of wonder and beauty, a fascination with the unknown, the boundaries of our knowledge, the perfect symmetries and broken symmetries. Art and science are parallel cultures, both dealing in observations and both important to our civilization. The key distinction is that science deals with measurements, needs mathematics, and seeks the truth about the world. If a beautiful idea is shown to be wrong, it must be discarded; the truth is likely to be even more beautiful. The arts deal with instinct, expression, and emotions; art should convey and evoke feelings and be thought-provoking. Unlike science, art cannot be wrong, but can be uninteresting. As a scientist, Albrow found Chandrasekar's art to be not only beautiful but extremely interesting; the more closely one looks, the more one sees. That is literally true also in physics. Through his writings, Albrow tries to make abstract scientific concepts more accessible to everyone. Chandrasekar's drawings and Albrow's prose and poetry are intertwined to explore and express concepts of the cosmos, from the very smallest particles to the whole universe.
247. SININF_220910_049.JPG: Shanthi Chandrasekar Singularities & Infinities, 2022
248. SININF_220910_051.JPG: THE SINGULARITY Could this possibly be true? A star bigger than the sun Squashed down to pinhead size For a billion years it shone so brilliantly Holding its family of planets in their orbits Keeping them warm and full of life. Until catastrophe Nuclear furnace depleted, burnt out, collapsed Gravity, inexorable, pulled it in, smaller, smaller Atoms crushed - protons, electrons, neutrons squeezed to death A black hole, nothing could escape its pull Swallowed its planets, their mountains and oceans Life was there - but is no more. But inside its event horizon it kept collapsing The giant star squashed down to pinhead size A trillion times smaller even than that A trillion times smaller even than that Repeat ad infinitum ... Zero size, infinite density A singularity!
249. SININF_220910_053.JPG: Shanthi Chandrasekar Self Similarity, 2020
250. SININF_220910_057.JPG: SELF SIMILARITY - THREES and SIXES Shanthi's drawing Self-Similarity, so full of 3's and 6's, hexagons and zooming in, showing patterns repeated on multiple scales, has fascinating parallels in the physical world. The smallest known particles of matter are the 6 different quarks, with 3 families of 2 each (up+down, charm+strange, top+bottom). When only the first 2 families were known theorists predicted that there had to be a third family to allow matter and antimatter to behave differently (that's called CP-violation) and hence for the universe to be dominated by matter. These 6 quarks have electric charges that are 1/3 or 2/3 that of electrons or protons, so one can say that electrons have 3 times the smallest possible electric charge. Quarks also have a strong charge which can take 3 values, whimsically called red, yellow, and blue - and the corresponding force is called the color force, or "chromodynamics." This has nothing to do with the colors of light, except by analogy - put the 3 together and you get white, or colorless. Likewise, 3 quarks, one of each "color," combine to make a proton or neutron. The latter stick together with a strong force, but that is a pale remnant of the much stronger force between the quarks. That quark-quark force is so strong one can never pull a quark out of a proton - the force gets stronger with distance, the opposite of electromagnetic forces. Paralleling the 6 quarks there are 6 "leptons" - 3 types of neutrinos with no electric charge and 3 charged particles - electron, muon and tau. When neutrinos interact, they do so in one of those 3 types (or "flavors"), but when they travel between emission and absorption they have one of 3 different (but tiny) masses. Strange behavior! Space has 3 dimensions - could it be otherwise? Only 2, flatland, would be very restrictive, but what about 4? Some theories involve several more dimensions of space, perhaps 10, with only 3 being big, the rest are curled up so tightly that we cannot detect them. Zoom out to the larger scale of atomic nuclei, and then atoms, the number 6 again is special. Carbon has 6 protons and 6 neutrons bound together, and that atom is the only one of more than 100 elements able to make the most complex molecules necessary for life. Carbon atoms form many different structures or allotropes, including opaque black graphite, highly transparent colorless diamond, fullerenes (buckyballs) and black amorphous coal. No other element is so diverse. The number 6 seems to be magic, both for particles and for atoms!
251. SININF_220910_062.JPG: Shanthi Chandrasekar Radiation, 2019
252. SININF_220910_067.JPG: - DARK ENERGY Dark energy the most abundant and the most mysterious stuff in the Universe. Is it even "stuff"? Perhaps it is a strange property of empty space - or rather space as empty as it can possibly be. When Albert Einstein developed his theory that gravity is curved spacetime, General Relativity, he applied it to the whole Universe as he knew it. His equations told him that the Universe should be expanding or contracting. However, he thought it to be neither. Then he made what he later called his "greatest blunder." He added a term to his equation called the "cosmological constant" to keep it static. Is it just a term in an equation or a fundamental property of the vacuum? Later we discovered that the Milky Way is only one of many galaxies. Hubble discovered that they are rushing away - the whole Universe is expanding! Einstein could have predicted that to add to his many revolutionary discoveries. Cosmologists debated: Will the expansion never stop, just slowing down by the gravitational attraction between the galaxies, time being eternal? Perhaps gravity will win, taking over, the Universe collapsing to end in a Big Crunch, the end of time. Then in 1998, the shocking discovery was made that the expansion was happening faster and faster. Accelerating! Was this due to Einstein's cosmological constant after all? If that happens forever, will the Universe become emptier and emptier until there is not one atom in a cubic light year? Today about 2/3 of the total energy content of the Universe is dark energy. Does it have the same tiny value everywhere throughout the Universe, not changing even as the Universe expands while the matter density decreases? Astronomers are studying the most distant galaxies to try to answer these questions. The future of the Universe depends on it!
253. SININF_220910_069.JPG: Shanthi Chandrasekar Flow, 2019
254. SININF_220910_072.JPG: THE DARK SIDE OF THE UNIVERSE There are things there in the sky we cannot see Some call them dark I call them invisible They are not stars, but stars are pulled by them They hold the Milky Way together They hold clusters of galaxies together Only gravity can do that, so they have mass, but what are they? Perhaps they are invisible planets with invisible mountains Invisible animals and invisible people made of invisible atoms I can imagine that It may even be true But we will never know. Perhaps they are black holes, not even light escapes I know those exist, we feel them shaking time and space When two dance in a pirouette, spiraling and spinning faster and faster Radiating ripples and wobbles and waves Halfway across the universe. And becoming one. But can they hold galaxies together? I think they are tiny invisible particles Like neutrinos, the little neutral ones - but not quite them Like them but not them I said "I think" but it is really "I hope" I hope dark particles exist. I hope so. Then I might find them.
255. SININF_220910_076.JPG: Shanthi Chandrasekar Gravitational Waves, 2022
256. SININF_220910_082.JPG: GRAVITY WAVES More than a thousand million years ago Before dinosaurs roamed the Earth A ripple in space spread through the universe Traveling at the speed of light It had covered 95 percent of its journey to Earth When the dinosaurs became extinct. Spreading in all directions, getting weaker all the time That ripple arrived at Earth For a fraction of a second it passed through us all We were stretched in one direction and squashed in the other And then the reverse Like wobbling jelly. You did not notice and neither did I But some scientists detected That stretching and squashing which Contracted and expanded four kilometer long laser beams By less than a hundred-millionth The width of an atom. Such a tsunami in space-time Caused by two black holes Spiraling around and crashing into each other The energy emitted momentarily More than that of all the stars In all the galaxies in the Universe. Gravity waves - ripples in space-time From the most cataclysmic events Since the Big Bang appeared from nowhere 13.7 thousand million years ago Still now they travel far past the Earth Going to shake up other planets.
257. SININF_220910_089.JPG: Shanthi Chandrasekar Dimensions, 2019
258. SININF_220910_096.JPG: Shanthi Chandrasekar Entropy, 2022
259. SININF_220910_102.JPG: Shanthi Chandrasekar Black Hole, 2020
260. SININF_220910_111.JPG: BLACK HOLES One hundred years ago the astronomer Arthur Eddington went to an island off the coast of Africa to photograph a total eclipse of the sun. Eddington and his assistant had no time to glance at the "marvelous spectacle" - they were too busy taking photographs of some stars behind the eclipsed sun. (In daylight the sky is too bright to see the stars.) Eddington was testing a prediction made in 1916 by Albert Einstein that all masses distort space-time, and that distortion actually is gravity. A star field behind the sun would be magnified as if the sun were a lens - a gravitational lens. Eddington confirmed that prediction, and Einstein became world-famous. If you could squeeze the sun until its radius is 3 kilometers, each cubic millimeter - a pinhead - would have a mass of 18 billion tons. Passing light rays would not just be bent, but sucked in. The gravitational field at its surface would be so strong that nothing inside could possibly get out. Not even light. It would be a black hole. We cannot squeeze the sun, but more massive stars can collapse under their own weight, and then they suck in material, even swallowing whole stars and planets, and grow. Our Milky Way galaxy has a black hole in its center with a mass of about four million suns. The galaxy called M87 has a much more massive black hole, 6.5 billion. suns, a monster the size of our solar system. In 2019 the Event Horizon Telescope published an exciting image of the M87 black hole, and this year one of that in the center of our Milky Way. If no light can escape, how can they be seen? They cannot, not really. But those amazing images were made by cleverly combining signals from several microwave telescopes spread over Earth, all recording signals at the same time for many hours. Combining them, the resolution was a thousand times better than that of the largest single telescope. The microwaves emitted by hot plasma surrounding those black holes were converted to visible images with a blurry black "shadow" in the middle making it look like a donut - the size of a donut on the moon! Those black holes are sucking in matter, never to escape. Pairs of black holes spiraling together can merge into one, emitting waves of distorted spacetime, now observed by incredibly precise gravity wave detectors, a new window on the universe.
261. SININF_220910_117.JPG: ENTROPY Entropy (denoted S) is a measure of the disorder (high entropy) or order (low entropy) of a system. In a snowflake the water molecules H-O-H (H2O) are beautifully ordered; when it melts they become very disorderly, jumbled up molecules wiggling around. Entropy increased! If you refreeze the melted snowflake the probability that it will reform that snowflake is incredibly small. Initially "thermodynamic entropy" was defined as the amount of heat energy added divided by the temperature, multiplied by a constant k. Ludwig Boltzmann realized that it can be calculated by counting the number W of possible ways the molecules can be arranged without changing the total energy. His famous equation S = k log (W)* is engraved on his tombstone. His work was extremely important for understanding steam engines in the industrial revolution. The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the entropy of an isolated system cannot decrease. What about when that snowflake was formed? What about the highly ordered DNA molecule? Difficult questions, but snowflakes and DNA do not form in isolation - the entropy of the total system still increases. One can also count states at the level of subatomic particles. An isolated neutron will decay after some random time, but with a 50% probability of decaying in the next 14.7 seconds. (If it did not decay by then, the statement holds true for the next 14.7 seconds, and the next - that is called exponential decay.) It shoots out a proton, an electron, and an antineutrino, conserving both momentum and energy. There are a vast number of possible final states, so the entropy of the full system suddenly increases. There is no going back, and this defines the direction of "entropy time" at the level of elementary particles. An electron moving through a gas ionizes the atoms, kicking electrons out, as it passes by. At each ionization (an event) the entropy jumps, the process is irreversible. Between those events, the electron is described as a wave; at each event it behaves as a particle - one says that the "wave-function collapses." Perhaps there is a profound relation between mysterious wave- function collapse and entropy? *Think of the log of a number as its length written out after the first, so log(100) = 2, log(1000) = 3 etc. That's in decimal, "log base 10" or log10. Boltzmann's equation uses "natural logarithms" base e which in decimals is 2.71828...going on forever.
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